若尔盖高原湿地甲烷排放的时空异质性

集中于北美落基山高山湿地甲烷排放的零星报道远不能解析全球高山湿地甲烷源强. 因此,世界范围内其他区域高山湿地甲烷排放的研究对于合理估计全球高山湿地甲烷源强,意义重大.采用静态箱-气相色谱法,基于3种典型湿地类型的甲烷排放数据,认为若尔盖高原湿地生长季甲烷的平均排放量为4.69 mg CH4 m-2 h-1.同时根据2a数据,初步分析了甲烷通量及其对环境因素和生物因素的响应特征,结果表明:(1)甲烷排放昼夜变化具有双峰模式 (主峰出现在15:00,次峰出现在06:00),可由土壤温度以及植物气孔开启来解释.(2)若尔盖湿地甲烷排放季节动态较为典型,即在7月份或8月份出现排放高峰,冬季甲烷排放较少.生长季,对3类群落类型,表面温度与甲烷排放显著相关 (r2=0.55,P<0.05,n=30),地表水位和植物群落高度与甲烷排放相关性更为显著 (r2=0.32,0.61,P<0.01,n=30).分析认为该季节节律是由温度以及植物生长状况直接影响的,而水位则是使该节律发生波动的原因(高原气候).(3)群落尺度下,物候学上相当重要的两个时期,甲烷排放通量均有较高的空间变异 (植物生长高峰变异系数为38%,积雪融化高峰为61%).通过逐步回归线性分析,发现植物生长高峰期,地表水位和群落高度是影响甲烷排放空间差异的主要因素 (r2= 0.43,0.59,P<0.01,n=30).(4)景观尺度下,生长季,景观尺度下甲烷排放有较大的空间变异,湖滨湿地甲烷平排放量最高为11.95 mg CH4 m-2h-1,其次为宽谷湿地,其排放量为2 12 mg CH4 m-2h-1,河岸湿地表现为甲烷吸收,其吸收量为0.007 mg CH4 m-2h-1.地表水位、植物地上生物量以及植物高度能够很好地解释甲烷排放的景观差异.     

若尔盖草甸退化对土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的影响

为了解不同退化阶段高寒草甸土壤碳、氮和碳稳定同位素的差异,对若尔盖湿地内沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸3个阶段土壤的碳、氮和碳稳定同位素进行了分析.结果表明:若尔盖湿地草甸土壤δ¹³C 值介于-26.21‰～-24.72‰之间,土壤δ¹³C 值随土层加深而增大.土壤δ¹³C 值与有机碳含量对数值呈线性负相关.表层土壤(0～10 cm)δ¹³C值大小顺序为草原化草甸>退化草甸>沼泽草甸,β值大小顺序为草原化草甸>沼泽草甸>退化草甸.沼泽草甸、草原化草甸、退化草甸0～30 cm 土壤碳含量分别为105.32、42.11和31.12 g·kg^-1,氮含量分别为8.74、3.41和2.81 g·kg^-1,C/N分别为11.26、11.23和10.89.随着草甸的退化,土壤碳、氮呈降低趋势,退化草甸C/N值低于沼泽草甸和草原化草甸.随着土层深度加深,碳、氮含量呈现降低趋势.草甸退化导致的土壤δ¹³C 值差异主要发生在表层0～10 cm.3个退化阶段中,退化草甸土壤的β值和C/N最低,表明退化草甸土壤矿化作用较强.     

近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化

基于Apack软件,通过选取景观面积指数、景观多样性指数和景观破碎化指数等景观格局指数,从景观水平上研究了近40a来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观空间分布格局特征的动态变化过程.结果表明:(1)高寒湿地景观空间格局以自然湿地景观为主要特征,自然湿地景观的斑块数和平均斑块面积均明显高于人工湿地景观.沼泽湿地景观斑块数最多,面积最大,所占比例高于95%;(2)高寒湿地景观具有高度的空间异质性.若尔盖县湿地景观的面积最大,占该区湿地景观总面积的近50%,湿地率也居五县之首;红原县和玛曲县次之;阿坝县和碌曲县最小;(3)高寒湿地景观面积呈先减少后增加的变化趋势.但与20世纪60年代相比,2000年湿地景观面积仍呈萎缩状态,总面积减少59857.83 hm2;(4)近40a来,若尔盖高原湿地景观呈集中连片分布,聚集度均高于0.95;优势度水平较高,但多样性指数水平较低.湿地景观的斑块数呈先下降后持平的变化趋势,而平均斑块面积则表现为增加的变化趋势;湿地景观分布质心也发生了明显的空间位移,经历了先向西北方向偏移12.54km;再向东南方向偏移了11.33km;最后又向北偏移了1.1km.     

Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetlands on the Zoige Plateau in the past four decades

Based on RS, GIS and Apack software, the indices of landscape pattern such as landscape area index, landscape diversity index and landscape fragmentation index were chosen in order to describe changes in the spatial pattern of alpine wetland landscape on the Zoige Plateau during 1966–2000. Results showed that alpine wetland landscape was characteristic of marsh wetlands, which had the biggest patch number and the largest area. The alpine wetland landscape had higher spatial heterogeneity. The largest area appeared in Zoige County with the highest wetland ratio; comparatively, Aba County and Luqu County had much lower wetland ratio. The total area of alpine wetland landscape decreased rapidly during 1966–1986, but it began to increase after 1986. The wetland landscape area shrank by 59857.83 hm² during 1966–2000. The alpine wetland landscape showed the characteristics of concentrated distribution in the past four decades, with higher convergence and dominance indices. The centroid of wetland landscape moved 12.54 km in the northwest direction firstly, 11.33 km in the southeast direction, and then 1.1 km in the north direction.     

青藏高原高寒草地土壤酶活性海拔地带性特征

土壤酶是土壤生态系统中具有催化功能的一类蛋白质,由植物根系分泌物、微生物和动植物残体释放到土壤中,参与了土壤中所有的生物化学过程,其活性的大小可以灵敏地反应土壤中生化反应的方向和强度。青藏高原因海拔高和气候寒冷,被认为是气候变化的敏感区和脆弱区。全球气候变化使土壤酶活性受到强烈的影响,这些影响可能使土壤的质量发生改变,进而对青藏高原高寒草地植被生产力产生一定影响。土壤酶在生态系统物质循环和能量流动中起着关键作用,其格局、功能和转换过程已被广泛的研究,但高寒草地生态系统土壤酶活性的海拔地带性特征还需深入探讨。因此,以青藏高原高寒草地为研究对象,将土壤酶活性海拔梯度研究从站点尺度拓展到样带尺度,分析了与土壤碳循环密切相关的土壤β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、与土壤氮循环密切相关的土壤N-乙酰-β氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、土壤亮氨酸肌肽酶(LAP)以及与土壤磷循环密切相关的土壤碱性磷酸酶(ALP)的海拔地带性,进一步明晰其主要驱动因子。结果表明：(1)ALP和βG活性在海拔梯度上,展现出显著分异,在约为3546 m和3364 m出现拐点,且低海拔显著高于高海拔(P<0.01)。而NAG...     

Landscape pattern changes across alpine shrub meadows gradient in warm-season pastures on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Grassland degradation has been one of the major ecological concerns on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) in recent years, but the degradation of alpine shrub meadows, and in particular the changes in its surface landscape pattern, has been less well assessed. This study selected a warm-season pasture on the QTP as a study area, and used an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to collect aerial photographs along the degradation gradient from late June to early July 2018. We then classified the surface landscape as alpine shrub, alpine meadow, bare soil and plateau pika hole and analyzed the landscape pattern changes at different degradation levels. The results showed that the alpine shrub and alpine meadow dominated landscape degraded to a pattern of alpine meadow and bare soil dominance and pika hole pervasiveness, during which vegetation cover declined and the overall landscape pattern tended to fragment. Landscape pattern characteristics related to the area, density, connectivity and boundaries respond more clearly to the shrub degradation, with moderate degradation being the key stage at which the surface landscape pattern changes dramatically. Our study demonstrates a potential application of UAV technology in the study of grassland degradation. Future research should focus on the status, mechanisms and ecological effects of alpine shrub meadows degradation and the quantitative relationships between surface landscape patterns and ecological functions.     

Current status and future prospects of Zoige Marsh in Eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Zoige Marsh, located in the Northeastern Qianghai-Tibet Plateau, is the largest highland marsh in the world. The marsh is one of the hotspots for biodiversity, harboring many endemic and endangered species, including Grus nigricollis, the only plateau crane. Zoige Marsh has a large area of high-quality grasslands, serving as the fifth largest livestock base in China, and it is also the major water source to the headstream of the Yellow River. However, due to global warming and unwise use of the marsh resources, including ditching for grassland enlargement, peat exploitation, and livestock grazing, since the 1970s, Zoige Marsh has suffered severe ecosystem degradations such as vegetation recessive succession, biodiversity loss, soil deterioration, and rodent disasters. It is therefore imperative to restore the damaged marsh. We propose in this paper that ecological engineering and livestock population control must be taken as measures for ecological restoration and biodiversity protection.     

氮磷共限制青藏高原高寒草甸生态系统碳吸收

随着人类活动加剧,青藏高原高寒草地面临外来资源输入的威胁,而外源资源输入如氮、磷、钾(N、P、K)及其交互作用如何影响高寒草地生态系统碳循环尚不明确.本研究在藏北高寒草甸进行了连续3年N、P、K元素交互的添加试验,测定群落盖度和生态系统碳交换等数据,旨在阐明资源添加对高寒草甸生态系统碳交换过程的影响.结果 表明:在植物...     

若尔盖退化高寒草甸土壤团聚体结合有机碳的变化

选取若尔盖沼泽化草甸及其不同退化程度为研究对象,利用湿筛法进行团聚体分级,并测定各组分有机碳含量,研究了高寒草甸退化对土壤有机碳(SOC,Soil Organic Carbon)、团聚体以及团聚体结合有机碳(OC,Organic Carbon)的影响,旨在从土壤团聚体及其内部组成的角度去解析SOC的变化特征及机制。结果显示：1)退化使大团聚体比例降低且内部组成改变,团聚体稳定性降低。2)退化使各粒级团聚体及大团聚体内部组分结合OC含量均显著降低。3)大团聚体及其内部粗颗粒有机质中OC储量减少是退化中土壤有机碳流失的主要形式,微团聚体、闭蓄态微团聚体和闭蓄态黏粉粒中OC储量随退化增加。4)退化显著降低了高寒草甸SOC含量和储量,表层(0—10 cm)SOC含量变化主要决定于微团聚体和大团聚体OC含量,亚表层(10—20 cm)SOC含量主要受大团聚体OC含量和团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)影响;对于SOC储量,团聚体MWD是表层SOC储量的最重要影响因素,而亚表层SOC储量取决于团聚体组成、土壤理化性质和大团聚体OC含量的综合作用。研究结果表明,改善土壤团聚体组成和稳定性,增加大团聚体有机...     

Establishment of Elymus natans improves soil quality of a heavily degraded alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Elymus natans is a dominant native species widely planted to restore the heavily degraded alpine meadows in Qinghai-Tibetan plateau. The objective of this study was to determine how E. natans establishment affected the quality and fertility of a heavily degraded soil. Soil samples (at depths of 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm) were collected from the 3- and 7-year-old E. natans re-vegetated grasslands, and in the heavily degraded alpine meadow (control). The establishment of E. natans promoted plant cover and aboveground biomass. Compared to the non-reseeded meadow, the concentration of total organic C increased by 13% in the soil under 3-year-old reseeded E. natans grassland at 0–10 cm, and by 7–33% in the soil under 7-year-old reseeded E. natans grassland at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths. Rapid increases in total and available N were also observed in two E. natans re-vegetated grasslands, especially in the 0–10 cm soil layer. Across three sampling depths, total P concentration was increased by 17–35% and 18–54% in 3- and 7-year-old reseeded soil respectively, compared to the soil of control. After 3 years of E. natans growth, microbial biomass C increased by 13–58% at 0–10 and 10–20 cm layers; while it increased by 43–87% in 7-year-old reseeded treatment at 0–10, 10–20 and 20–30 cm depths relative to control. A similar increasing trend was observed for microbial biomass N and P generally. Significant increase in neutral phosphatase, urease, catalase and dehydrogenase was also found in 3- and 7-year-old re-vegetated grasslands compared with heavily degraded meadow. Our results suggest a significant positive impact of E. natans establishment on soil quality. Thus, E. natans establishment could be an effective and applicable measure in restoring heavily degraded alpine meadow in the region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Methane production in relation with temperature, substrate and soil depth in Zoige wetlands on Tibetan Plateau

To understand the effect of substrate and temperature on methane production in high frigid wetlands, soil samples along the soil profile were collected from Zoige alpine wetlands, a “hotspot” of methane emission on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Our result showed that temperature had a positive influence on methane production. However, acetate accumulation was negative related with temperature. We found that supplemental methanol and acetate strongly stimulated methane production. Such result indicated that methanol and acetate are major substrates for methane production in Zoige wetlands. Moreover, we also found that methane production rates decreased with soil depths due to the decrease of available substrate in deeper soil.     

Methane production in relation with temperature, substrate and soil depth in Zoige wetlands on Tibetan Plateau

To understand the effect of substrate and temperature on methane production in high frigid wetlands, soil samples along the soil profile were collected from Zoige alpine wetlands, a “hotspot” of methane emission on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Our result showed that temperature had a positive influence on methane production. However, acetate accumulation was negative related with temperature. We found that supplemental methanol and acetate strongly stimulated methane production. Such result indicated that methanol and acetate are major substrates for methane production in Zoige wetlands. Moreover, we also found that methane production rates decreased with soil depths due to the decrease of available substrate in deeper soil.     

Methane emissions by alpine plant communities in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

For the first time to our knowledge, we report here methane emissions by plant communities in alpine ecosystems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This has been achieved through long-term field observations from June 2003 to July 2006 using a closed chamber technique. Strong methane emission at the rate of 26.2+/-1.2 and 7.8+/-1.1microg CH4 m-2h-1 was observed for a grass community in a Kobresia humilis meadow and a Potentilla fruticosa meadow, respectively. A shrub community in the Potentilla meadow consumed atmospheric methane at the rate of 5.8+/-1.3microg CH4 m-2h-1 on a regional basis; plants from alpine meadows contribute at least 0.13Tg CH4 yr-1 in the Tibetan Plateau. This finding has important implications with regard to the regional methane budget and species-level difference should be considered when assessing methane emissions by plants.     

三江源地区高寒湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷及其化学计量特征

微生物生物量及其化学计量特征是土壤养分循环的重要参数, 对预测气候变化和提高模型准确性及理解陆地生态系统养分循环都起到重要作用。为了明晰高寒生态系统土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)浓度及其化学计量特征, 该研究通过在三江源区高寒湿地连续两年的野外调查和室内培养, 分析了50个样点的数据, 探究三江源高寒湿地MBC、MBN、MBP浓度及其化学计量特征, 明确了土壤理化特性和微生物群落特征对其影响。结果表明: (1)三江源高寒湿地MBC、MBN和MBP浓度分别为105.11、3.79和0.78 mmol·kg^-1, MBC:MBN、MBC:MBP、MBN:MBP和MBC:MBN:MBP分别为50.56、184.89、5.42和275:5:1。高寒湿地土壤的MBC浓度显著高于高寒草甸土壤, 而MBN和MBP浓度在高寒湿地和高寒草甸土壤之间没有显著差异; 高寒湿地土壤的MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP显著高于高寒草甸土壤, 而MBN:MBP在高寒湿地和高寒草甸土壤之间差异不显著。(2)土壤理化特性与MBC、MBN和MBP浓度具有显著相关性。土壤含水率与MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP存在显著负相关关系, 而土壤密度与MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP浓度存在显著正相关关系, 土壤全氮含量和MBC:MBP存在显著负相关关系, 而与MBC:MBN的相关关系不显著。土壤理化特性对MBN:MBP的影响不显著。(3)整体而言, 微生物群落结构与MBC、MBN和MBP浓度之间存在显著的相关性。微生物群落结构和MBC:MBN、MBC:MBP的关系是相似的, 总磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)含量、革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌、细菌、放线菌、丛枝菌根真菌浓度和其他PLFA含量与MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP存在显著负相关关系, 而真菌:细菌与MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP之间存在显著正相关关系, 真菌浓度与MBC:MBN和MBC:MBP之间的相关关系不显著。除丛枝菌根真菌外, MBN:MBP与微生物群落结构均无显著相关关系。     

青藏高原东部地区田鼠物种的分子鉴定

以线粒体细胞色素b基因序列（Cyt b）为分子标记,结合系统发育分析（最大似然法和贝叶斯法）和遗传距离统计（JC遗传距离模型）等方法,分析青藏高原东部地区田鼠类动物的物种组成和地理分布特征。从16个样点共采集到189个田鼠样品,成功获得所有个体的Cyt b全序列,长度为1 143 bp,共检测到248个变异位点和65个单倍型。系统发育分析显示,最大似然树和贝叶斯树的结构基本一致,将65个单倍型分为三组（G1-G3）,分别与已知的柴达木根田鼠（Microtus limnophilus）、青海松田鼠（Neodon fuscus）和高原松田鼠（N. irene）聚为单系群,支持率都为100%。遗传距离统计显示,G1、G2、G3组内两两单倍型之间的遗传距离范围分别为0.09%~3.04%、0.09%~0.70%、0.18%~1.95%;同时,G1与柴达木根田鼠参考序列之间、G2与青海松田鼠参考序列之间、G3与高原松田鼠参考序列之间遗传距离范围分别为0.61%-2.49%、0.53%-0.97%、1.77%-2.22%。结合系统发育和遗传距离分析结果,本研究中采集到的田鼠个体可以鉴定为3个物种：柴达木根田鼠（n = 135）、青海松田鼠（n = 30）和高原松田鼠（n = 24）。其中,柴达木根田鼠分布最广（10个地点）,青海松田鼠（4个地点）和高原松田鼠（3个地点）的分布区则相对狭小;3种动物在分布区上重叠度很小,仅河南县同时发现有柴达木根田鼠和青海松田鼠分布。研究表明,青藏高原东部地区至少有3种田鼠分布,种间遗传界限清晰,空间分布具有一定规律性。研究结果为了解青藏高原东部地区田鼠类动物的物种分布提供可靠的基础资料,同时,为这一地区的田鼠类动物的分子鉴定方法提供参考。     

滇西北高原闭合半闭合退化湿地的生态恢复效果

选取滇西北高原典型退化湿地纳帕海,对比植被恢复前后入湖河流廊道、草甸(汇水过渡区)、湖滨带植物群落物种的组成、水质、土壤有机质和全氮含量的变化,分析流域完整尺度恢复实践的有效性.结果表明:研究区湿地植物在恢复初期由8科12属13种迅速增加至18科22属28种;地上生物量从318.56 g·m-2上升到507.68 g·m-2;湖滨及河流岸带植物群落恢复前后变化明显,耐污种逐渐减少或消失,出现了消失多年的沼泽植物黑三棱和水毛莨群落;土壤有机质和全氮含量分别由恢复前的28.85和0.79g·kg-1增加到50.26和1.45g·kg-1,水体中的TN、TP和COD含量较恢复前显著下降,去除率分别达到67.9％、79.2％和71.2％,水体透明度提高了179％,湿地生态系统结构和功能得到了改善和恢复.在高原闭合半闭合湿地区,采取植被恢复措施及其技术方法行之有效.     

青藏高寒区退化草地生态恢复:退化现状、恢复措施、效应与展望

青藏高寒区属于独特而典型的高原生态系统,草地生态系统作为其重要组成部分,在对高寒区生态安全以及农牧民生计的维系中,占有举足轻重的地位。目前,青藏高寒区的草地生态系统退化严重,因此该区退化草地的生态恢复工作是国家生态工作的重中之重。近年来,已有大量研究提出了各种有效的恢复手段,但缺乏因地制宜的系统性总结和论述。基于此,在已有研究的基础上,阐述了青藏高寒区退化草地现状,总结了高寒区各生态类型分区的主要生态问题,明确了不同集成技术与模式的适用区域和范围,同时对这些技术、措施和模式的恢复效果和恢复机制进行分析和讨论。并对未来高寒草地生态系统的研究进行了展望,以期为青藏高寒区退化草地的恢复治理、高寒草地生态系统结构和功能稳定性维系提供系统的理论基础与技术支撑。     

青藏高原高寒草地群落叶片功能性状对降水的非线性响应

群落叶片功能性状受到外界环境和自身发育的共同影响,其响应特征和过程的研究有助于了解环境胁迫下植物的适应策略,以应对全球变化下的生物多样性和生态系统功能丧失。通过对青藏高原高寒草地115个样点的调查取样,测定群落叶片碳、氮和磷含量(LC、LN和LP)及干物质量(LDMC)4种能够反映植物生存策略的叶片功能性状,以物种相对多度为基础计算群落加权平均值(CWM)。结合降水量、气温和土壤因子,探索高寒草地群落叶片功能性状响应机制。结果表明：(1)降水量对群落叶片功能性状影响显著(P<0.01),而温度对群落叶片功能性状影响不显著(P>0.05);(2)土壤全氮和有机碳对CWM＿LC、CWM＿LN、CWM＿LP和CWM＿LDMC影响显著(P<0.01),且除CWM＿LDMC外,其余性状均表现为非线性响应,呈先下降后上升趋势;(3)土壤含水量和容重对CWM＿LC、CWM＿LN、CWM＿LP和CWM＿LDMC影响显著(P<0.05),且土壤含水量对各性状的影响为非线性,呈先下降后上升趋势。该研究说明水分是青藏高原高寒草地群落叶片功能性状的主要影响因子,高寒草地对恶劣环境的适应...