Distribution frequency of pathogenic bacteria isolated from cutaneus leishmaniasis lesions

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a parasitic disease characterized by single or multiple ulcerations. Secondary bacterial infections are one of the complications that can increase the tissue destruction and the resulting scar. To better determine the incidence of real secondary bacterial infections in CL, we designed the current study. This was a cross-sectional study performed in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Centre, Isfahan, Iran. A total of 1,255 patients with confirmed CL enrolled in the study. Sterile swaps were achieved for ulcer exudates and scraping was used for non-ulcerated lesions. All samples were transferred to tryptic soy broth medium. After 24 hr of incubation at 37 degrees C they were transferred to eosin methylene blue agar (EMB) and blood agar. Laboratory tests were used to determine the species of bacteria. Among 1,255 confirmed CL patients, 274 (21.8%) had positive cultures for secondary bacterial infections. The bacteria isolated from the lesions were Staphylococcus aureus in 190 cases (69.3%), coagulase negative Staphylococcus in 63 cases (23.0%), E. coli in 10 cases (3.6%), Proteus sp. in 6 cases (2.2%), and Klebsiella sp. in 5 cases (1.9%). The results show that the overall incidence of secondary bacterial infections in the lesions of CL was 21.8%, considerably high. The incidence of secondary bacterial infections was significantly higher in ulcerated lesions compared with non-ulcerated lesions.     

Tick-borne infections as a cause of heart transplantation

Many bacterial species can be a cause of various heart diseases, such as: Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella spp. The aim of the present studies was to establish if any tick-borne infections can contribute to serious heart disorders resulting in the need for heart transplantation. Myocardium, aortic and mitral valve samples from hearts removed from patients undergoing heart transplantation were tested. The presence of Bartonella spp., Borrelia afzeli and C. burnetii bacteria in malfunctioning human hearts has been shown. DNA of Bartonella spp., B. burgdorferi and C. burnetii were detected in various parts of tested hearts. DNA of B. afzelii and Bartonella spp. were found in the aortic valves. DNA of C. burnetii was detected in the myocardium. Mixed infections with Bartonella spp. and C. burnetii were also observed. Obtained results indicate that diagnosis of Bartonella spp., B. burgdorferi C. burnetii and Rickettsia spp. infections should be considered in cases of infectious endocarditis with negative blood cultures.     

PCT和CRP在感染性疾病诊断中的临床意义

目的:探讨PCT、CRP在感染性疾病诊断中的价值,评价两者与感染类型的相关性。方法:回顾性统计分析420例发热待查的患者血清PCT,血浆CRP浓度与感染的关系,采用胶体金法检测血清中PCT的浓度,免疫荧光比色法检测血浆中CRP浓度,血培养及血清学的方法检测感染是否存在及感染类型。结果:通过血培养或血清学鉴定出132例存在细菌感染(细菌组),病毒感染103例(病毒组),细菌病毒混合感染76例(混合感染组),109例阴性(非感染组)。PCT在细菌组水平最高(20.6±6.7)μg/L,非感染组水平最低(8.7±2.3)μg/L,四组间差异有统计学意义(F=34.69,P0.05)。CRP在混合组中水平最高(18.1±3.7)mg/L,在非感染组水平最低(5.8±1.7)mg/L,四组间差异有统计学意义(F=23.55,P0.05)。PCT对细菌感染检测的敏感度为92.7%,特异度为63.2%。PCT对病毒感染检测的敏感度为78.7%,特异性为46.0%。细菌感染组、病毒感染组和混合感染组血清CRP和PCT均呈正相关(P=0.000.05)。结论:细菌感染的PCT、CRP血清浓度明显高于病毒感染,两者对细菌感染患者的特异性均明显高于病毒感染,细菌感染PCT血清浓度较CRP变化敏感。     

Microbiologic analysis of results from blood cultures

The aim of our investigations was the microbiological analysis together with the evaluation of sensitivity of bacteria frequently isolated from blood cultures. Blood samples were taken from patients with symptoms suggesting bacteremia in Rydygier's Hospital in Cracow. A total of 11,170 blood samples taken from 1997 to 2000 were tested. Automatic VITAL system (bioMerieux) was applied to culture and detect microorganisms. Bacteria were identified by ATB system (bioMerieux). Susceptibility was detected by ATB and disc diffusion method. Percentage of positive results relating to detection of microorganisms of clinical significance was 16.9% (1891 cultures). Staphylococcus spp. (Staph. epidermidis in range 22.8% to 21.9%), Enterococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were most frequently isolated species among aerobic Gram-positive bacteria. In 2000, compared to 1997 the number of isolates of MRSA increased considerably (from 1.8% to 6.8%). In blood infections the increase of frequency of E. coli bacteria was also noted: 6.1% and 11.4% in 1997 and 2000, respectively. Among non-fermentant bacilli the percentage of occurrence of P. aeruginosa in the period of 4 years was comparable in the range 7.3% in 1997 to 7.2% in 2000. The increase in the frequency of blood infections of A. baumanii was also noticed (respectively from 4.8% to 9.9%). Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains to selected beta-lactame antibiotics and aminoglycosydes increased in 2000 in comparison to 1999. A. baumanii strains were 100% sensitive only to imipenem.     

Bronchoscopic Diagnosis of Pulmonary Infections—Comparison of Protected-Specimen Brush and Cytology Brush With Lung Aspirates

In a recent study the use of a new plugged double-lumen protected-specimen brush with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope was advocated to isolate pathogens in lower respiratory tract infections while avoiding upper respiratory tract contamination. To compare the efficacy of this brush and a standard single-lumen cytology brush in identifying the etiologic agent in lower respiratory tract infections, we studied 18 patients with lung infections. Transthoracic lung aspiration was done in all but two patients in an attempt to identify the specific etiologic agent. In these two cases, cultures of specimens of blood or postmortem lung tissue yielded the causative organism. In 12 patients anaerobic or aerobic bacteria (or both) were identified, whereas one patient had a mixed bacterial and fungal infection. Using the cytology brush and the protected-specimen brush we identified at least one pathogen in 10 of 12 and 10 of 13 cases, whereas both brushes missed one or more causative organisms in 8 of 12 and 8 of 13 cases, respectively. Nonetiologic organisms were found in 8 of 12 cases by the cytology brush and 8 of 13 cases by the protected-specimen brush. Quantitative culture techniques improved the specificity of the brush results in infections where aerobes predominated. Our data show that bronchoscopic cultures of lower respiratory tract infections do not consistently recover the causative agent and are frequently subject to contamination by nonetiologic organisms. There was no difference between the brushes in avoiding contamination.     

Prevalence of aerobic and anaerobic uterine bacteria during peripartum period in normal and dystocia-affected buffaloes

Parturition complications predispose establishment of uterine infections, which in turn affect subsequent fertility. The aim of present study was to characterize and compare the type of bacterial flora prevalent within the uterine lumen of dystocia-affected buffaloes and compare them with the normally calving buffaloes. The study was conducted on 40 buffaloes; of which 10 calved normally (Group I) and 30 were treated for dystocia (Group II). Bacteriological examination was performed using uterine swabs, which were collected before delivery, immediately after delivery and day's 24-60 postpartum. A total of 30 uterine swabs from Group I and 79 swabs from Group II were collected, of which 19 (63.3%) and 71 (89.9%) yielded significant bacterial growth, respectively. A total of 205 isolates belonging to 10 different genera of bacteria were identified, 8 facultative anaerobes and 2 obligate anaerobes. In Group II, 91.6% of the bacteria positive swabs (n = 71) yielded mixed cultures, whereas the remainder being pure cultures. In contrast, 89.5% of the bacteria positive swabs of Group I (n = 19) yielded pure cultures. Mixed infections comprised mostly Arcanobacter (Actinomyces) pyogenes together with obligate anaerobes, Fusobacterium spp. and Bacteroides spp. In Group II, the frequency of incidental and coliform group bacteria was highest at the time of parturition, i.e., before and immediately after delivery, and decreased to nil during the 24-60-day postpartum period. However, in Group I, the incidental and coliform group of bacteria present at the time of parturition apparently persisted beyond the period when uterine involution is complete. The frequency of obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes at the time of parturition was nil in the Group I while they predominated in dystocia-affected buffaloes (Group II). During the postpartum period of 24-60 days, the frequency of both obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes increased significantly in Group II, whereas in Group I, only occasional isolates were obtained. To conclude, at the time of calving the prevalence of obligate anaerobes and A. pyogenes occurring in combination was highest in dystocia-affected buffaloes, and further increased in the postpartum period suggesting that these infections act synergistically.     

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in skin lesions of patients with chiclero's ulcer. Reluctant response to antimonial treatment

We investigated the bacterial flora present in skin lesions of patients with chiclero's ulcer from the Yucatan peninsula of Mexico using conventional culture methods (11 patients), and an immunocolorimetric detection of pathogenic Streptococcus pyogenes (15 patients). Prevalence of bacteria isolated by culture methods was 90.9% (10/11). We cultured, from chiclero's ulcers (60%), pathogenic bacterial such as Staphylococcus aureus (20%), S. pyogenes (1.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.6%), Morganella morganii (1.6%), and opportunist pathogenic bacteria such as Klebsiella spp. (20.0%), Enterobacter spp. (20%), and Enterococcus spp. (20%). We also cultured coagulase-negative staphylococci in 40% (4/10) of the remaining patients. Micrococcus spp. and coagulase-negative staphylococci constituted the bacterial genuses more frequently isolated in the normal skin of patients with chiclero's ulcer and healthy individuals used as controls. We also undertook another study to find out the presence of S. pyogenes by an immunocolorimetric assay. This study indicated that 60% (9/15) of the ulcerated lesions, but not normal controls, were contaminated with S. pyogenes. Importantly, individuals with purulent secretion and holding concomitant infections with S. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, M. morganii, and E. durans took longer to heal Leishmania (L.) mexicana infections treated with antimonial drugs. Our results suggest the need to eliminate bacterial purulent infections, by antibiotic treatment, before starting antimonial administration to patients with chiclero's ulcer.     

Analysis of microorganisms isolated from febrile neutropenic children with neoplastic disease

The microbiological evaluation of the blood was carried out as a continued monitoring of the microorganism culture using the colourmetric system VITAL 200 (bio-Mérieux). There have been analysed 4660 bacteriological research results of the peripheral blood, blood from Broviac and from Broviac liquid of the children suffering from cancer treated in the years 1997-2000 in the Pediatric, Hematology and Oncology Clinique of the State Clinical Hospital in Bydgoszcz. There have been gained 1032 positive cultures from KZZ, KZB, PZB. There have been recognized 259 bacteremia and 22 fungemia by the children with fever in the neutropenia period. In the analysed four years in the blood dominated Gram-positive bacteria. Among Gram-positive bacteria there were mostly Staphylococcus spp. (42.5%), mostly CNS, fewer numerous were Streptococcus spp. (14.5%) and Corynebacterium spp. (5.9%). Among Gram-negative bacteria mostly were isolated Acinetobacter spp. (25.6%), Pseudomonas spp. (9.7%), E. coli (13.8%), Enterobacter spp. (13.9%), Klebsiella spp. (9.2%). There were observed few infections by strains resistant to many antibiotics, S. maltophilia, B. cepacia, E. faecium, S. haemolyticus. All strains Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive to vancomycin. There have not been found Enterococcus spp. resistant to glycopeptides. Most active against Gram-positive rods were carbapenems and aminoglycosides.     

Employment of broad range 16S rDNA PCR and sequencing in the detection of aetiological agents of meningitis

To employ partial 16S rDNA PCR and automated sequencing technique to identify non-culturable causal agents of bacterial meningitis, 73 peripheral blood samples and 413 culture-negative and eight culture-positive CSF clinical specimens from patients with suspected acute meningitis were examined for the presence of bacterial genomic DNA employing broad range 16S rDNA PCR followed by sequencing of the amplicons. In blood samples, 63/73 specimens were PCR positive (86.3%) and after direct sequencing of the PCR amplicons, only 12.7% (8/63) gave clear sequencing results and 55/63 (87.3%) were mixed with more than one organism detected. The mixed PCR amplicons were separated by using PAGE and mixed amplicons from 29/55 (52.7%) specimens were successfully identified through sequencing. Of the CSF samples, 8/8 culture-positive samples were also PCR positive and 45/413 (10.9%) of culture-negative gave a strong PCR signal and 88/413 (21.3%) specimens yielded a weak PCR signal. The remaining 280 culture-negative specimens were also PCR negative. Nested PCR was set up for the 88 weak positive samples and yielded 72/88 (81.8%) strong positives, with the remainder failing to amplify 133/413 (32.2%) culture-negative samples were PCR positive. In this study, the most common bacteria identified from blood specimens were Neisseria meningitidis, 13/63 (20.6%); Streptococcus spp, 5/63 (7.9%); Acinetobacter spp and Pseudomonas spp 4/63 (6.3%). From culture-negative CSF, the pattern was different in that Staphylococcus spp (13/58, 22.4%), Neisseria meningitidis (9/58, 15.52%) and Pseudomonas spp (8/58, 14.79%), were the most frequent. Overall, 16S rRNA broad-range PCR combined with direct DNA sequencing is a valuable molecular tool to aid with the detection as well as identification of non-culturable aetiological agents of acute bacterial meningitis and can augment cultural methods in the diagnosis of central nervous system infections in patients who have been treated with antibiotics. However, this study demonstrates that contamination is an important complication of the molecular assay, which should be attempted to be eliminated through careful laboratory controls. Hence there should be careful interpretation of any molecular finding, in tandem with other laboratory findings, such as culture, immunological and biochemical markers, and the clinical scenario of the patient.     

Bacteria, phages and septicemia

The use of phages is an attractive option to battle antibiotic resistant bacteria in certain bacterial infections, but the role of phage ecology in bacterial infections is obscure. Here we surveyed the phage ecology in septicemia, the most severe type of bacterial infection. We observed that the majority of the bacterial isolates from septicemia patients spontaneously secreted phages active against other isolates of the same bacterial strain, but not to the strain causing the disease. Such phages were also detected in the initial blood cultures, indicating that phages are circulating in the blood at the onset of sepsis. The fact that most of the septicemic bacterial isolates carry functional prophages suggests an active role of phages in bacterial infections. Apparently, prophages present in sepsis-causing bacterial clones play a role in clonal selection during bacterial invasion.     

外科血培养标本中病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解中山大学附属第一医院外科血标本中病原菌的菌种分布及常见菌株的耐药性。方法血标本用Bact/A lert-120全自动血培养仪进行血培养,阳性血培养转种后用VITEK-60 AMS细菌鉴定仪鉴定,用K-B法进行药敏试验。结果2002年1月至2005年12月血培养标本中共分离出病原菌256株,阳性率为10.6%。122株(47.7%)为革兰阴性杆菌,其中肠杆菌科细菌占72.1%(88/122),非发酵菌占27.9%(34/122);113株(44.1%)为革兰阳性球菌,其中葡萄球菌属占51.3%(58/113),肠球菌占38.1%(43/113);真菌21株(8.2%)。血培养中的革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南治疗敏感;革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁敏感。结论肠杆菌科细菌和葡萄球菌是外科血培养中的主要病原菌,其耐药现象严重,宜根据药敏结果选用敏感抗菌药物治疗。     

Detection of Bacteria in Phagocyte-Smears from Septicemia-Suspected Blood by In Situ Hybridization Using Biotinylated Probes

We report herein the detection of intracellular bacteria in phagocyte-smears obtained from septicemia-suspected blood samples by in situ hybridization. This was obtained by using nick-translated biotin-11-dUTP-labeled DNA probes and streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugates for visualization of the hybridized signals. The probes were made from random genomic DNA clones of bacteria which are frequently the causative agents of bacteremia, such as Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp. and Enterobacter spp. When our in situ hybridization method was compared with conventional culture protocols for the ability to detect bacteria from the blood of patients suspected of having septicemia, 30 positive results were obtained in 50 specimens by in situ hybridization methods. In contrast, only 7 positive results were obtained by blood cultures. Thus, even if bacteria cannot be detected by conventional blood cultures and histology, our in situ hybridization method allows for direct observation of bacterial foci in circulating phagocytes and identification of the bacteria. Our investigations suggest that in septicemia, circulating polymorphonuclear neutrophils carry some surviving bacteria as well as metabolized bacterial DNA and RNA for a considerable period of time. Thus, our in situ hybridization method using the phagocyte-smears have diagnostic value for detecting most bacteria which cause septicemia.     

Subacute bacterial endocarditis; a report on 57 patients treated with massive doses of penicillin

Fifty-seven patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis were treated with doses of penicillin varying from 500,000 to 20,000,000 units per day. Diagnosis was confirmed in some cases by growths on blood culture, in others by postmortem examination. In those cases in which the diagnosis was established by blood culture, the in vitro sensitivity of the organism to penicillin was determined and penicillin then was administered by continuous intramuscular infusion in a dosage calculated to produce blood levels of penicillin four to five times that required for in vitro inhibition. Penicillin was given for a period of 21 days, and blood cultures were made periodically during and after treatment. Of the 57 patients, 38 were cured (66.7 per cent), and 19 died (33.3 per cent). Of the 19 who died, three did so within 48 hours of hospitalization and seven died despite adequate treatment. Of these seven, three died of cerebral emboli, two because of resistance to penicillin and streptomycin, one because of congestive heart failure, and one of undetermined cause. The remaining nine who died were considered to have been inadequately treated in that there was (1) failure to obtain sensitivity, (2) inadequate dossage of penicillin, (3) delay in starting treatment, or (4) failure to recognize mixed infections. There were five patients with repeatedly sterile blood cultures during life. In all of these cases, streptococcus viridans was recovered at postmortem examination. In an attempt to determine how long therapy should justly be withheld in patients with repeatedly sterile blood cultures, 140 cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis in which positive blood cultures had been obtained were reviewed. From the review it was determined that if blood cultures taken during the first two days are reported sterile, the chance of subsequent cultures proving positive is minimal. Therefore, for patients in whom the diagnosis seems otherwise obvious, delaying treatment for more than two days is not justified even though the blood culture be sterile. In cases in which blood cultures are repeatedly sterile, a dosage of 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 units of penicillin daily for 21 days is advisable.High bacterial resistance to penicillin and streptomycin was found in four fatal cases. In one of these, the infecting organism was streptococcus viridans, and in three it was staphylococcus albus. There was one patient with penumococcal meningitis complicated by unrecognized streptococcal viridans bacterial endocarditis.     

SUBACUTE BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS—A Report on 57 Patients Treated with Massive Doses of Penicillin

Fifty-seven patients with subacute bacterial endocarditis were treated with doses of penicillin varying from 500,000 to 20,000,000 units per day. Diagnosis was confirmed in some cases by growths on blood culture, in others by postmortem examination. In those cases in which the diagnosis was established by blood culture, the in vitro sensitivity of the organism to penicillin was determined and penicillin then was administered by continuous intramuscular infusion in a dosage calculated to produce blood levels of penicillin four to five times that required for in vitro inhibition. Penicillin was given for a period of 21 days, and blood cultures were made periodically during and after treatment.Of the 57 patients, 38 were cured (66.7 per cent), and 19 died (33.3 per cent).Of the 19 who died, three did so within 48 hours of hospitalization and seven died despite adequate treatment. Of these seven, three died of cerebral emboli, two because of resistance to penicillin and streptomycin, one because of congestive heart failure, and one of undetermined cause. The remaining nine who died were considered to have been inadequately treated in that there was (1) failure to obtain sensitivity, (2) inadequate dossage of penicillin, (3) delay in starting treatment, or (4) failure to recognize mixed infections.There were five patients with repeatedly sterile blood cultures during life. In all of these cases, streptococcus viridans was recovered at postmortem examination. In an attempt to determine how long therapy should justly be withheld in patients with repeatedly sterile blood cultures, 140 cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis in which positive blood cultures had been obtained were reviewed. From the review it was determined that if blood cultures taken during the first two days are reported sterile, the chance of subsequent cultures proving positive is minimal. Therefore, for patients in whom the diagnosis seems otherwise obvious, delaying treatment for more than two days is not justified even though the blood culture be sterile. In cases in which blood cultures are repeatedly sterile, a dosage of 6,000,000 to 10,000,000 units of penicillin daily for 21 days is advisable.High bacterial resistance to penicillin and streptomycin was found in four fatal cases. In one of these, the infecting organism was streptococcus viridans, and in three it was staphylococcus albus. There was one patient with penumococcal meningitis complicated by unrecognized streptococcal viridans bacterial endocarditis.     

颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨桐乡市第一人民医院颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,帮助临床合理使用抗菌药物.方法 采用VITEK-2细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统,对113例颅脑损伤患者下呼吸道感染痰标本分离出的病原菌进行鉴定和耐药性分析.结果 113例患者中共分离出病原菌179株,其革兰阴性杆菌122株,占68.1%,以肺炎克雷伯菌...     

Sensitivity to cephalosporin antibiotics of infectious causative agents in surgery

Comparison of antimicrobial effects of cephalosporins of the 1st and 2nd generations showed that the latter were advantageous with respect to gram-negative bacteria causing surgical infections. Three cephalosporins of the 3rd generation were characterized by the highest activity against such bacteria, including Enterobacter spp. and indole positive strains of Proteus spp., as well as non-enzymatic bacteria. The antimicrobial spectra and MICs of the new cephalosporins with respect to the cultures isolated from surgical patients were different which requires in vitro sensitivity assay of each antibiotic.     

内毒素和降钙素原在妇科术后尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值

目的评价中段尿内毒素和血清降钙素原在妇科术后不同种类细菌尿路感染中的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集临床1205例妇科术后患者中段尿进行细菌培养及内毒素检测,同时对患者进行血清降钙素原检测,比较结果对尿路感染的鉴别诊断价值。结果1205份标本中尿培养出阳性350例,感染率为29．04％,其中298例为均存在留置导尿管,而在剩余400例尿培养阴性的患者中仅仅120例留置导尿管。两组之间差异有统计学意义（χ2=26．78,P〈0．05）。其中革兰阴性杆菌189例（54％）,革兰阳性菌112例（32％）,真菌49例（14％）。在三组患者中,中段尿内毒素在革兰阴性菌引起的术后尿路感染较革兰阳性菌和真菌的患者中明显升高,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而对于血清降钙素原在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者明显高于真菌尿路感染的患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。而在革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌感染的患者中差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论妇科术后尿路感染与留置导尿管密切相关,革兰阴性菌是引起妇科术后尿路感染的主要致病菌,中段尿内毒素有助于鉴别诊断出革兰阴性菌引起尿路感染,而血清PCT升高时则有助于排除真菌尿路感染。     

1168例医院感染患者病原菌的调查及其影响因素的探讨

医院感染发病率较高且易于引起医患纠纷。为了解影响医院感染的主要因素及其主要病原体,对陕西省宝鸡市第二人民医院2002—2007年1168例医院感染患者进行了病原菌分离、鉴定及分析,同时对患者基础疾病及感染部位与医院感染的关系进行了探讨。实验结果表明,在临床各科室中,ICU患者医院感染比例（40．6％）最高（P〈0．01）,其次为烧伤科（13．3％）、泌尿外科（10．6％）和血液科患者（8．2％）（P〈0．05）。下呼吸道是最为常见的感染部位（33．9％,P〈0．01）,其次为泌尿道、胃肠道、手术切口、烧伤创面和血液（10．3％～14．7％,P〈0．05）。1168例医院感染患者标本中,病原菌总阳性率为67．3％（786／1168）。786株病原菌中,革兰阴性菌所占58．7％、革兰阳性菌占26．4％、真菌占14．9％。所分离的革兰阴性菌中,以铜绿假单胞菌（16．9％）、克雷伯菌（15．2％）和大肠埃希菌（11．7％）最为常见。所分离的革兰阳性菌中,以金黄色葡萄球菌（9．3％）和表皮葡萄球菌（7．2％）最为常见。     

Contaminated marine wounds--the risk of acquiring acute bacterial infection from marine recreational beaches.

An animal model was used to determine the potential for causing wound infections of bacteria isolated from marine recreational beaches in Hong Kong. Water samples were characterized physically, chemically and bacteriologically and used to inoculate artificially-induced wounds in rats. Morbidity and mortality correlated significantly (P < 0.01) with MacConkey plate counts and faecal coliform counts (membrane filtration) and inversely with salinity of the water. The majority of deaths were due to infection caused by marine and estuarine bacteria rather then enteric organisms. A total of 318 bacterial strains was isolated from the wounds and blood of animals inoculated with seawater, of which 242 were marine/estuarine (predominantly Vibrio spp., Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putrefaciens) and 40 were enterobacteria. The virulence of the animal strains were comparable with those from clinical sources.     

Rapid diagnosis of infection etiology in febrile pediatric oncology patients using infrared spectroscopy of leukocytes

Rapid diagnosis of the etiology of infection is highly important for an effective treatment of the infected patients. Bacterial and viral infections are serious diseases that can cause death in many cases. The human immune system deals with many viral and bacterial infections that cause no symptoms and pass quietly without treatment. However, oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy have a very weak immune system caused by leukopenia, and even minor pathogen infection threatens their lives. For this reason, physicians tend to prescribe immediately several types of antibiotics for febrile pediatric oncology patients (FPOPs). Uncontrolled use of antibiotics is one of the major contributors to the development of resistant bacteria. Therefore, for oncology patients, a rapid and objective diagnosis of the etiology of the infection is extremely critical. Current identification methods are time‐consuming (>24 h). In this study, the potential of midinfrared spectroscopy in tandem with machine learning algorithms is evaluated for rapid and objective diagnosis of the etiology of infections in FPOPs using simple peripheral blood samples. Our results show that infrared spectroscopy enables the diagnosis of the etiology of infection as bacterial or viral within 70 minutes after the collection of the blood sample with 93% sensitivity and 88% specificity.