表达抗-CD25单克隆抗体的GS-NS0骨髓瘤细胞无血清培养及代谢特性

抗-CD25单克隆抗体作为免疫抑制剂拥有广阔的市场前景和巨大的经济价值。本实验以表达抗?CD25单克隆抗体的GS-NS0细胞为研究对象,开发了支持其大规模培养和抗体表达的无血清低蛋白培养基,批培养最大活细胞密度和最大抗体浓度分别达3×106cells/mL和300mg/L以上,比商业无血清培养基(Excell 620+0.2% primatone)分别提高了100%和46%。通过批培养实验,研究了细胞的生长、葡萄糖和氨基酸代谢、以及产物表达特点,并揭示了批培养过程中初始葡萄糖浓度对GS-NS0细胞生长与代谢的影响规律。为优化GS-NS0细胞培养过程和抗CD25单抗成功迈向产业化提供了重要的科学依据。     

碳源对重组大肠杆菌发酵生产GLP-1融合蛋白的影响

以一株表达人胰高血糖素样肽-1融合蛋白的重组大肠杆菌为研究对象,首先通过摇瓶实验对碳源种类进行了初步选择,发现葡萄糖和甘油对菌体生长以及GLP-1融合蛋白表达较为适宜。进一步在5 L反应器上对初始葡萄糖及甘油浓度进行了考察,发现高浓度碳源有利于菌体生长却抑制GLP-1融合蛋白表达,但能提高GLP-1融合蛋白的体积得率。在0.25%初始葡萄糖或甘油存在的条件下,在培养过程中流加葡萄糖或甘油维持其在发酵液中的浓度,比较了两者对菌体生长以及GLP-1融合蛋白表达的影响,结果发现,以甘油为碳源时,菌体生长以及GLP-1融合蛋白的表达量均高于以葡萄糖为碳源的结果,最终发酵液的菌浓(OD_(600))可达到25.4,较葡萄糖为碳源时19.1提高了33.0%,GLP-1融合蛋白表达水平和体积得率分别可达到22.4%和1.051 g/L,较葡萄糖为碳源的15.8%和0.504 g/L分别提高41.8%和108.5%。该结果对GLP-1融合蛋白表达菌株发酵条件的进一步优化提供了依据。     

氨浓度升高对CHO细胞维持期抗体融合蛋白的表达及N-糖基化的影响

为了深入理解在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞流加培养过程中氨对抗体融合蛋白表达和N-糖基化的作用,认识氨影响N-糖基化加工的作用位点,考察了在细胞维持期(产物表达期)不同氨浓度条件与CHO细胞维持与代谢、抗体融合蛋白表达和N-糖链结构的关系。结果显示,氨浓度在5-12 mmol/L范围内对维持期的细胞生长曲线、葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺的消耗以及乳酸和氨的生成情况没有明显影响。但当氨浓度大于5 mmol/L时,随着氨浓度的升高,抗体融合蛋白的唾液酸化程度和半乳糖化程度均不断降低,而岩藻糖基化程度和高甘露糖糖型比例则没有变化。当氨浓度升高至大于9 mmol/L后,抗体融合蛋白的表达能力和最终表达量开始降低。因此,应在细胞培养工艺过程开发时控制氨的生成至小于5 mmol/L,以避免氨的累积导致产物的半乳糖化和唾液酸化程度降低以及产物表达量下降。     

半乳糖流加对CHO细胞生长代谢及其表达的Fc融合蛋白糖基化的影响

旨在深入认识补料分批培养过程中,以半乳糖替代葡萄糖作为碳源,对CHO细胞生长、代谢和产物表达的影响。通过将补料培养基中的葡萄糖用等摩尔的半乳糖进行替换,综合考察了不同比例替换条件下CHO细胞的生长代谢和Fc融合蛋白的产物合成特性。结果显示:摇瓶的数据表明60%比例以上半乳糖的替代对细胞的生长造成了不利影响,培养后期的pH出现了大幅上升。同时随着半乳糖替代比例的增加,虽然代谢副产物乳酸的浓度有明显下降,但氨的生成却显著增多;此外,培养过程中谷氨酸和丙氨酸的浓度也随着替代比例的增加而增加。产物表达方面,在较低替代比例内(0%-40%),Fc融合蛋白的表达量和总唾液酸含量都随着替代比例的增加而升高,而随着替代比例的进一步升高(60%-100%),两者都逐渐降低。最后,在反应器内通过对培养pH的稳定控制,40%半乳糖替代过程的产物表达量和总唾液酸含量分别提高了43%和37%。补料培养基中以半乳糖替代葡萄糖进行补料的方式,有效地提高了最终Fc融合蛋白的表达量和总唾液酸含量,有助于建立高产高质的CHO细胞培养过程。     

MG-132提高TNFR-Fc融合蛋白在CHO细胞中表达的研究

目的:在不影响细胞活力的前提下,通过抑制人肿瘤坏死因子受体-Fc(TNFR-Fc)融合蛋白的降解,提高其在中国仓鼠卵巢(CHO)细胞中的产量和质量。方法:通过在细胞培养过程中加入全蛋白质合成抑制剂Cycloheximide、溶酶体抑制剂Leupeptin、蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132,验证TNFR-Fc融合蛋白在CHO细胞的降解途径;免疫印迹(Western blot)方法检测在细胞内TNFR-Fc融合蛋白的变化,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)方法检测分泌表达的TNFR-Fc融合蛋白的含量。Protein A亲和层析纯化细胞培养液上清,高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测重组蛋白的纯度,并通过阻断肿瘤坏死因子α(TNFα)诱导的L929细胞毒作用来检测纯化的TNFR-Fc蛋白的活性。结果:TNFR-Fc在CHO细胞内,经泛素蛋白酶体途径降解,稳定表达TNFR-Fc的CHO细胞培养过程中添加50μmol/L MG-132,可以使TNFR-Fc融合蛋白的分泌表达量提高42.35%,纯化后,二聚体比例提高28.60%,并且纯化后目的蛋白的比活性也增加。结论:在不影响细胞活力、蛋白质生物学活性的前提下,添加蛋白酶体抑制剂MG-132提高TNFR-Fc融合蛋白在CHO细胞中的表达量,为进一步研究从抑制蛋白质降解途径来提高重组蛋白在CHO细胞中的表达量提供了现实依据。     

细菌Enterobacter dissolvens的电解刺激连续培养过程研究

以葡萄糖为唯一碳源,研究了细菌Enterobacter dissolvens在直流电条件下的连续培养过程。实验表明在电解刺激下的连续培养,细胞生长曲线和葡萄糖代谢速率均显著提高。当采用10mA电流通电10h后,菌液中细胞的比脱氢酶活[总显色度（OD490）／细胞量（OD600）]约为参比样的2倍,而葡萄糖降解率也为参比测量值的1．8倍,细胞生长亦有所加快。由于培养基的流加,使得过氧化氢等中间产物得到稀释,从而避免了细胞生长的衰减。     

细菌Enterobacter dissolvens的电解刺激效应研究

以葡萄糖为惟一碳源,研究了细菌Enterobacter dissolvens在直流电条件下的生长和代谢过程.结果,在直流电刺激过程中,反应体系中发生水解反应.当屏蔽阴极电极时,阳极产生的氧气使细胞生长曲线和葡萄糖代谢速率急剧下降,菌液葡萄糖的降解率和脱氢酶活性分别为对照参比的0.45倍和0.06倍,细胞浓度明显的下降;而屏蔽阳极电极时,阴极产生的氢气通过改变环境而使得细胞生长曲线和葡萄糖代谢急速上升,菌液葡萄糖的降解率和脱氢酶活性分别为对照参比的3倍和4.5倍,细胞浓度呈现明显的增长.分析原因可能是电极反应导致菌液的物化性质改变所致.     

基于差分进化算法的酿酒酵母分批补料培养在线自适应控制

酿酒酵母分批补料培养中,葡萄糖添加过量会导致乙醇大量积累,破坏细胞结构及功能,降低葡萄糖利用效率;葡萄糖添加不足会限制细胞生长。为解决这一矛盾,提出了一种基于差分进化算法的在线自适应控制策略,并利用计算机仿真方法对该策略、传统的间歇流加、分段恒速流加及PID控制策略的控制性能进行了研究和比较。结果表明,在该控制策略下,发酵液中的乙醇浓度能够被稳定地控制在1g/L的低水平,而细胞浓度却达到34.45g/L的高水平,比采用间歇流加、分段恒速流加及PID控制策略的批次分别提高了243%、18%和29%。由此可知,该自适应控制策略能够将葡萄糖流加速率控制在适宜水平,避免乙醇过量积累的同时保证细胞的快速增殖。     

无血清培养HAb18细胞的生长代谢与抗体分泌特征

通过逐步降低血清浓度,HPLC氨基酸分析及正交实验筛选研制了HAb18杂交瘤细胞的无血清培养基。对在该无血清培养条件下的细胞进行了计数,对培养上清液进行了葡萄糖、谷氨酰胺、乳酸和氨浓度以及抗体分泌量和抗原结合活性测定,并对动力学参数进行了分析,结果表明HAb18细胞在无血清培养条件下达到的最大细胞密度和抗体分泌量分别为0.91×106个/ml和43.8mg/L;细胞比生长速率较在有血清条件下稍有下降,而抗体合成速率提高(0.0207/h比0.0218/h,0.387pg/cell/h比0.218pg/cell/h,P<0.01)。无血清培养时葡萄糖和谷氨酰胺消耗无明显变化,但乳酸浓度降低,氨浓度升高;此外,分泌抗体的抗原结合活性增加。研究无血清培养条件下的HAb18细胞生长代谢和抗体分泌特征可为建立HAb18无血清悬浮流加培养工艺打下基础。     

利用三阶段葡萄糖添加策略减少乙酸合成并促进重组大肠杆菌生产L-苯丙氨酸

为了降低副产物乙酸的积累和提高L-苯丙氨酸的产量,分别优化了L-苯丙氨酸发酵的初始葡萄糖浓度和葡萄糖的指数流加策略.结果表明,20 g/L的初始葡萄糖浓度可以控制细胞的比生长速率低于临界值0.3 h-1,显著地降低了乙酸的积累,提高了L-苯丙氨酸的产量.采用预设比生长速率μ3* =0.4(h-1)进行葡萄糖的指数流加取得了实际最大比生长速率0.29 h-1,使细胞的比生长速率低于临界值,促进了L-苯丙氨酸的合成,最终获得L-苯丙氨酸的产量达48.45 g/L,比本实验室原有水平提高了37％.     

Rational development of a serum-free medium and fed-batch process for a GS-CHO cell line expressing recombinant antibody

A serum-free medium (CHO-SFM) together with a fed-batch process was developed for the cultivation of a recombinant GS-CHO cell line producing TNFR-Fc. According to the metabolic characteristics of GS-CHO cell, a basal medium was prepared by supplementing DMEM:F12:RPMI1640 (2:1:1) with amino acids, insulin, transferrin, Pluronic F68 and some other ingredients. Statistical optimization approaches based on Plackett–Burman and central composite designs were then adopted to identify additional positive determinants and determine their optimal concentrations, which resulted in the final CHO-SFM medium formulations. The maximum antibody titer reached was 90.95 mg/l in the developed CHO-SFM, which was a 18 % and 10 fold higher than that observed in the commercial EX-CELL™ 302 medium (76.95 mg/l) and basal medium (8.28 mg/l), respectively. Subsequently, a reliable, reproducible and robust fed-batch strategy was designed according to the offline measurement of glucose, giving a final antibody yield of 378 mg/l, which was a threefold improvement over that in conventional batch culture (122 mg/l) using CHO-SFM. In conclusion, the use of design of experiment (DoE) method facilitated the development of CHO-SFM medium and fed-batch process for the production of recombinant antibody using GS-CHO cells.     

A high-yielding, generic fed-batch cell culture process for production of recombinant antibodies

A fed-batch cell culture process was developed that has general applicability to all evaluated Sp2/0 (n = 8) and NS0 (n = 1) antibody-producing cell lines. The two key elements of this generic process were a protein-free concentrated feed medium, and a robust, metabolically responsive feeding strategy based on the off-line measurement of glucose. The fed-batch process was shown to perform equivalently at the 15 L development scale and 750 L manufacturing scale. Compared to batch cultures, the fed-batch process yielded a 4. 3 fold increase in the average integral of viable cell concentration and a 1.7 fold increase in average specific antibody production rate, equivalent to a 7.6 fold increase in average final antibody concentration. The highest producing cell line reached a peak viable cell concentration of 1.0 x 10(7) cell mL(-1) and a final antibody concentration of 750 mg L(-1) in a 10 day process. For all lines evaluated, reducing bioreactor pH set point from 7.2 to 7.0 resulted in an additional 2.4 fold increase in average final antibody concentration. The optimized fed-batch process consistently yielded a volumetric productivity exceeding 50 mg L(-1) day(-1). This generic, high-yielding fed-batch process significantly decreased development time, and increased manufacturing efficiency, thereby facilitating the clinical evaluation of numerous recombinant antibodies.     

Protein-free fed-batch culture of non-GS NS0 cell lines for production of recombinant antibodies

Presented is a novel antibody production platform based on the fed-batch culture of recombinant, NS0-derived cell lines. A standardized fed-batch cell culture process was developed for five non-GS NS0 cell lines using enriched and optimized protein-free, cholesterol-free, and chemically defined basal and feed media. The process performed reproducibly and scaled faithfully from the 2-L to the 100-L bioreactor scale achieving a volumetric productivity of > 120 mg/L per day. Fed-batch cultures for all five cell lines exhibited significant lactate consumption when the cells entered the stationary or death phase. Peak and final lactate concentrations were low relative to a previously developed fed-batch process (FBP). Such low lactate production and high lactate consumption rates were unanticipated considering the fed-batch culture basal medium has an unconventionally high initial glucose concentration of 15 g/L, and an overall glucose consumption in excess of 17 g/L. The potential of this process platform was further demonstrated through additional media optimization, which has resulted in a final antibody concentration of 2.64 +/- 0.19 g/L and volumetric productivity of > 200 mg/L per day in a 13-day FBP for one of the five production cell lines. Use of this standardized protein-free, cholesterol-free NS0 FBP platform enables consistency in development time and cost effectiveness for manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies.     

Host cell protein dynamics in the supernatant of a mAb producing CHO cell line

The characterization of host cell protein (HCP) content during the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins is an important aspect in the drug development process. Despite this, key components of the HCP profile and how this changes with processing has not been fully investigated. Here we have investigated the supernatant HCP profile at different times throughout culture of a null and model GS-CHO monoclonal antibody producing mammalian cell line grown in fed-batch mode. Using 2D-PAGE and LC-MS/MS we identify a number of intracellular proteins (e.g., protein disulfide isomerise; elongation factor 2; calreticulin) that show a significant change in abundance relative to the general increase in HCP concentration observed with progression of culture. Those HCPs that showed a significant change in abundance across the culture above the general increase were dependent on the cell line examined. Further, our data suggests that the majority of HCPs in the supernatant of the cell lines investigated here arise through lysis or breakage of cells, associated with loss in viability, and are not present due to the secretion of protein material from within the cell. SELDI-TOF and principal components analysis were also investigated to enable rapid monitoring of changes in the HCP profile. SELDI-TOF analysis showed the same trends in the HCP profile as observed by 2D-PAGE analysis and highlighted biomarkers that could be used for process monitoring. These data further our understanding of the relationship between the HCP profile and cell viability and may ultimately enable a more directed development of purification strategies and the development of cell lines based upon their HCP profile.     

Defined protein and animal component-free NS0 fed-batch culture

A chemically defined protein and animal component-free fed-batch process for an NS0 cell line producing a human IgG(1) antibody has been developed. The fed-batch feed profile was optimised in a step-wise manner. Depletion of measurable compounds was determined by direct analysis. The cellular need for non-measurable compounds was tested by continued culturing of cell suspension, removed from the bioreactor, in shake-flasks supplemented with critical substances. In the final fed-batch culture, 8.4 x 10(6) viable cells mL(-1) and 625 mg antibody L(-1) was obtained as compared to 2.3 x 10(6) cells mL(-1) and 70 mg antibody L(-1) in batch. The increase in cell density, in combination with a prolonged declining phase where antibody formation continued, resulted in a 6.2-fold increase in total cell yield, a 10.5-fold increase in viable cell hours and an 11.4-fold increase in product yield. These improvements were obtained by using a feed with glucose, glutamine, amino acids, lipids, sodium selenite, ethanolamine and vitamins. Specifically, supplementation with lipids (cholesterol) had a drastic effect on the maximum viable cell density. Calcium, magnesium and potassium were not depleted and a feed also containing iron, lithium, manganese, phosphorous and zinc did not significantly enhance the cell yield. The growth and death profiles in the final fed-batch indicated that nutrient deprivation was not the main cause of cell death. The ammonium concentration and the osmolality increased to potentially inhibitory levels, but an imbalance in the supply of growth/survival factors may also contribute to termination of the culture.     

A serum substitute for fed-batch culturing of hybridoma cells

We developed a substitute for serum to produce fed-batch cultures of hybridoma cells in serum-free medium and confirmed that the cells could be successfully cultivated this way. Our substitute consisted of 12 components. The specific production rates of lactate and ammonia, which are harmful byproducts from the cells, were significantly reduced compared with a conventional serum-containing batch culture. This reduction led to a higher cell concentration and a longer production lifetime. As a result, the final concentration of monoclonal antibody was 400 mg/L, or five times greater than that in the conventional serum-containing batch culture. The developed substitute is expected to enable fed-batch cultivation in a serum-free condition.     

A T-flask based screening platform for evaluating and identifying plant hydrolysates for a fed-batch cell culture process

This paper presents a T-flask based screening platform for evaluating and identifying plant hydrolysates for cell culture processes. The development of this platform was driven by an urgent need of replacing a soy hydrolysate that was no longer available for the fed-batch process of recombinant Sp2/0 cell culture expressing a humanized antibody. Series of small-scale experiments in T-flasks and 3-l bioreactors were designed to gain an insight on how this soy hydrolysate benefits the culture. A comprehensive, function-oriented screening platform then was developed, consisting of three T-flask tests, namely the protection test, the growth promotion test, and the growth inhibition test. The cell growth in these three T-flask tests enabled a good prediction of the cell growth in the fed-batch bioreactor process. Fourteen plant hydrolysate candidates were quickly evaluated by this platform for their ability to exert strong protection, high cell growth promotion, and low cell growth inhibition to the culture. One soy hydrolysate was successfully identified to support the comparable cell growth as the discontinued soy hydrolysate. Because of the advantage of using small-scale batch culture to guide bioreactor fed-batch culture, this proposed platform approach has the potential for other applications, such as the medium and feeding optimization, and the mechanism study of plant hydrolysates, in a high throughput format.