人工抗原合成研究进展

近年来,以小分子化合物为半抗原的免疫分析技术在食品药品、环境保护等领域已有诸多应用,并取得了较为理想的检测效果。小分子化合物只能与载体偶联形成人工抗原后,方能借助T细胞表位间接诱导B细胞进行增殖与分化,进而产生特异性抗体。高效的人工抗原的合成是保证免疫分析的前提和关键,就近年来国内外有关人工抗原合成过程中所涉及的小分子半抗原的设计与合成方法、载体的选择、半抗原与载体的偶联方法、人工抗原的纯化及鉴定方法等进行综述。     

布鲁氏菌rOmp3148-74-BLS蛋白的多克隆抗体制备与检测

目的:研究布鲁氏菌Omp31分子的免疫原性.方法:利用IPTG诱导rOmp3148-74-BLS融合重组蛋白表达,经过His-tag镍柱进行亲和纯化之后,作为抗原免疫家兔制备多克隆抗体.结果:rOmp3148-74-BLS重组蛋白能够被大肠杆菌正确表达,而且,能够作为有效的抗原刺激家兔产生可以相互识别的多克隆抗体.结论:Omp31分子具有较好的免疫原性,可以引起较强的免疫反应.     

脂质体、免疫刺激复合物和壳聚糖作为黏膜免疫载体的研究现状

查阅国内外文献,采用整理归纳、引用和分析的方法,概述了鼻黏膜免疫载体材料脂质体、免疫刺激复合物和壳聚糖的生物学特性及其在气溶胶疫苗领域的应用。脂质体、免疫刺激复合物和壳聚糖作为气溶胶疫苗鼻黏膜免疫的载体,能够增强疫苗的免疫原性,提高机体的体液免疫和细胞免疫水平,因此,可作为疫苗抗原激发特异免疫应答的生物材料。     

胶体金免疫层析快速诊断技术

免疫胶体金技术是一种新的免疫学方法,该技术是一种将胶体金颗粒与包括抗原、抗体在内的许多蛋白质标记形成免疫金复合物的技术.目前在生物医学各领域得到了日益广泛的应用.在过去的十年里,基于膜上的快速诊断技术的发展为金标免疫试剂创造了巨大的市场.使用免疫金标技术制备的标记物作为检测系统中的指示试剂,应用在检测传染病、环境污染物、毒品、早孕以及兽医等领域.这两种技术的应用很大程度上提高了体外诊断技术的简便性和快速性.本文对其基本原理及其中应注意的问题做了一些介绍,并对其应用领域及发展方向进行了探讨.     

DNA免疫技术在单克隆抗体开发中的研究进展

DNA免疫是将编码特异性抗原的重组表达载体转入动物体内,特异性基因序列在动物体内得以表达并诱导产生其特异性抗体的一系列免疫应答过程。目前,DNA免疫已成为多种保护性以及诊断性单克隆抗体研究和开发的主要技术手段,尤其对于在体外难以表达和纯化的抗原,DNA免疫比传统的蛋白免疫占绝对优势。DNA免疫在宿主细胞内表达抗原及递呈方式类似于病毒感染,既能产生体液免疫,又能产生细胞免疫,由此克服了传统蛋白质免疫方法的缺陷,为制备高质量单克隆抗体提供了良好的技术平台。然而这项技术在实践应用中遇到了不少挑战,尤其是以传统的肌肉注射法免疫单一的质粒DNA,使递送效率和抗体表达水平都很低,导致DNA免疫的低免疫原性。综述了DNA免疫技术在单克隆抗体开发中的应用,对DNA免疫相关概念、诱导机制、载体的构建、递送方式、不同免疫佐剂的影响、优点和发展前景等方面进行论述,旨在为DNA免疫技术在制备高质量单克隆抗体中的应用以及提高其免疫效率提供有效的理论知识。     

纳米抗体技术及其在疾病诊断和治疗中的应用

单克隆抗体具有特异性结合抗原的能力,已被广泛应用于疾病诊断及治疗领域.但因单克隆抗体的组织渗透能力较差、体内的保留时间较长以及制备过程繁琐,从而限制了其在临床中的应用.自1993年首次报道在骆驼体内天然存在的单链抗体(HCAb)以来,由于其可变区间VHH(纳米抗体)具有体积小、溶解度高、特异性强以及可在细菌中大量表达等优点,较之传统单克隆抗体,VHH在疾病的诊断治疗及药物开发等医学领域具有更广阔的应用前景.本文综述了:纳米抗体的骨架区及互补决定区与传统抗体重链相应区间的结构比较;纳米抗体库的构建以及运用噬菌体展示技术对VHH库的筛选;纳米抗体技术在疾病诊断中的应用及其用于分子显像的优势,以及纳米抗体作为抗肿瘤免疫偶联物的靶向组分在癌症治疗领域中的最新进展.     

消减免疫法制备克伦特罗单克隆抗体

目的：制备克伦特罗（CL）单克隆抗体。方法：重氮化法制备克伦特罗完全抗原,消减免疫法免疫BALB／c小鼠,常规杂交瘤技术制备抗克伦特罗单克隆抗体。结果：消减免疫法使小鼠获得了对BSA的耐受,单抗筛选过程中获得了高达8．2％的阳性率。最后得到了针对CL的特异性抗体。结论：用消减免疫法制备针对小分子污染物的单克隆抗体,可减少在制备单克隆抗体时筛选的工作量,可增加获得预期抗体的机会。     

抗原化抗体

抗原化抗体余拥军吴祥甫（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词抗原化抗体抗体基因工程抗原性免疫原性抗体是哺乳动物免疫系统的重要组成部分,担负着机体抵御外来入侵者及清除体内病变、衰老细胞等重要生理功能。抗体分子因其结构的特殊性、对抗原分...     

双特异抗体定向运载抗原作为一种新型佐剂系统的研究进展

目前采用基因重组等生物技术制备了大量的纯化亚单位疫苗或合成疫苗,这些疫苗的免疫原性很弱,需要佐剂的帮助才能有效地引发抗体应答。传统的佐剂具有很多本身无法克服的缺陷,促使人们研究开发新的佐剂系统。本文对双特异抗体的概念、Ｔ细胞在免疫应答中的作用及抗原的定向运送、双特异抗体介导的抗原定向运送及佐剂效应等方面对双特异抗体定向运送抗原作为一个新的佐剂系统给予了较为详细的阐述     

纳米抗体技术应用的最新进展北大核心CSCD

纳米抗体作为一种可塑性强、较为新颖的抗原识别和调控的工具,具备小尺寸、易表达和筛选及改造、高亲性和稳定性等优势,能够识别传统抗体难以识别的较为隐匿的抗原表位,在诊断治疗各种疾病及检测方面的应用不断深入,且在基础研究中也发挥着不可替代的作用。文中主要介绍了纳米抗体及其衍生结构在小分子化合物及病原微生物检测和疾病的诊断,以及在疾病靶向治疗,细胞、分子成像领域的相关进展,此外还综述了在蛋白质构象研究领域展现的广阔前景。     

基因工程小分子抗体的研究进展

随着分子生物学的发展,基因工程小分子抗体越来越受到人们关注,该抗体具有分子量小、结构简单、穿透性强、免疫源性低、低成本生产的优点,并且可与毒素、放射性核素、酶、细胞因子等结合用于肿瘤的诊断和治疗,临床应用前景十分广阔。对基因工程小分子抗体近几年的发展与应用作一综述。     

Aptamers: versatile probes for flow cytometry

Aptamers are nucleic acid oligomers with distinct conformational shapes that allow them to bind targets with high affinity and specificity. Aptamers are selected from a random oligonucleotide library by their capability to bind a certain molecular target. A variety of targets ranging from small molecules like amino acids to complex targets and whole cells have been used to select aptamers. These characteristics and the ability to create specific aptamers against virtually any cell type in a process termed “systematic evolution by exponential enrichment” make them interesting tools for flow cytometry. In this contribution, we review the application of aptamers as probes for flow cytometry, especially cell-phenotyping and detection of various cancer cell lines and virus-infected cells and pathogens. We also discuss the potential of aptamers combined with nanoparticles such as quantum dots for the generation of new multivalent detector molecules with enhanced affinity and sensitivity. With regard to recent advancements in aptamer selection and the decreasing costs for oligonucleotide synthesis, aptamers may rise as potent competitors for antibodies as molecular probes in flow cytometry.     

Monoclonal antibodies can discriminate between some active and inactive forms of leukocyte interferon

Antiviral activity of recombinant human leukocyte A interferon was inactivated by heating at 65 degrees C or by reduction of disulfide bonds. The specific immunoreactivity, as measured by radioimmunoassays measuring binding to monoclonal antibodies, decreased concomitantly with the antiviral activity. Although the monoclonal antibodies did bind to inactivated interferon, their binding affinity to inactivated interferon was in general very much lower than their binding affinity to active interferon. Therefore, this immunoassay could replace the antiviral assay for detection of biologically active interferon. In addition, most of these antibodies should be especially useful for purification of the interferons since they discriminate between the native active and inactive denatured species. Screening for such antibodies is convenient and simple. The general use of antibodies that preferentially interact with native molecules provides a powerful new principle for choosing monoclonal antibodies with extraordinary potential in assay and purification.     

Using starburst dendrimers as linker molecules to radiolabel antibodies

Starburst dendrimers, spherical polymers constructed from methyl acrylate and ethylenediamine, were successfully used to covalently couple synthetic porphyrins to antibody molecules. The dendrimers, as linker molecules, have great potential for increasing the specific activity of radiolabeled antibodies for tumor therapy and diagnosis.     

In vitro selection of DNA aptamers binding pesticide fluoroacetamide

Fluoroacetamide (Mw = 77.06) is a lethal rodenticide to humans and animals which is still frequently abused in food storage somewhere in China. The production of antibodies for fluoroacetamide is difficult due to its high toxicity to animals, which limits the application of immunoassay method in poison detection. In this work, aptamers targeting N-fluoroacetyl glycine as an analog of fluoroacetamide were selected by a specific systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) strategy. The binding ability of the selected aptamers to fluoroacetamide was identified using surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay. The estimated K_D values in the low micromolar range showed a good affinity of these aptamers to the target. Our work verified that the SELEX strategy has the potential for developing aptamers targeted to small molecular toxicants and aptamers can be employed as new recognition elements instead of antibodies for poison detection.     

Affibody molecules: Engineered proteins for therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications

Affibody molecules are a class of engineered affinity proteins with proven potential for therapeutic, diagnostic and biotechnological applications. Affibody molecules are small (6.5 kDa) single domain proteins that can be isolated for high affinity and specificity to any given protein target. Fifteen years after its discovery, the Affibody technology is gaining use in many groups as a tool for creating molecular specificity wherever a small, engineering compatible tool is warranted. Here we summarize recent results using this technology, propose an Affibody nomenclature and give an overview of different HER2-specific Affibody molecules. Cumulative evidence suggests that the three helical scaffold domain used as basis for these molecules is highly suited to create a molecular affinity handle for vastly different applications.     

适配体与病毒性感染诊断及治疗

适配体（Aptamers）是通过指数富集的配体系统进化（systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment,SELEX）技术,从随机核酸文库中筛选出来的单链寡核苷酸,已在临床医疗及其他领域得到日益广泛的应用.与抗体相比,适配体具有很多优点,如高亲和力、高特异性、分子量小、几乎无免疫排斥反应、结构稳定、易于合成等.可用于适配体筛选的靶标范围非常广,包括有机小分子、蛋白、完整细胞及病毒颗粒等.迅速可靠的病原检测对于病毒性传染病的成功预防和治疗具有重要意义.随着严格筛选和快速分离技术的进步,适配体在病毒感染的检测治疗中显示出巨大的潜力.本文概括介绍了适配体在病毒研究方面的最新应用进展及未来前景.     

Antibody-dendrimer conjugates: the number, not the size of the dendrimers, determines the immunoreactivity

Radioimmunotherapy using antibodies with favorable tumor targeting properties and high binding affinity is increasingly applied in cancer therapy. The potential of this valuable cancer treatment modality could be further improved by increasing the specific activity of the labeled proteins. This can be done either by coupling a large number of chelators which leads to a decreased immunoreactivity or by conjugating a small number of multimeric chelators. In order to systematically investigate the influence of conjugations on immunoreactivity with respect to size and number of the conjugates, the anti-EGFR antibody hMAb425 was reacted with PAMAM dendrimers of different size containing up to 128 chelating agents per conjugation site. An improved dendrimer synthesis protocol was established to obtain compounds of high homogeneity suitable for the formation of defined protein conjugates. The quantitative derivatization of the PAMAM dendrimers with DOTA moieties and the characterization of the products by isotopic dilution titration using (111)In/(nat)In are shown. The DOTA-containing dendrimers were conjugated with high efficiency to hMAb425 by applying Sulfo-SMCC as cross-linking agent and a 10- to 25-fold excess of the thiol-containing dendrimers. The determination of the immunoreactivities of the antibody-dendrimer conjugates by FACS analysis revealed a median retained immunoreactivity of 62.3% for 1.7 derivatization sites per antibody molecule, 55.4% for 2.8, 27.9% for 5.3, and 17.1% for 10.0 derivatization sites per antibody but no significant differences in immunoreactivity for different dendrimer sizes. These results show that the dendrimer size does not influence the immunoreactivity of the derivatized antibody significantly over a wide molecular weight range, whereas the number of derivatization sites has a crucial effect.     

Interaction of multicomponent anionic liposomes with cationic pyridylphenylene dendrimer: Does the complex behavior depend on the liposome composition?

Dendrimers are individual macromolecular compounds having a great potential for biomedical application. The key step of the cell penetration by dendrimers is the interaction with lipid bilayer. Here, the interaction between cationic pyridylphenylene dendrimer of third generation (D₃⁵⁰⁺) and multicomponent liquid (CL/POPC), solid (CL/DPPC) and cholesterol-containing (CL/POPC/30% Chol) anionic liposomes was investigated by dynamic light scattering, fluorescence spectroscopy, conductometry, calorimetric studies and molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. Microelectrophoresis and MD simulations revealed the interaction is electrostatic and reversible with only part of pyridinium groups of dendrimers involved in binding with liposomes. The ability of dendrimer molecules to migrate between liposomes was discovered by the labeling liposomes with Rhodamine B. The phase state of the lipid membrane and the incorporation of cholesterol into the lipid bilayer were found to not affect the mechanism of the dendrimer - liposome complex formation. Rigid dendrimer adsorption on liposomal surface does not induce the formation of significant defects in the lipid membrane pave the way for possible biological application of pyridylphenylene dendrimers.     

Click modification in the N6 region of A3 adenosine receptor-selective carbocyclic nucleosides for dendrimeric tethering that preserves pharmacophore recognition

Adenosine derivatives were modified with alkynyl groups on N(6) substituents for linkage to carriers using Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. Two parallel series, both containing a rigid North-methanocarba (bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane) ring system in place of ribose, behaved as A(3) adenosine receptor (AR) agonists: (5'-methyluronamides) or partial agonists (4'-truncated). Terminal alkynyl groups on a chain at the 3 position of a N(6)-benzyl group or simply through a N(6)-propargyl group were coupled to azido derivatives, which included both small molecules and G4 (fourth-generation) multivalent poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers, to form 1,2,3-triazolyl linkers. The small molecular triazoles probed the tolerance in A(3)AR binding of distal, sterically bulky groups such as 1-adamantyl. Terminal 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl groups anticipated nucleophilic substitution for chain extension and (18)F radiolabeling. N(6)-(4-Fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-triazolylmethyl derivative 32 displayed a K(i) of 9.1 nM at A(3)AR with ～1000-fold subtype selectivity. Multivalent conjugates additionally containing click-linked water-solubilizing polyethylene glycol groups potently activated A(3)AR in the 5'-methyluronamide, but not 4' truncated series. N(6)-Benzyl nucleoside conjugate 43 (apparent K(i) 24 nM) maintained binding affinity of the monomer better than a N(6)-triazolylmethyl derivative. Thus, the N(6) region of 5'-methyluronamide derivatives, as modeled in receptor docking, is suitable for functionalization and tethering by click chemistry to achieve high A(3)AR agonist affinity and enhanced selectivity.