AGENCY, PERSONHOOD AND THE 'I' OF DISCOURSE IN THE PACIFIC AND BEYOND

Sahlins bases his account of Polynesian 'heroic history' partly on the fact that chiefs used the pronoun 'I' in reference to their whole group. Mosko (1992) argues that Sahlins's consequent emphasis on 'encompassment' as the modality of chiefly action is diametrically opposed to Strathern's on 'partibility', the effacement of parts of the person as a condition of action. Drawing on comparative material from the New Guinea Highlands, where big men also use 'I' for their whole group, and on Benveniste's and Urban's accounts of the meaning and use of personal pronouns, I argue instead that moments of both encompassment and partibility are inherent in language, corresponding to two distinct dimensions in which the pronouns are meaningful (the 'direct indexical' and the 'anaphoric'), and that close attention to the interaction between the two can yield new insights into the nature of personhood and social agency.     

A THIOL PROTEINASE HIGHLY ELEVATED IN AND AROUND THE PLAQUES OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

A thiol dependent proteolytic enzyme (tentatively identified as carboxypeptidase B) which liberates phenylalanine from CBZ-glutamyl-phenylalanine at pH 5.3 was shown, by a sensitive micromethod, to be greatly increased in activity in and around MS plaques. These increases exceeded those of other hydrolases previously measured. Plaque tissue, on the basis of lipid-free dry weight, is up to 3-fold richer in this enzyme than control white matter, and most samples of apparently uninvolved MS white matter already show elevated activities. The enzyme is highly dependent on the presence of dithiothreitol. It is unaffected by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and pepstatin, but inhibited by iodoacetate and leupeptin. Macrophages or lymphocytic infiltrations in the tissue do not appear to be the main source of the enzyme. In conjunction with measurements of DNA, reflecting gliosis, invasion by hematogenom cells and proliferation of phagocytes as well as oligodendrocyte loss, and acid lipase-esterase, indicative of the survival or degeneration of oligodendrocytes, these results are interpreted as probably reflecting predominantly the activity of astrocytes. The incidental finding that most samples of unaffected white matter from MS patients contain more DNA per unit lipid free dry weight than average control white matter is considered significant in pointing to more widespread tissue changes independent of or preceding plaque formation.     

牦牛发情特性及生殖激素含量的变化

对牦牛发情前后临床的表现,卵巢的活动及血浆中孕酮,１７β－雌二醇和促黄体素含量的变化等进行了系统的研究。结果表明,绝大多数牦牛在系列季节中第一次发情前１－５天,都表现出微弱的类似发情的发情前期外部症状,此期间卵巢上虽有卵泡发育,但未见成熟和排卵;在第一次发情前前６天左右１７β－雌二醇再现一类似发情当天的峰值,前２天孕酮出现一小峰值。     

CONTOURS OF AN ANTHROPOLOGY OF THE CHINESE STATE: POLITICAL STRUCTURE, AGENCY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN RURAL CHINA

Anthropologists have long been inclined to view China from the perspective of a state-society dichotomy. In this model, the inevitable consequence of economic reform is that – especially at the local level – the state must yield more and more of its power to entrepreneurs, foreign investors, non-state organizations, and local communities. Not only does this approach distort the role of the state in society, but by placing the state above and outside society it also excludes it from the anthropological gaze. This article proposes an anthropology of the Chinese state which does not merely view the state in society, but also investigates the state itself as society. Drawing on fieldwork in northeastern Yunnan province, I illustrate this general point by investigating the changing role of the local state in economic development. This agenda for an anthropology of the Chinese state resonates both with the recent 'reinvention' of the subfield of political anthropology with its focus on governmentality, policy, and rights, and with recent calls by political scientists for the development of an interdisciplinary anthropology of the developmental state.     

中国柽柳科植物叶解剖特征与分类关系的探讨

对分布于新疆的柽柳科植物叶的结构进行了比较观察,结果表明：水柏枝属叶为一般背腹叶,具湿中性特征;红砂属植物的叶横切面呈扁圆形,栅栏组织呈现状排列于表皮之下;柽柳属的叶与一般的背腹叶不同,栅栏组织位于远轴面,海绵组织位于近轴面。同时对叶的解剖结构与分类关系进行探讨,认为柽柳科植物的某些叶特征稳定且具类群特异性,在确定亲缘关系和分类方面具有重要意义。最后列出了柽柳科分属和柽柳属分种检索表。     

PROPHASING OF INTERPHASE NUCLEI AND INDUCTION OF NUCLEAR ENVELOPES AROUND METAPHASE CHROMOSOMES IN HELA AND CHINESE HAMSTER HOMO- AND HETEROKARYONS

Fusing human HeLa metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells resulted within 30 min in either of two phenomena in the resultant binucleate cell: either prophasing of the interphase nucleus or formation of a normal-appearing nuclear envelope around the metaphase chromosomes. The frequency of either occurrence was strongly dependent on environmental pH. At pH's of 6.6–8.0, prophasing predominated; at pH 8.5 nuclear envelope formation predominated. Additionally, the frequencies of the two events in multinucleate cells depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. When the ratio was 0.33 nuclear envelope formation predominated; when it was 2.0 prophasing predominated. In their general features, the results with fused HeLa cells resembled those reported earlier with fused Chinese hamster Don cells. However, the results provided an indication that between pH 6.6 and 8.0 the HeLa metaphase cells possessed a much greater capacity than the Don metaphase cells to induce prophasing. Fusion of Don metaphase cells with HeLa interphase cells or of Don interphase cells with HeLa metaphase cells at pH 8.0 resulted in nuclear envelope formation or prophasing in each kind of heterokaryon. As in the homokaryons, the frequencies of the two events in the heterokaryons depended on the metaphase/interphase ratio. The statistics of prophasing and nuclear envelope formation in the homo- and heterokaryon populations were consistent with the notion that disruption or formation of the nuclear envelope depends on the balance attained between disruptive and formative processes.