细萼扁蕾的化学成分研究

从细萼扁蕾(Gentianopsis barbata var.stennocaryx H.W.Li ex T.N.Ho)全草中分离得到9种化合物,6种(口山)酮成分,1种黄酮甙,2种三萜酸。经化学和光谱方法,分别鉴定为1-羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅰ),1,7-二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅱ),1,7,8-三羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅲ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-3,7,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅳ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7-羟基-3,8-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅴ),1-O-[β-D-吡喃木塘-(1→6)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-7,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅵ),木樨草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖甙(Ⅶ),齐墩果酸(Ⅷ)和熊果酸(Ⅸ)。     

川西獐牙菜甙类成分

对川西獐牙菜(Swertia mussotii Franch.)的水溶性成分进行了研究。应用层析方法,分离得到裂环烯醚萜甙,黄酮甙,(口山)酮甙,3类8种单体成分(Ⅰ—Ⅷ)。除先前报道过的芒果甙外(Ⅱ),又分离和鉴定了苦龙甙(Ⅲ),当药黄素(Ⅷ),8-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1,3,5-三羟基(口山)酮(Ⅶ),8-O-[β-D-吡喃木糖-(1→σ)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖]-1,7-二羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅵ)4种已知天然化合物。应用化学和光谱分析方法,测定另外3种新(口山)酮甙的结构为:7-O-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖]-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基咄酮(Ⅰ),7-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅳ),3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1,8-二羟基-5-甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅴ)。芒果甙,苦龙甙和7-O-[α-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖]-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基(口山)酮为川西獐牙菜主要甙类成分。有兴趣的是在已发现的龙胆科植物(口山)酮糖甙中,未见(口山)酮木糖甙,(口山)酮鼠李糖-木糖甙的报道。     

川西獐牙菜(Swertia mussotii Franch)中(口山)酮成分的分离与鉴定

从川西獐牙菜(Swcrtia mussotii Franch)中分离和鉴定了八种咄酮成分,即1,8-二羟基-3,5-二甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅰ,1-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅱ,1-羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基咄酮Ⅲ,8-羟基-1,3,5-二甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅳ,1,8-二羟基-3,7-二甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅴ,1,7,8-三羟基-3-甲氧基咄酮Ⅵ,1,7-二羟基-3,4,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅶ和1,3,8-三羟基-5-甲氧基(口山)酮Ⅷ。其中,1,7-二羟基-3,4,8-三甲氧基(口山)酮为新的天然化合物,命名为藏茵陈(口山)酮(zangyinchenin)。     

二叶獐牙菜化学成分研究

从二叶獐牙菜(Swertia bifolia Batal.)的全草中分离得到了7个化合物,5种口山酮和2种甾醇类化合物。它们的结构经光谱方法分别鉴定为1-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅰ)、1羟基-3,7,8-三甲氧基口山酮(Ⅱ)、1,8二羟基-3,5二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅲ)、1,8二羟基-3,7-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅳ)、1,7二羟基-3,8-二甲氧基口山酮(Ⅴ)、β-谷甾醇(Ⅵ)、胡萝卜苷(Ⅶ)。     

花锚的三个新(口山)酮

从花锚(Halenia elliptica D.Don)中又得到三种新的(Ⅵ、Ⅶ、Ⅹ)和两种已知的(Ⅷ、Ⅸ)(口山)酮成分。根据化学反应、光谱数据及其相应衍生物与已知化合物比较,三种新(口山)酮的结构分别确定为1,7-二羟基-2,3,4,5-四甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅵ),1,5-二羟基-2,3,7-三甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅶ)及1,2-二羟基-3,4,5-三甲氧基(口山)酮(X)。两种已知(口山)酮分別为1,5-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅷ)和1,7-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基(口山)酮(Ⅸ)。     

紫红獐牙菜中的酮类成分及其细胞毒活性

采用色谱分离手段对紫红獐牙菜Swertia punicea的乙醇提取物中乙酸乙酯和石油醚萃取部分进行分离纯化,运用1H NMR、13C NMR、HSQC、HMBC和ESI-MS等波谱方法和文献数据对比鉴定化合物结构,从紫红獐牙菜全草中得到8个口山酮类化合物,分别鉴定为1-羟基-2,3,5,7-四甲氧基口山酮(1)、1,2,3,4,5-五甲氧基口山酮(2)、1-羟基-2,3,4,7-四甲氧基口山酮(3)、1-羟基-2,3,5-三甲氧基口山酮(4)、dulcisxanthone C(5)、1-羟基-2,3,7-三甲氧基口山酮(6)、1,5-二羟基-2,3-二甲氧基口山酮(7)、1-羟基-3,4,5-三甲氧基口山酮(8),所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物1、4、5、7对Hep G-2显现了很好的细胞毒活性。     

15种獐牙菜属植物中主要药用成分的高效液相色谱测定

对青藏高原和云贵高原的15种獐牙菜属植物进行了3种苦味苷,即獐牙菜苦苷(swertiamarin)、龙胆苦苷(gentiopicroside)、苦龙苷(amarogentin)、一种黄酮苷-当药黄素(swertisin)、及5种口山酮苷-芒果苷(mangiferin)、当药醇苷(swertianolin)、7-O-[a-L-吡喃鼠李糖-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃木糖]-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基口山酮(7-O-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-xylopyranosyl]-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone)、7-O-β-D-吡喃木糖-1,8-二羟基-3-甲氧基口山酮(7-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone)、3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖-1,8-二羟基-5-甲氧基口山酮(3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-1,8-dihydroxy-5-methoxyxanth-one)等9种主要药效成分同时进行了高效液相色谱的含量测定(Kromasil C18柱,甲醇一水梯度洗脱,二级管阵列检测);并对其主要药效成分的分布进行了比较。     

花锚的三种新(口山)酮甙

从抗肝炎植物药花锚中分得了三种新天然产(口山)酮双糖甙。经化学反应和光谱分析,化合物Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别被鉴定为1-O-[β-D-木吡喃糖-(1-6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-2,3,5,7-四甲氧基(口山)酮和1-O-[β-D-木吡喃糖-(1-6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-2,3,5-三甲氧基(口山)酮。经药理实验证明,该两成分为该植物抗肝炎的主要水溶性活性成分。化合物Ⅲ的结构初步被鉴定为1-0-[β-D-木吡喃糖-(1-6)-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖]-2,3,4,5-四甲氧基(口山)酮。     

柯拉斯那沉香中2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化学成分研究

为研究柯拉斯那(Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte)沉香的化学成分。实验采用多种柱色谱方法从该沉香中分离得到9个2-(2-苯乙基)色酮类化合物,通过现代波谱学技术分别鉴定为6-甲氧基-2-[2-(3′-羟基-4′-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮(1)、5-羟基-6-甲氧基-2-[2-(3′-羟基-4′-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮(2)、tetrahydrochromone F(3)、6-甲氧基-2-[2-(3′-甲氧基-4′-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮(4)、6-甲氧基-7-羟基-2-[2-(4′-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮(5)、6,7-二甲氧基-2-[2-(3′-羟基-4′-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮(6)、6,7-二甲氧基-2-[2-(4′-甲氧基苯基)乙基]色酮(7)、6-羟基-2-[2-(4′-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮(8)、5-羟基-2-[2-(2′-羟基苯基)乙基]色酮(9)。化合物2、3和5～9均为首次从柯拉斯那所得沉香中分离得到。采用MTT法对单体化合物的细胞毒活性进行测试,测试结果表明,化合物1,2和4具有微弱的细胞毒活性。     

用超声法从花锚中提取酮类化合物

用超声法从高原植物椭圆叶花锚的全草中,提取并分离出2种针状结晶化合物;采用元素分析 (EA)、核磁共振波谱 (NMR)、质谱 (MS)、红外光谱 (IR)、紫外光谱 (UV)、熔点测定等分析方法,对其化学结构进行表征;产物分别为1,3-二羟基-4, 5, 8-三甲氧基(口山)酮和1-羟基-2,3,4,8-四甲氧基(口山)酮.     

Multivariate analysis of benthic invertebrate communities: the implication of choosing particular data standardizations,measures of association,and ordination methods

Benthic invertebrate data from thirty-nine lakes in south-central Ontario were analyzed to determine the effect of choosing particular data standardizations, resemblance measures, and ordination methods on the resultant multivariate summaries. Logarithmic-transformed, 0–1 scaled, and ranked data were used as standardized variables with resemblance measures of Bray-Curtis, Euclidean distance, cosine distance, correlation, covariance and chi-squared distance. Combinations of these measures and standardizations were used in principal components analysis, principal coordinates analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, correspondence analysis, and detrended correspondence analysis. Correspondence analysis and principal components analysis using a correlation coefficient provided the most consistent results irrespective of the choice in data standardization. Other approaches using detrended correspondence analysis, principal components analysis, principal coordinates analysis, and non-metric multidimensional scaling provided less consistent results. These latter three methods produced similar results when the abundance data were replaced with ranks or standardized to a 0–1 range. The log-transformed data produced the least consistent results, whereas ranked data were most consistent. Resemblance measures such as the Bray-Curtis and correlation coefficient provided more consistent solutions than measures such as Euclidean distance or the covariance matrix when different data standardizations were used. The cosine distance based on standardized data provided results comparable to the CA and DCA solutions. Overall, CA proved most robust as it demonstrated high consistency irrespective of the data standardizations. The strong influence of data standardization on the other ordination methods emphasizes the importance of this frequently neglected stage of data analysis.     

Subclassification of murine T cells by computerized microphotometric analysis

Splenocytes separated by physical means and classified as T cells by immunologic tests and computerized microphotometric analysis are differentiated into subgroups by analysis of the distribution patterns of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. In like fashion T cells obtained as purified preparations after separation on a nylon column, and accepted as T cells by micromorphometric analysis were subjected to further computerized morphometric analysis of nuclear DNA to form subgroups of cells. In each case, the number and composition of the detected subgroups were consistent. The classification does not appear to reflect any obvious phases of the cell cycle and is not dependent upon the sex and strain of mice from which the cells were obtained.     

Integration, phylogeny, and the hominid cranial base

Basicranial features were examined in catarrhine primates and early hominids in order to demonstrate how information about morphological integration can be incorporated into phylogenetic analysis. Hypotheses purporting to explain the functional and structural relationships of basicranial characters were tested using factor analysis. Characters found to be functionally or structurally related to each other were then further examined in order to determine whether there was evidence that they were phylogenetically independent. If phylogenetic independence could not be demonstrated, then the characters were presumed to be integrated and were grouped into a complex. That complex was then treated as if it were a single character for the purposes of cladistic analysis. Factor analysis revealed that five basicranial features may be structurally related to relative brain size in hominoids. Depending on how one defines phylogenetic independence, as few as two, or as many as all of those characters might be morphologically integrated. A cladistic analysis of early hominids based on basicranial features revealed that the use of integrated complexes had a substantial effect on the phylogenetic position of Australopithecus africanus, a species whose relationships are poorly resolved. Moreover, the use of complexes also had an effect on reanalyses of certain published cladistic data sets, implying that those studies might have been biased by patterns of basicranial integration. These results demonstrate that patterns of morphological integration need to be considered carefully in all morphology-based cladistic analyses, regardless of taxon or anatomical focus. However, an important caveat is that the functional and structural hypotheses tested here predicted much higher degrees of integration than were observed. This result warns strongly that hypotheses of integration must be tested before they can be adequately employed in phylogenetic analysis. The uncritical acceptance of an untested hypothesis of integration is likely to be as disruptive to a cladistic analysis as when integration is ignored.     

木耳栽培种质资源的数量分类研究

在木耳栽培种质资源农艺性状调查的基础上,应用数量分类学中的Q型聚类分析法对20个木耳菌株进行分类研究,并对14个农艺性状进行R型聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明：Q型聚类将20个木耳菌株在欧氏距离6.29处依据子实体朵型性状分为簇生型菌株和菊花型菌株两大类群,菊花型类群在欧式距离4.79处依据生育期性状的原基发生类型划分为分散型和集中型两个亚群;R型聚类表明菌丝体性状（1个）、生育期性状（2个）、子实体性状（8个）等11个农艺性状间相关性较强;主成分分析中,发现子实体背面皱褶、耳片数、原基发生时间、子实体朵型、干耳背面颜色等5个性状是14个农艺性状的第1主成分,贡献率高达62.26%,把第1主成分命名为朵型-生育期构成因子,作为种质评价的指标。     

用超声法从花锚中提取(口山)酮类化合物

用超声法从高原植物椭圆叶花锚的全草中,提取并分离出2种针状结晶化合物;采用元素分析(EA)、核磁共振波谱(NMR)、质谱(MS)、红外光谱(IR)、紫外光谱(UV)、熔点测定等分析方法,对其化学结构进行表征;产物分别为1,3-二羟基-4,5,8-三甲氧基酮和1-羟基-2,3,4,8-四甲氧基酮。     

Subclassification of murine T cells by computerized microphotometric analysis.

Splenocytes separated by physical means and classified as T cells bay immunologic tests and computerized microphotometric analysis are differentiated into subgroups by analysis of the distribution patterns of Feulgen-positive nuclear DNA. In like fashion T cells obtained as purified preparations after separation on a nylon column, and accepted as T cells by micromorphometric analysis were subjected to further computerized morphometric analysis of nuclear DNA to form subgroups of cells. In each case, the number and composition of the detected subgroups were consistent. The classification does not appear to reflect any obvious phases of the cell cycle and is not dependent upon the sex and strain of mice from which the cells were obtained.     

生态足迹分析方法研究进展

作为可持续发展的指标,生态足迹模型得到了广泛的关注和应用.同时,对生态足迹理论和方法的研究也不断深化,出现了将生态足迹分析与物流能流分析、产品生命周期分析、投入产出分析相结合的适用于宏观和微观尺度的各种方法,尤其是最近出现了分配足迹到最终需求类型的“标准化”方法.本文介绍了生态足迹不同方法的产生情况,指出生态足迹分析方法分为过程分析和投入产出分析两套体系,并具体介绍了各种分析方法的特点、适用范围、研究进展和应用情况,建立了较为明晰的生态足迹发展的方法框架.针对当前国内外生态足迹方法的应用现状和趋势,提出重点把握3个方向:统一综合法在国家和区域尺度的研究;探索投入产出法、成分法等方法在国内的应用;加强时间序列研究和多情景预测分析.     

Molecular typing of Pasteurella pneumotropica isolated from rodents by amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

A total of 52 isolates of Pasteurella pneumotropica obtained from rodents were examined for their genetic heterogeneity. On the basis of DNA restriction analysis, including amplified 16S ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), differences were identified among the isolates. ARDRA typing with Hae III revealed 4 different banding patterns of the P. pneumotropica isolates. Eighty-two percent of the 23 isolates identified as a-1 were derived from mice, whereas all the isolates identified as a-3 were derived from rats. Most of the isolates, which showed hemolytic activity on blood agar, obtained from mice and rats, were identified as a-2 and a-4, respectively. By restriction analysis of genomic DNA, Apa I and Not I digestion differentiated 9 variants and an undiscriminating group. However, no close relation with regard to the phenotypic characteristics was observed among the variants. The isolates identified as a-2 and a-4 could not be distinguished by PFGE analysis. DNA restriction analysis revealed that the genetic diversity of the P. pneumotropica isolates was more complex than the phenotypic characteristics among the species, and that at least the P. pneumotropica isolates were clearly differentiated into 4 groups by ARDRA typing with Hae III.     

Polyphasic taxonomy of symbiotic rhizobia from wild leguminous plants growing in Egypt

About 20 strains of rhizobia from wild legumes were characterized based on numerical analysis of phenotypic characteristics, nodulating ability, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) and SDS-PAGE profiles of whole cell proteins. FAME analysis revealed that palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0) and arachidonic (20:0) were detected in most of wild-legume rhizobia, the latter being uncommon in fatty acid profiles of Rhizobium and Sinorhizobium. Numerical analysis of FAME classified strains of wild-legume rhizobia into 9 clusters and one heterogeneous group. There was both agreement and disagreement with the clustering data based on phenotypic analysis and FAME analysis. Four strains were grouped together in the same cluster based on both methods. However, 4 another strains, which were placed in one cluster of phenotypic analysis, were distributed in several clusters after FAME analysis. SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins revealed that the rhizobial strains exhibited protein profiles with peptide bands ranging from 5-19 band per profile and showed molar mass of 110-183 kDa. As in the case of FAME analysis, numerical analysis of protein bands was compared with clustering of phenotypic analysis. Agreement of the two methods was obvious when clustering some strains but conflicted in the classification of some other strains. However, integration of the three methods could be the basis of a polyphasic taxonomy. The twenty strains of wild-legume rhizobia were finally classified as follows: 12 strains related to Rhizobium leguminosarum, 5 strains related to Sinorhizobium meliloti and 3 strains to Rhizobium spp. Rhizobia nodulating wild herb legumes are among indigenous strains nodulating crop legumes in cultivated as well as noncultivated lands.     

Identification of EPHX2 and RMI2 as two novel key genes in cervical squamous cell carcinoma by an integrated bioinformatic analysis

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common malignancy in women worldwide and cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CESC) is the most common histological type of cervical cancer. The dysregulation of genes plays a significant role in cancer. In the present study, we screened out differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of CESC in the GSE63514 data set from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. An integrated bioinformatics analysis was used to select hub genes, as well as to investigate their related prognostic signature, functional annotation, methylation mechanism, and candidate molecular drugs. As a result, a total of 1907 DEGs were identified (944 were upregulated and 963 were downregulated). In the protein–protein interaction network, three hub modules and 30 hub genes were identified. And two hub modules and 116 hub genes were screened out from four CESC-related modules by the weighted gene coexpression network analysis. The gene ontology term enrichment analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway analysis were performed to better understand functions and pathways. Genes with a significant prognostic value were found by prognostic signature analysis. And there were five genes (EPHX2, CHAF1B, KIAA1524, CDC45, and RMI2) identified as significant CESC-associated genes after expression validation and survival analysis. Among them, EPHX2 and RMI2 were noted as two novel key genes for the CESC-associated methylation and expression. In addition, four candidate small molecule drugs for CESC (camptothecin, resveratrol, vorinostat, and trichostatin A) were defined. Further studies are required to explore these significant CESC-associated genes for their potentiality in diagnosis, prognosis, and targeted therapy.