南极假丝酵母脂肪酶A的表面展示及酶学性质研究

采用a凝集素作为载体蛋白,首次将南极假丝酵母脂肪酶A展示在酿酒酵母细胞表面,通过MD平板筛选获得表面展示型的CALA酵母工程菌株。免疫荧光检测显示CALA被成功展示在酵母细胞壁表面,重组子经诱导后能在三丁酸甘油酯板上形成透明圈,说明展示的CALA具有活性。重组酵母在液体培养基培养72 h,活性达到最高,为80.4 U/g干细胞。酿酒酵母展示的CALA最适温度及pH值为70°C和pH 8.0。经50°C保温2 h,仍含有60%水解酶活力。展示的CALA在pH 7.0和pH 8.0溶液中比较稳定。经DMSO处理2 h,展示的CALA仍保持70%的活性。以上结果表明酵母展示的CALA可作为一种有潜质商业用途的全细胞催化剂。     

Spectrophotometric assay for online measurement of the activity of lipase immobilised on micro-magnetic particles

A spectrophotometric assay has been adapted to directly measure the activity of enzymes immobilised on insoluble magnetic particles. Three different types of lipases (Candida antarctica lipase A and B and Thermocatenulatus lanuginosus lipase) were immobilised on two types of magnetic beads. The activity of the resulting immobilised lipase preparations was measured directly in the reaction solution by using a modified p-nitrophenol ester assay using a spectrophotometer. Removal of the solid particles was not necessary prior to spectrophotometric measurement, thus allowing reliable kinetic measurements to be made rapidly. The method was effective for a wide range of magnetic bead concentrations (0.01–0.2 mg ml⁻¹). In all cases the assay could determine the bead-related specific enzyme activity. The assay was validated by comparing with a pH-stat method using p-nitrophenol palmitate as the substrate with an excellent correlation between the two methods. The utility of the spectrophotometric assay was demonstrated by applying it to identify the best combination of lipase type, activation chemistry and magnetic particle. Epoxy activation of poly vinyl alcohol-coated magnetic particles prior to immobilisation of commercial C. antarctica lipase A gave the best preparation.     

Immobilisation of Candida rugosa lipase on polyhydroxybutyrate via a combination of adsorption and cross-linking agents to enhance acylglycerol production

In the present study, a combination of immobilisation processes was utilised to prepare robust biocatalysts. First, lipase from Candida rugosa was adsorbed on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) particles, followed by cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Conditions for creating immobilised lipase involved the addition of 0.6 M glutaraldehyde and 45 U mL⁻¹ lipase while mixing at 150 rpm (4 °C) for 30 min. These conditions produced the highest yield of immobilised lipase (92 %) and the highest levels of activity (1.94 mg g⁻¹ support). At 40 °C and pH 9 the immobilised enzyme was optimally active with a K_m and V_maxat 1.2 mM and 2.5 × 10^-3 mmol min⁻¹, respectively. The use of immobilised lipase improved thermal stability, storage stability, and reusability.The immobilised lipase retained 80 % of its activity after incubation at 30–60 °C for 2 h and 4 °C for 30 d in 0.2 M sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0). Moreover, the immobilised enzyme retained 50 % of its activity after more than 14 cycles under optimal conditions. The immobilised lipase was used to produce monoacylglycerol MAG. The existence of a carbonyl group at 1,743 and 1,744 cm⁻¹ was identified using attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that 48 % MAG was produced.     

Generation of lipase-containing static emulsions in silicone spheres for synthesis in organic media

Because of the broad versatility of lipases as biocatalysts, interest has for some years been focused on the improvement of the economy of processes using these enzymes, especially by appropriate immobilisation. In this study, a method was developed to emulsify aqueous solutions of lipase A of Candida antarctica (CALA) and lipase of Thermomyces lanuginosa (TLL) in silicone elastomers yielding elastic beads. The persistent water-organic interface created by this static emulsion enabled an improved performance of the immobilised lipases due to the well known fact that from a kinetic point of view these enzymes show a higher efficiency in biphasic than in monophasic systems. The entrapped lipases catalysed the esterification of octanol and caprylic acid in hexane with an activity that, related to the free enzyme, was enhanced about 31-fold for CALA and 250-fold for TLL. Comparison to the activity of the same enzymes in sol–gels revealed that for CALA immobilisation in static emulsion was the only method yielding active biocatalysts, whereas activation of TLL was in the same range in static emulsion and sol–gels. However, apparent activity of TLL in static emulsion was considerably higher than in sol–gels due to the feasible high enzyme loading. The results indicate that immobilising lipases as static emulsion is a technique suitable for biotechnological application. Moreover, a transfer to enzymes of other classes seems possible.     

The atypical lipase B from Candida antarctica is better adapted for organic media than the typical lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa

Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) and Thermomyces lanuginosa lipase (TLL) were evaluated as catalysts in different reaction media using hydrolysis of tributyrin as model reaction. In o/w emulsions, the enzymes were used in the free form and for use in monophasic organic media, the lipases were adsorbed on porous polypropylene (Accurel EP-100). In monophasic organic media, the highest specific activity of both lipases was obtained in pure tributyrin at a water activity of >0.5 and at an enzyme loading of 10 mg/g support. With tributyrin emulsified in water, the specific activities were 2780 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) for TLL and 535 micromol min(-1) mg(-1) for CALB. Under optimal conditions in pure tributyrin, CALB expressed 49% of the activity in emulsion (264 micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) while TLL expressed only 9.2% (256 micromol min(-1) mg(-1)) of its activity in emulsion. This large decrease is probably due to the structure of TLL, which is a typical lipase with a large lid domain. Conversion between open and closed conformers of TLL involves large internal movements and catalysis probably requires more protein mobility in TLL than in CALB, which does not have a typical lid region. Furthermore, TLL lost more activity than CALB when the water activity was reduced below 0.5, which could be due to further reduction in protein mobility.     

An ultraviolet spectrophotometric assay for the screening of sn-2-specific lipases using 1,3-O-dioleoyl-2-O-α-eleostearoyl-sn-glycerol as substrate

In the present study, we propose a continuous assay for the screening of sn-2 lipases by using triacylglycerols (TAGs) from Aleurites fordii seed (tung oil) and a synthetic TAG containing the α-eleostearic acid at the sn-2 position and the oleic acid (OA) at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions [1,3-O-dioleoyl-2-O-α-eleostearoyl-sn-glycerol (sn-OEO)]. Each TAG was coated into a microplate well, and the lipase activity was measured by optical density increase at 272 nm due to transition of α-eleostearic acid from the adsorbed to the soluble state. The sn-1,3-regioselective lipases human pancreatic lipase (HPL), LIP2 lipase from Yarrowia lipolytica (YLLIP2), and a known sn-2 lipase, Candida antarctica lipase A (CALA) were used to validate this method. TLC analysis of lipolysis products showed that the lipases tested were able to hydrolyze the sn-OEO and the tung oil TAGs, but only CALA hydrolyzed the sn-2 position. The ratio of initial velocities on sn-OEO and tung oil TAGs was used to estimate the sn-2 preference of lipases. CALA was the enzyme with the highest ratio (0.22 ± 0.015), whereas HPL and YLLIP2 showed much lower ratios (0.072 ± 0.026 and 0.038 ± 0.016, respectively). This continuous sn-2 lipase assay is compatible with a high sample throughput and thus can be applied to the screening of sn-2 lipases.     

Conformational changes in human urokinase induced by a specific reduction of disulfide bond in Cys-194-Cys-222 associated with exhibition of enzymatic activity

The mechanism of action of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) was examined by comparing the hydrolysis of a water-soluble substrate, tributyrin, with that of triolein by hepatic triacylglycerol lipase purified from human post-heparin plasma. The hydrolyzing activities toward tributyrin and triolein were coeluted from heparin-Sepharose at an NaCl concentration of 0.7 M. The maximal velocity of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase (Vmax) for tributyrin was 17.9 mumol/mg protein per h and the Michaelis constant (Km) value was 0.12 mM, whereas the Vmax for triolein was 76 mumol/mg per h and the Km value was 2.5 mM. The hydrolyses of tributyrin and triolein by hepatic triacylglycerol lipase were inhibited to similar extends by procainamide, NaF, Zn2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, SDS and sodium deoxycholate. Triolein hydrolysis was inhibited by the addition of tributyrin. Triolein hydrolysis was also inhibited by the addition of dipalmitoylphosphaidylcholine vesicles. In contrast, the additions of triolein emulsified with Triton X-100 and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles enhanced the rate of tributyrin hydrolysis by hepatic triacylglycerol lipase. In the presence of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, the Vmax and Km values of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase for tributyrin were 41 mumol/mg protein per h and 0.12 mM, respectively, indicating that the enhancement of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity for tributyrin by dipalmitoylphosphatidycholine vesicles was mainly due to increase in the Vmax. The enhancement of hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity for tributyrin by phospholipid was not correlated with the amount of tributyrin associated with the phospholipid vesicles. On Bio-Gel A5m column chromatography, glycerol tri[1-14C]butyrate was not coeluted with triolein emulsion, and hepatic triacylglycerol lipase activity was associated with triolein emulsion even in the presence of 2 mM tributyrin. These results suggest that hepatic triacylglycerol lipase has a catalytic site for esterase activity and a separate site for lipid interface recognition, and that on binding to a lipid interface the conformation of the enzyme changes, resulting in enhancement of the esterase activity.     

Preparative scale enantioseparation of flurbiprofen by lipase-catalysed reaction

Effects of reaction media, alcohols and water on the enzyme activity of the immobilised Candida antarctica lipase were investigated for the separation of racemic flurbiprofen by an esterification reaction catalysed by immobilised enzyme in organic media. The S-enantiomer of flurbiprofen was directly resolved by the immobilised lipase esterification reaction in acetonitrile. Ping-Pong Bi–Bi kinetics were found to fit the initial reaction well of all the experimental runs. Model parameters for the reaction kinetics were evaluated from experiments at relatively low substrate concentrations, have shown to be applicable for preparative separation scale at high concentrations. Finally, the gram-scale production of single enantiomer with the optical purity of 93% e.e. was obtained.     

Some properties of pancreatic lipase in Salmo gairdnerii Rich.:Km, effects of bile salts and Ca2+, gel filtrations.

1. The Michaelis constant (Km) of the trout pancreatic lipase is 1.3 x 10(-6) M tributyrin, calculated by the interface concentration of the emulsion. This value is lower than that of porcine pancreatic lipase. 2. The lipase hydrolyses tributyrin in a Ca2+ free medium. Conversely, Ca2+ is essential for the lipolysis of triolein. The cation might be an effector of the reaction, but it seems to remove the inhibition of the enzyme by its product. 3. The curves of the lipase activity according to bile salt concentration seem to suggest the existence of a colipase, that we have not evidenced yet by direct procedures. 4. The apparent molecular weight of the lipase seems to be lower in the trout than in the species studied so far.     

Immobilization of lipase onto micron-size magnetic beads

A novel and economical magnetic poly(methacrylate-divinylbenzene) microsphere (less than 8 microm in diameter) was synthesized by the modified suspension polymerization of methacrylate and cross-linker divinylbenzene in the presence of magnetic fluid. Then, surface aminolysis was employed to obtain a high content of surface amino groups (0.40-0.55 mmolg(-1) supports). The morphology and properties of these magnetic supports were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a vibrating sample magnetometer. These magnetic supports exhibited superparamagnetism with a high specific saturation magnetization (sigma(s)) of 14.6 emicrog(-1). Candida cylindracea lipase was covalently immobilized on the amino-functionalized magnetic supports with the activity recovery up to 72.4% and enzyme loading of 34.0 mgg(-1) support, remarkably higher than the previous studies. The factors involved in the activity recovery and enzymatic properties of the immobilized lipase prepared were studied in comparison with free lipase, for which olive oil was chosen as the substrate. The results show that the immobilized lipase has good stability and reusability after recovery by magnetic separation within 20s.     

Kinetics of tributyrin hydrolysis by lipase

The kinetics for the tributyrin hydrolysis using lipase (Pseudomonas fluorscenes CCRC-17015) were investigated in the liquid–liquid and liquid–solid–liquid reaction systems in a batch reactor. The lipase was covalently immobilized onto the surface of porous polymethylacrylamide (PMAA) crosslinking with N,N-methylene biacrylamide with a spacer of ethylenediamine actived by glutaraldehyde. The conditions such as tributyrin concentration, temperature, agitation, and pH value, were evaluated to achieve the optimum reaction conditions for both free lipase and immobilized lipase. The kinetic parameters in the reaction system were also obtained for two reaction systems. The turnover numbers calculated for free lipase and immobilized lipase were 29 and 5.7 s⁻¹, respectively. The parameters of k and k_m obtained using Lineweaver-Burk plot method were 26.2 mol/(mg min) and 1.35 mol/dm³ for free lipase, 5.2 mol/(mg min) and 0.2 mol/dm³ for immobilized lipase, respectively. The experimental results revealed good thermal stability, with greater stability at higher pH value for immobilized lipase in the liquid–solid–liquid reaction.     

Quantitative spectrophotometric assay for staphylococcal lipase.

We report the development of a specific spectrophotometric assay for the quantitative determination of lipase activity in Staphylococcus aureus. The assay is based on the rate of clearance of a tributyrin emulsion, and it can detect as little as 1.0 micrograms of purified Pseudomonas lipase per ml. By comparison with the reaction rates obtained with Pseudomonas lipase, we calculated that S. aureus PS54C and S6C produce approximately 15 and 60 micrograms of extracellular lipase per ml, respectively. Neither PS54, which is lysogenized with the converting bacteriophage L54a and is consequently lipase negative (Lip-), nor KS1905, a Lip- transpositional mutant of strain S6C, was positive in our spectrophotometric assay. The specificity of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay was confirmed with a triolein plate assay; supernatants from S6C and PS54C hydrolyzed triolein, while supernatants from PS54 and KSI905 did not. In contrast to the results of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay, all enzyme preparations tested (including commercially purified esterase) were positive when examined by a tributyrin plate assay. The lack of specificity in the tributyrin plate assay emphasizes the need to interpret the results of tributyrin lipolysis kinetically for assessing lipase activity in S. aureus.     

Quantitative spectrophotometric assay for staphylococcal lipase.

We report the development of a specific spectrophotometric assay for the quantitative determination of lipase activity in Staphylococcus aureus. The assay is based on the rate of clearance of a tributyrin emulsion, and it can detect as little as 1.0 micrograms of purified Pseudomonas lipase per ml. By comparison with the reaction rates obtained with Pseudomonas lipase, we calculated that S. aureus PS54C and S6C produce approximately 15 and 60 micrograms of extracellular lipase per ml, respectively. Neither PS54, which is lysogenized with the converting bacteriophage L54a and is consequently lipase negative (Lip-), nor KS1905, a Lip- transpositional mutant of strain S6C, was positive in our spectrophotometric assay. The specificity of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay was confirmed with a triolein plate assay; supernatants from S6C and PS54C hydrolyzed triolein, while supernatants from PS54 and KSI905 did not. In contrast to the results of the spectrophotometric tributyrin assay, all enzyme preparations tested (including commercially purified esterase) were positive when examined by a tributyrin plate assay. The lack of specificity in the tributyrin plate assay emphasizes the need to interpret the results of tributyrin lipolysis kinetically for assessing lipase activity in S. aureus.     

Detoxification of hexavalent chromate by Amphibacillus sp. KSUCr3 cells immobilised in silica-coated magnetic alginate beads

Recently isolated Cr(VI)-reducing Amphibacillus KSUCr3 whole cells were immobilised in magnetic gels. Magnetic magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles were synthesised with an average particle size of 47 nm and 80 electromagnetic unit (emu)/g saturation magnetisation. Whole cells were immobilised by entrapment in agar, agarose, alginate, or gelatin in the presence or absence of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for the preparation of both magnetic and nonmagnetic immobilised cells. Of the gels tested, alginate was selected as the best immobilisation matrix, and following optimisation of the entrapment process, the immobilisation yield reached 92.5%. In addition to the ease of separation and reuse of the magnetic cell-containing alginate beads using an external magnet, the magnetically immobilised cells showed approximately 16% higher Cr(VI) reduction activity compared with nonmagnetic immobilised cells. To improve their physical and mechanical properties, the magnetic alginate beads were successfully coated with a dense silica layer using sol-gel chemistry and Ca(OH)₂, an alkaline catalyst for tetraethyl orthosilicate, to avoid leaching of Ca²⁺ ions. Amphibacillus KSUCr3 cells immobilised in silica-coated magnetic alginate beads showed approximately 1.4- to 3.9-fold enhancement of thermal stability compared with free cells. Furthermore, after seven batch cycles, the Cr(VI) reduction activity of free cells decreased to 48%, whereas immobilised cells still retained 81.1% of their original activity. In addition, the Cr(VI)-reduction rate of immobilised cells was higher relative to free cells, especially at higher Cr(VI) concentrations. These results supported the development of a novel, efficient biocatalysts for Cr(VI) detoxification using a combination of whole cell immobilisation, sol-gel chemistry, and nanotechnology.     

The use of polyaniline nanofibre as a support for lipase mediated reaction

Highly stable and recoverable polianiline nanofibres are developed for enzyme immobilisation and recovery. Candida rugosa lipase (LP) was immobilised onto a polyaniline nanofibre with cross-linking for enzyme aggregation. The optimal LP loading was 5 mg LP/1 mg polyaniline. The stability of the immobilised LP was measured and shown to be high under vigorous shaking at room temperature. This polyaniline nanofibre LP was easily separable with low-speed centrifugation and repeatedly usable. LP immobilised on polyaniline nanofibre demonstrated high stereoselectivity in the kinetic resolution of racemic (R,S)-ibuprofen and improved the long-term stability as compared to that by the free enzyme, allowing the supported enzyme to be repeatedly used for a series of chiral resolution reactions. The conversion from racemic ibuprofen to a chirally selective compound, a prophilic ester of ibuprofen, was approximately 30% with free LP and approximately 10% with immobilised LP. The enantiomeric excess using immobilised LP after 96 h reaction was 0.884.     

Effect of bile salts on the interfacial inactivation of pancreatic carboxylester lipase

Pig pancreatic carboxylester lipase (cholesterol esterase, E.C. 3.1.1.13) was inactivated at a tributyrin/water interface. The apparent rate constant for inactivation increased with increase in the particle surface area of the tributyrin emulsion. The large energy of activation and entropy change for inactivation (33.7 Kcal.mol-1 and 35.8 cal.mol-1.deg-1, using 5 mM sonicated tributyrin at 37 degrees C, respectively) suggest that the observed inactivation reflects denaturation of the enzyme at the tributyrin/water interface. Bile salts protected the enzyme from irreversible inactivation at the tributyrin/water interface. The protection by bile salts was related both to their concentration and to the tributyrin concentration (substrate surface area). The protection by bile salts was not related to their concentration below or above their critical micellar concentration; the binding of bile salts to enzyme was probably the dominant protection factor. Similar stabilization was observed with other detergents such as Brij-35, Triton X-100, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. These results suggest that inactivation of carboxylester lipase occurs at a high-energy lipid-water interface and that an important role of bile salts in vivo is to stabilize carboxylester lipase at interfaces.     

Cell-Bound Lipase and Esterase of Brevibacterium linens

The activities of glycerol ester hydrolase, lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) and carboxylesterase, and esterase (EC 3.1.1.1) were determined for whole cell preparations of Brevibacterium linens by using the pH-stat assay. The culture growth liquors were inactive against the three substrates, tributyrin emulsion, triacetin, and methyl butyrate. Cells washed in water had less activity than cells washed in 5% NaCl; the ratio of activities was close to 1:2 for all strains using tributyrin emulsion as the substrate. For the esterase substrates, this relationship varied widely and was strain dependent. The ability to hydrolyze the two esterase substrates varied independently of the level of lipase activity.     

Competitive inhibitory effect exerted by bile salt micelles on the hydrolysis of tributyrin by pancreatic lipase.

Colipase was readily adsorbed on tributyrin particles emulsified with sodium taurodeoxycholate used above its critical micellar concentration. The ensuing rate of lipase adsorption on tributyrin depended on the amount of colipase already adsorbed at the interface. A molar excess of colipase over lipase was required to observe lipolysis at maximal velocity. Bile salt micelles competitively inhibited this reaction.     

Production of a Pseudomonas lipase in n-alkane substrate and its isolation using an improved ammonium sulfate precipitation technique

Among the various lipidic and non-lipidic substances, normal alkanes within the chain lengths of C-12 to C-20 served as the best carbon substrates for the production of extracellular lipase by Pseudomonas species G6. Maximum lipase production of 25 U/ml of the culture broth was obtained by using n-hexadecane as the sole carbon substrate. The optimum pH of 8 and temperature of 34 + 1 degrees C were demonstrated for the production of lipase in n-hexadecane substrate. The optimum concentration of iron, which played a critical role on the lipase production, was found to be 0.25 mg/l. Lipase production could be enhanced to nearly 2.4-fold by using tributyrin at a concentration of 0.05% (v/v) in the culture medium. High recovery of the lipase protein (83%) from the culture broth was achieved by treating the culture supernatant with Silicone 21 Defoamer followed by ammonium sulfate (60% saturation) fractionation.     

Immobilization of Burkholderia sp. lipase on a ferric silica nanocomposite for biodiesel production

In this work, lipase produced from an isolated strain Burkholderia sp. C20 was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles to catalyze biodiesel synthesis. Core-shell nanoparticles were synthesized by coating Fe(3)O(4) core with silica shell. The nanoparticles treated with dimethyl octadecyl [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] ammonium chloride were used as immobilization supporters. The Burkholderia lipase was then bound to the synthesized nanoparticles for immobilization. The protein binding efficiency on alkyl-functionalized Fe(3)O(4)-SiO(2) was estimated as 97%, while the efficiency was only 76% on non-modified Fe(3)O(4)-SiO(2). Maximum adsorption capacity of lipase on alkyl-functionalized Fe(3)O(4)-SiO(2) was estimated as 29.45 mg g(-1) based on Langmuir isotherm. The hydrolytic kinetics (using olive oil as substrate) of the lipase immobilized on alkyl-grafted Fe(3)O(4)-SiO(2) followed Michaelis-Menten model with a maximum reaction rate and a Michaelis constant of 6251 Ug(-1) and 3.65 mM, respectively. Physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles and the immobilized lipase were characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Moreover, the immobilized lipase was used to catalyze the transesterification of olive oil with methanol to produce fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), attaining a FAMEs conversion of over 90% within 30 h in batch operation when 11 wt% immobilized lipase was employed. The immobilized lipase could be used for ten cycles without significant loss in its transesterification activity.