西安市餐厨垃圾规范化管理和对策

本文就加强西安市餐厨垃圾管理提出了一些建议和对策,希望对实现西安市餐厨垃圾规范化管理和发展循环经济起到积极作用。     

餐厨垃圾资源化利用技术研究现状及展望

餐厨垃圾产生量大、成分复杂、具有“危害性”和“资源性”的双重属性,随着垃圾分类工作的推进,将餐厨垃圾作为一种生物资源回收其中的资源和能源的研究受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了餐厨垃圾的成分特性及预分选方法,对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化、好氧堆肥、生物饲料、昆虫养殖、热处理技术及生物炼制生产高附加值化学品等主要的资源化利用途径进行了分析,并对餐厨垃圾收集及资源化过程中产生的恶臭气体、废水污染问题及处理方法进行了介绍。最后指出餐厨垃圾厌氧消化、昆虫养殖、好氧堆肥及生物饲料技术工业化利用过程中的设备运行的稳定性及其废水和臭气的控制问题仍需进一步的研究。餐厨垃圾热处理过程如何进一步降低能耗及开发高附加值的功能炭材料是未来的重要发展方向,餐厨垃圾生物炼制生产高附加值化学品是实现餐厨垃圾高值化利用的有效途径,也是替代传统化工路线生产化学品的重要路径。总之,采用多技术耦合是实现餐厨垃圾“减量化、无害化、资源化”的有效手段,也是发展我国循环经济发展的必然要求。     

餐厨废弃物资源化利用的微生物技术研究进展

简单介绍餐厨废弃物的特征和危害,综述微生物技术处理餐厨废弃物资源化的途径,如发酵提取生物降解塑料技术、厌氧发酵处理技术、微生物堆肥技术、微生物农药技术、微生物产电技术,介绍利用复合微生物菌剂降解餐厨废弃物的研究进展,分析这一新技术的发展趋势。     

我国餐厨废油制取生物柴油的开发应用进展与展望

用餐厨废油制取生物柴油,一方面可实现柴油的清洁和减量,另一方面也是餐厨废油资源化合理利用的有效途径.本文概述了我国现阶段餐厨垃圾的产生状况和处理处置措施,以及国际上利用餐厨废油制取生物柴油的现状和进展;介绍了餐厨废油制取生物柴油的主要生产工艺和技术方法,分析并揭示了我国餐厨废油制取生物柴油存在的主要问题;最后,...     

利用餐厨垃圾循环半连续厌氧发酵产氢研究

利用餐厨垃圾采用半连续厌氧发酵进行产氢的研究。实验结果表明以高温(100℃)预处理15 min的厌氧活性污泥为种泥,在温度37℃,pH 6.0左右,较宽的稀释率(1.0~4.0 d-1)范围内,均能较好的实现厌氧发酵产氢。在稀释率D=2.4 d-1下,流出液中乙醇、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸和戊酸的质量分数分别为5.6%、29.6%、5.4%、58.5%和0.9%,产氢过程属于典型的丁酸型发酵,最终氢气的体积分数可达60%,氢气的产生速率为5.49 m3/(m3.d)。将厌氧发酵液相产物作为稀释液返回到反应器中,反应器的产氢能力大幅度的提高,当回流比R=0.8时,最大产氢速率可达10.9 m3/(m3.d),最终氢气的含量可达65%,厌氧发酵反应器的产氢能力提高了约130%。     

学生食堂餐厨垃圾中淀粉的生物利用菌株筛选

目的探索地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌分解大学生食堂厨余中淀粉的能力,以筛选和研制餐厨垃圾生物降解的使用菌种。方法将各菌种接于淀粉酶试验培养基,培养后滴加碘溶液,观察透明圈,判定产淀粉酶能力;收集大学生食堂的厨余,观察三种细菌在不同接种量（5%、10%、15%、20%、25%）、不同接种时间（24 h、48 h、72 h）及不同菌株配伍方式下发酵淀粉的能力。结果地衣芽胞杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌、蜡样芽胞杆菌都能产生淀粉酶,以地衣芽胞杆菌产生的淀粉酶较多,其次为枯草芽胞杆菌,蜡样芽胞杆菌较少,三种细菌分解厨余中淀粉的最佳接种量都为15%-20%,最佳发酵时间为48 h,枯草芽胞杆菌和地衣芽胞杆菌各7.5%的接种量混合配伍发酵效果最佳。结论可采用枯草芽胞杆菌和地衣芽胞杆菌各7.5%的接种量混合配伍发酵学生食堂的厨余中的淀粉。     

产油微生物利用餐厨垃圾生产油脂的研究进展

餐厨垃圾中含有丰富的营养物质,经生物转化过程可以合成对人类有用的化学品.某些产油微生物可以处理餐厨垃圾生产油脂,同时合成高附加值代谢产物如多不饱和脂肪酸、角鲨烯和类胡萝卜素等.这不仅能够降低生产成本,而且提高了产物的经济价值,具有极大的工业化应用潜力.文中主要概括了目前餐厨垃圾的处理研究现状,综述了产油微生物发酵餐厨垃...     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化产沼气过程中酶学表征

厌氧消化产沼气被认为是餐厨垃圾资源化利用的有效方式之一,其实质是在多种微生物综合作用下的生物化学过程.本文研究了在促进和抑制性因子作用下,餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵的酶学过程,对其中的脱氢酶和水解酶(β-葡萄糖苷酶,BAA-蛋白水解酶,碱性磷酸酶)活性变化进行了分析.研究表明,与空白对照组相比添加酵母粉后脱氢酶的最高活性提高了8...     

巴氏杀菌对餐厨垃圾高温厌氧发酵的影响

通过对杀菌、未杀菌餐厨垃圾高温发酵对比试验的研究分析,阐述了餐厨垃圾杀菌处理对发酵的影响。杀菌方式为巴氏消毒法,温度70℃,持续时间10 min,接种物为德青源实验室自行培养的高温发酵菌,底物为餐厨垃圾,有机负荷5 gVS/L,污泥负荷(F/M)为0.5,试验持续32 d,结果显示:杀菌组累计产气量895 mL/gVS,未杀菌组累计产气量795 mL/gVS;杀菌样品产气速率高于未杀菌样品,其VS去除率略低于未杀菌样品。     

餐厨垃圾高温菌种对斑马鱼急性毒性与安全评价

目的:研究餐厨垃圾高温菌种对斑马鱼的毒性,为其安全使用提供依据。方法:以具有代表性的水生动物斑马鱼为试材,采用静态法测定餐厨垃圾高温菌种对斑马鱼急性毒性并对其进行安全评价。结果:鱼的半数致死浓度LC50值24、48和96h分别为3400mg/L、3000mg/L和2500mg/L。结论:餐厨垃圾高温菌种对斑马鱼有一定毒性,该研究为餐厨垃圾高温菌种的安全合理使用提供了科学依据。     

LCA application to integrated waste management planning in Gipuzkoa (Spain)

Goal, Scope and Background  Gipuzkoa is a department of the Vasque Country (Spain) with a population of about 700,000 people. By the year 2000 approximately 85% of municipal solid waste in this area was managed by landfilling, and only 15% was recycled. Due to environmental law restrictions and landfill capacity being on its limit, a planning process was initiated by the authorities. LCA was used, from an environmental point of view, to assess 7 possible scenarios arising from the draft Plan for the 2016 time horizon. Main Features  In each scenario, 9 waste flows are analysed: rest waste, paper and cardboard, glass containers, light packaging, organic-green waste, as well as industrial/commercial wood, metals and plastics, and wastewater sludge. Waste treatments range from recycling to energy recovery and landfilling. Results  Recycling of the waste flows separated at the source (paper and cardboard, glass, light packaging, organic-green waste, wood packaging, metals and plastics) results in net environmental benefits caused by the substitution of primary materials, except in water consumption. These benefits are common to the 7 different scenarios analysed. However, some inefficiencies are detected, mainly the energy consumption in collection and transport of low density materials, and water consumption in plastic recycling. The remaining flows, mixed waste and wastewater sludge, are the ones causing the major environmental impacts, by means of incineration, landfilling of partially stabilised organic material, as well as thermal drying of sludge. With the characterisation results, none of the seven scenarios can be clearly identified as the most preferable, although, due to the high recycling rates expected by the Plan, net environmental benefits are achieved in 9 out of 10 impact categories in all scenarios when integrated waste management is assessed (the sum of the 9 flows of waste). Finally, there are no relevant differences between scenarios concerning the number of treatment plants considered. Nevertheless, only the effects on transportation impacts were assessed in the LCA, since the plant construction stage was excluded from the system boundaries. Conclusions  The results of the study show the environmental importance of material recycling in waste management, although the recycling schemes assessed can be improved in some aspects. It is also important to highlight the environmental impact of incineration and landfilling of waste, as well as thermal drying of sludge using fossil fuels. One of the main findings of applying LCA to integrated waste management in Gipuzkoa is the fact that the benefits of high recycling rates can compensate for the impacts of mixed waste and wastewater sludge. Recommendations and Outlook  Although none of the scenarios can be clearly identified as the one having the best environmental performance, the authorities in Gipuzkoa now have objective information about the future scenarios, and a multidisciplinary panel could be formed in order to weight the impacts if necessary. In our opinion, LCA was successfully applied in Gipuzkoa as an environmental tool for decision making.     

Plastics recycling: challenges and opportunities

Plastics are inexpensive, lightweight and durable materials, which can readily be moulded into a variety of products that find use in a wide range of applications. As a consequence, the production of plastics has increased markedly over the last 60 years. However, current levels of their usage and disposal generate several environmental problems. Around 4 per cent of world oil and gas production, a non-renewable resource, is used as feedstock for plastics and a further 3–4% is expended to provide energy for their manufacture. A major portion of plastic produced each year is used to make disposable items of packaging or other short-lived products that are discarded within a year of manufacture. These two observations alone indicate that our current use of plastics is not sustainable. In addition, because of the durability of the polymers involved, substantial quantities of discarded end-of-life plastics are accumulating as debris in landfills and in natural habitats worldwide.Recycling is one of the most important actions currently available to reduce these impacts and represents one of the most dynamic areas in the plastics industry today. Recycling provides opportunities to reduce oil usage, carbon dioxide emissions and the quantities of waste requiring disposal. Here, we briefly set recycling into context against other waste-reduction strategies, namely reduction in material use through downgauging or product reuse, the use of alternative biodegradable materials and energy recovery as fuel.While plastics have been recycled since the 1970s, the quantities that are recycled vary geographically, according to plastic type and application. Recycling of packaging materials has seen rapid expansion over the last decades in a number of countries. Advances in technologies and systems for the collection, sorting and reprocessing of recyclable plastics are creating new opportunities for recycling, and with the combined actions of the public, industry and governments it may be possible to divert the majority of plastic waste from landfills to recycling over the next decades.     

Harnessing Catastrophe to Promote Resource Recovery and Eco-industrial Development

Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, causing widespread damage to industry, housing, and infrastructure. The area of New Orleans East was particularly devastated, including a cluster of industries, such as a major food-processing plant, manufacturing facilities, and bulk material and gas processors. Although this area was well suited for resource recovery and eco-industrial linkages, little progress has been made in implementation. This article explores New Orleans as a case study in the application of industrial ecology to disaster management. Hurricane Katrina's damage to New Orleans resulted in a significant increase in the amount of waste flowing into New Orleans East, which precipitated a massive expenditure of federal funds toward debris management. Those circumstances created an unprecedented opportunity to capitalize a resource recovery program and to establish eco-industrial relationships, both of which would have resulted in new jobs and environmental improvement. Yet straightforward opportunities for resource recovery and eco-industrial linkage were overlooked or dismissed, in spite of antilandfill activism from the environmental community and formal recommendations for recycling from scientists and other professionals. We describe the specific resource recovery and eco-industrial opportunities that were available to New Orleans East, especially those that were magnified by Hurricane Katrina, and analyze the barriers that prevented their actualization. We also provide recommendations for overcoming barriers to resource recovery and eco-industrial progress with the goal that future postcatastrophe scenarios may benefit from more effective use of relief and recovery funding.     

Abundance and Activity of 16S rRNA,AmoA and NifH Bacterial Genes During Assisted Phytostabilization of Mine Tailings

Mine tailings in semiarid regions are highly susceptible to erosion and are sources of dust pollution and potential avenues of human exposure to toxic metals. One constraint to revegetation of tailings by phytostabilization is the absence of microbial communities critical for biogeochemical cycling of plant nutrients. The objective of this study was to evaluate specific genes as in situ indicators of biological soil response during phytoremediation. The abundance and activity of 16S rRNA, nifH, and amoA were monitored during a nine month phytostabilization study using buffalo grass and quailbush grown in compost-amended, metalliferous tailings. The compost amendment provided a greater than 5-log increase in bacterial abundance, and survival of this compost-inoculum was more stable in planted treatments. Despite increased abundance, the activity of the introduced community was low, and significant increases were not detected until six and nine months in quailbush, and unplanted compost and buffalo grass treatments, respectively. In addition, increased abundances of nitrogen-fixation (nifH) and ammonia-oxidizing (amoA) genes were observed in rhizospheres of buffalo grass and quailbush, respectively. Thus, plant establishment facilitated the short term stabilization of introduced bacterial biomass and supported the growth of two key nitrogen-cycling populations in compost-amended tailings.     

Industrial Recycling Networks as Starting Points for Broader Sustainability‐Oriented Cooperation?

Closing loops by intercompany recycling of by‐products is a core theme of industrial ecology (IE). This article considers whether industrial recycling networks or industrial symbiosis projects can be used as a starting point for much broader intercompany cooperation for sustainable development. Evidence presented is based on the results of an empirical investigation of the recycling network Styria in Austria, the recycling network Oldenburger Münsterland in Germany, and the manufacturing sector in Austria. Statistical analysis shows that the percentage of by‐products that are passed on to other companies for recycling purposes is not higher in member companies of the recycling networks than in the other companies of the manufacturing sector in Austria. In terms of cooperation, the relationships with the respective recycling partners are found to be very similar to regular customer relations. Furthermore, the companies of the recycling networks remain unaware of the network to which they belong. Instead, one of the main findings of this study is that intercompany recycling activities are regarded by the company representatives as bilateral market transactions, not as collaborative network activities. This has potentially significant implications for the use of industrial symbiosis networks as starting points for sustainability networks with broader cooperation toward sustainability. The findings raise interesting questions as to whether such broader cooperation might result from a conscious planning process or might emerge largely spontaneously as part of normal market coordination. In any case, intercompany recycling is clearly considered to be a very important field of collaborative action for sustainability in industry.     

Food waste within food supply chains: quantification and potential for change to 2050

Food waste in the global food supply chain is reviewed in relation to the prospects for feeding a population of nine billion by 2050. Different definitions of food waste with respect to the complexities of food supply chains (FSCs)are discussed. An international literature review found a dearth of data on food waste and estimates varied widely; those for post-harvest losses of grain in developing countries might be overestimated. As much of the post-harvest loss data for developing countries was collected over 30 years ago, current global losses cannot be quantified. A significant gap exists in the understanding of the food waste implications of the rapid development of ‘BRIC’ economies. The limited data suggest that losses are much higher at the immediate post-harvest stages in developing countries and higher for perishable foods across industrialized and developing economies alike. For affluent economies, post-consumer food waste accounts for the greatest overall losses. To supplement the fragmentary picture and to gain a forward view, interviews were conducted with international FSC experts. The analyses highlighted the scale of the problem, the scope for improved system efficiencies and the challenges of affecting behavioural change to reduce post-consumer waste in affluent populations.