sgRNA Sequence Motifs Blocking Efficient CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing

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基于CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的EGFP基因定点整合表达

目的:利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术,实现EGFP基因在CHO细胞ACTB基因座位置定点整合和表达,建立基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的外源基因定点整合和表达技术。方法:根据CHO细胞β-actin(ACTB)基因起始密码子区基因序列,设计相应CRISPR/Cas9系统,同时构建含有ACTB同源臂和EGFP基因的同源供体载体(donor vector),通过脂质体转染法同时转染CRISPR/Cas9和供体载体,流式分选EGFP阳性细胞,分析基因编辑技术在EGFP基因定点整合和表达方面的可行性。结果:构建了能有效切割CHO细胞ACTB基因的CRISPR/Cas9系统,筛选到EGFP定点整合至ACTB基因座并有效表达的细胞,ACTB基因缺失后由于γ-actin代偿性表达增强,ACTB缺失细胞形态和生长未受影响。结论:单纯依靠基因编辑技术可以实现1 kb以内的基因同源置换,但效率较低,如实现更大片段的外源基因置换,需借助其它实验技术。     

CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Knock-Down in Post-Mitotic Neurons

The prokaryotic adaptive immune system CRISPR/Cas9 has recently been adapted for genome editing in eukaryotic cells. This technique allows for sequence-specific induction of double-strand breaks in genomic DNA of individual cells, effectively resulting in knock-out of targeted genes. It thus promises to be an ideal candidate for application in neuroscience where constitutive genetic modifications are frequently either lethal or ineffective due to adaptive changes of the brain. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 to knock-out Grin1, the gene encoding the obligatory NMDA receptor subunit protein GluN1, in a sparse population of mouse pyramidal neurons. Within this genetically mosaic tissue, manipulated cells lack synaptic current mediated by NMDA-type glutamate receptors consistent with complete knock-out of the targeted gene. Our results show the first proof-of-principle demonstration of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-down in neurons in vivo, where it can be a useful tool to study the function of specific proteins in neuronal circuits.     

CRISPR/Cas9:基因编辑的新时代

基因编辑技术是通过核酸内切酶对基因组DNA进行定向改造的技术,可以实现对特定DNA碱基的缺失、替换等,常用的四种基因编辑工具分别是:巨型核酸酶、锌指核酸酶、转录激活因子样效应物核酸酶以及CRISPR/Cas9系统.其中CRISPR/Cas9系统作为一种新型的基因组编辑技术具有组成简单、特异性好、切割效率高的优点.该文对...     

Efficient Gene Knockout in Goats Using CRISPR/Cas9 System

The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been adapted as an efficient genome editing tool in laboratory animals such as mice, rats, zebrafish and pigs. Here, we report that CRISPR/Cas9 mediated approach can efficiently induce monoallelic and biallelic gene knockout in goat primary fibroblasts. Four genes were disrupted simultaneously in goat fibroblasts by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing. The single-gene knockout fibroblasts were successfully used for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and resulted in live-born goats harboring biallelic mutations. The CRISPR/Cas9 system represents a highly effective and facile platform for targeted editing of large animal genomes, which can be broadly applied to both biomedical and agricultural applications.     

Photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 System

Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry - A photoactivatable CRISPR/Cas9 system consisting of the Cas9 protein, synthetic 102-nt sgRNA or a pair of guide crRNA/tracrRNA, and blocking photocleavable...     

Efficient and Heritable Gene Targeting in Tilapia by CRISPR/Cas9

Studies of gene function in non-model animals have been limited by the approaches available for eliminating gene function. The CRISPR/Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated) system has recently become a powerful tool for targeted genome editing. Here, we report the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to disrupt selected genes, including nanos2, nanos3, dmrt1, and foxl2, with efficiencies as high as 95%. In addition, mutations in dmrt1 and foxl2 induced by CRISPR/Cas9 were efficiently transmitted through the germline to F₁. Obvious phenotypes were observed in the G0 generation after mutation of germ cell or somatic cell-specific genes. For example, loss of Nanos2 and Nanos3 in XY and XX fish resulted in germ cell-deficient gonads as demonstrated by GFP labeling and Vasa staining, respectively, while masculinization of somatic cells in both XY and XX gonads was demonstrated by Dmrt1 and Cyp11b2 immunohistochemistry and by up-regulation of serum androgen levels. Our data demonstrate that targeted, heritable gene editing can be achieved in tilapia, providing a convenient and effective approach for generating loss-of-function mutants. Furthermore, our study shows the utility of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for genetic engineering in non-model species like tilapia and potentially in many other teleost species.     

CRISPR/Cas9与心血管疾病

CRISPR(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9(CRISPR-associated proteins)作为一种新型基因组编辑技术,为解释疾病的发生机制和治疗疾病提供了新方法。来自Ⅱ型原核CRISPR系统的CRISPR/Cas9能够通过单链向导RNA(single guide RNA, sgRNA)将Cas9核酸酶靶定到特定的基因组序列发挥作用。已经被成功用来进行基因编辑构建疾病模型,以进行相关领域的功能研究和疾病的治疗。CRISPR/Cas9技术正在迅速的应用于生物医学研究的各个领域,包括心血管领域,它促进了人们对电生理、心肌病、心律失常以及其他心血管疾病的更多了解,已经创建了靶向很多基因的细胞和动物模型,为新一类疗法打开了大门。本综述介绍了CRISPR/Cas9的作用原理、优点和局限性,以及在心血管疾病中的应用进展。     

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术的基因敲入/敲除策略

成簇的规律间隔性短回文序列(CRISPR)基因编辑系统,因其设计简单操作方便和无种属限制,已成为一种广泛应用的基因组定点编辑工具,在复杂的基因组编辑,例如基因的人源化改造以及条件等位基因的构建中有所应用。在自然界中,CRISPR系统拥有多种类别。其中,CRISPR/Cas9系统是研究最深入、应用最成熟的一种。本文针对CRISPR/Cas9系统,分别从基因敲入/敲除片段的大小、同源臂长短、构型即递送方式等技术环节进行综述,阐述不同设计及操作条件下由CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因敲入/敲除的效率差异。     

CRISPR/Cas9介导的疾病模型构建与基因修复研究进展

近年来,可编程核酸酶介导的基因编辑技术迅猛发展。CRISPR/Cas9技术源于细菌和古生菌的适应性免疫系统,主要由Cas9内切酶和向导RNA（guide RNA,gRNA）组成。Cas9内切酶在gRNA的指导下造成DNA的双链断裂,从而使研究人员能够精准高效地操纵特定基因组位点。同时,该系统可以揭示基因在疾病进程中所扮演的未知角色,在临床治疗中有应用潜能。现总结了CRISPR/Cas9技术在疾病模型构建与基因修复领域应用的研究进展。     

Chromosome engineering in zygotes with CRISPR/Cas9

Deletions, duplications, and inversions of large genomic regions covering several genes are an important class of disease causing variants in humans. Modeling these structural variants in mice requires multistep processes in ES cells, which has limited their availability. Mutant mice containing small insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide polymorphisms can be reliably generated using CRISPR/Cas9 directly in mouse zygotes. Large structural variants can be generated using CRISPR/Cas9 in ES cells, but it has not been possible to generate these directly in zygotes. We now demonstrate the direct generation of deletions, duplications and inversions of up to one million base pairs by zygote injection. genesis 54:78–85, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. genesis Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9鉴定玉米发育相关基因ZmCen*

目的: 利用CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) 系统构建玉米中心蛋白(Centrin)的表达载体,经转化后分析其对玉米生长发育的影响。方法: 针对ZmCen基因的第一个外显子设计sgRNA,将其连入pOMS01-Cas9-ZmCen-sgRNA表达载体,转化农杆菌GV3101后,侵染玉米自交系材料B104的愈伤组织,经继代、诱导、分化成苗,筛选出转基因后代。对T₀代和T₁代基因组DNA进行PCR验证、测序及表型分析。结果: 成功构建ZmCen的表达载体。侵染农杆菌后,PCR测序显示,T₀ 代和T₁ 代突变率分别为 20.13% 和 64.52%,其中T₁ 代的纯合缺失突变率为5%。序列分析表明,ZmCen基因的编辑靶点附近发生了碱基的替换、插入或缺失。经与野生型表型比对发现,ZmCen 突变体T₁代植株出现发育缓慢且雄花序不完全发育表型,纯合突变体植株雄花序则完全不发育。结论: 通过 CRISPR/Cas9技术成功地对玉米ZmCen基因进行了编辑,ZmCen突变体的获得为玉米雄性器官发育相关基因的研究奠定了基础。     

斑马鱼心脏发育候选基因Titin-Cap的CRISPR/Cas9打靶有效性分析

CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术是近几年发展起来的一种高效率的定向打靶技术,被认为是遗传领域的革命性技术。Titin-Cap基因是本实验室已初步鉴定的斑马鱼心脏发育候选基因,且国内外目前尚无斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因的敲除品系。为了研究Titin-Cap基因在心脏发育过程中的作用机制,我们利用CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术建立斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因的敲除品系。测序结果显示,注射了CRISPR/Cas9 gRNA的胚胎出现双峰,说明在打靶位点附近出现了碱基缺失或插入,证明我们设计的gRNA是有效的。对F0代突变体成鱼的筛选中,测序结果同样显示有阳性结果。这些结果说明用CRISPR/Cas9基因打靶技术成功敲除了斑马鱼Titin-Cap基因,获得了Titin-Cap基因敲除的嵌合体斑马鱼。     

Efficient Gene Targeting in Golden Syrian Hamsters by the CRISPR/Cas9 System

The golden Syrian hamster is the model of choice or the only rodent model for studying many human diseases. However, the lack of gene targeting tools in hamsters severely limits their use in biomedical research. Here, we report the first successful application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to efficiently conduct gene targeting in hamsters. We designed five synthetic single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs)—three for targeting the coding sequences for different functional domains of the hamster STAT2 protein, one for KCNQ1, and one for PPP1R12C—and demonstrated that the CRISPR/Cas9 system is highly efficient in introducing site-specific mutations in hamster somatic cells. We then developed unique pronuclear (PN) and cytoplasmic injection protocols in hamsters and produced STAT2 knockout (KO) hamsters by injecting the sgRNA/Cas9, either in the form of plasmid or mRNA, targeting exon 4 of hamster STAT2. Among the produced hamsters, 14.3% and 88.9% harbored germline-transmitted STAT2 mutations from plasmid and mRNA injection, respectively. Notably, 10.4% of the animals produced from mRNA injection were biallelically targeted. This is the first success in conducting site-specific gene targeting in hamsters and can serve as the foundation for developing other genetically engineered hamster models for human disease.     

利用CRISPR/Cas9鉴定玉米发育相关基因ZmCen*

目的: 利用CRISPR/Cas9(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated protein 9) 系统构建玉米中心蛋白(Centrin)的表达载体,经转化后分析其对玉米生长发育的影响。方法: 针对ZmCen基因的第一个外显子设计sgRNA,将其连入pOMS01-Cas9-ZmCen-sgRNA表达载体,转化农杆菌GV3101后,侵染玉米自交系材料B104的愈伤组织,经继代、诱导、分化成苗,筛选出转基因后代。对T₀代和T₁代基因组DNA进行PCR验证、测序及表型分析。结果: 成功构建ZmCen的表达载体。侵染农杆菌后,PCR测序显示,T₀ 代和T₁ 代突变率分别为 20.13% 和 64.52%,其中T₁ 代的纯合缺失突变率为5%。序列分析表明,ZmCen基因的编辑靶点附近发生了碱基的替换、插入或缺失。经与野生型表型比对发现,ZmCen 突变体T₁代植株出现发育缓慢且雄花序不完全发育表型,纯合突变体植株雄花序则完全不发育。结论: 通过 CRISPR/Cas9技术成功地对玉米ZmCen基因进行了编辑,ZmCen突变体的获得为玉米雄性器官发育相关基因的研究奠定了基础。     

Gene editing the phytoene desaturase alleles of Cavendish banana using CRISPR/Cas9

Bananas are a staple food source and a major export commodity worldwide. The Cavendish dessert banana is a triploid AAA genome type and accounts for around 47% of global production. Being essentially sterile, genetic modification is perhaps the only pathway available to improve this cultivar. In this study, we used the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system to deliver a self-cleaving polycistronic guide RNA (gRNA) designed to target exon 1 of the Phytoene desaturase (PDS) gene in the Cavendish cultivar “Williams”. Genotyping of 19 independent events showed a 100% PDS modification rate primarily in the form of insertions (1–105 nt) or deletions (1–55 nt) (indels) at the predicted cleavage site. Tri-allelic disruptive modifications were observed in 63% of plants and resulted in both albinism and dwarfing. Pale green (16%) and wildtype green (21%) phenotypes generally correlated with in-frame indels in at least one of the three PDS alleles. Editing efficiency was dependent on both target site selection and Cas9 abundance. This is the first report of a highly effective CRISPR/Cas9 modification system using a polycistronic gRNA in Cavendish banana. Such an editing platform will be of considerable utility for the development of disease resistance and novel agro-traits in this commercially important cultivar into the future.     

CRISPR /Cas9基因编辑技术在山羊和绵羊中的应用研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是近年来新兴的一种基因编辑技术,可将特定DNA基因序列敲除、插入或定点突变,具有快捷、高效、精准、特异性高等特点,广泛地应用于遗传育种、生物医药和基因工程等研究领域。山羊和绵羊是重要的经济家畜动物和实验动物,利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统对羊进行遗传修饰,将加速品种改良,提高动物生产性能,获得更加优质的农副产品。主要对CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的概述、作用机理及在羊乳"人源化"改造、提高肉品质、改善毛纤维质量等方面的应用研究进展及发展前景作简要阐述,以期为相关科研人员提供参考。     

利用CRISPR/Cas9技术编辑水稻ROP基因OsRac5

OsRac5基因属于水稻小G蛋白ROP家族。该基因参与了水稻的育性调节,但是OsRac5在水稻生长发育中的作用尚不清楚。为鉴定该基因的功能,本文采用CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术,构建了该基因的双靶标载体Cas9-OsRac5,并对水稻进行了遗传转化。对转基因水稻的筛选和分子鉴定显示,在T1代获得了10个纯合突变株系。序列分析显示,在OsRac5编辑水稻中,该基因编码区发生了碱基缺失或/和插入,导致预期产生的不同类型OsRac5截短蛋白均丧失小G蛋白的保守结构域。对抽穗期OsRac5编辑水稻的表型进行统计学分析,结果显示,OsRac5编辑水稻与对照在剑叶角度以及剑叶净光合速率上存在极显著差异,其中OsRac5编辑水稻剑叶角度增大67%,剑叶净光合速率减小32.7%。本研究结果提示,OsRac5基因通过调控剑叶角度,影响水稻光合效率,与水稻生长发育密切相关。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统的发展及其在动物基因编辑中的应用 *

CRISPR/Cas9作为一种新型的基因编辑技术,主要在DNA水平对生物体的遗传信息进行修改,具有强大的基因编辑能力,目前已经被广泛应用于多个领域,包括基因功能研究、构建动物模型、家畜新品种的培育以及基因治疗等。CRISPR/Cas9技术的不断发展为生物学及医学领域的研究带来了革命性的突破,利用该技术构建基因突变小鼠有助于基因功能的研究,对于遗传疾病的治疗等具有重要的参考价值,同时还可以从基因组水平上有效改善家畜动物的生产性能,提高家畜动物的抗病能力。主要介绍了CRISPR/Cas系统的研究历程、结构与分类,详细阐述了CRISPR/ Cas9技术的作用机制及其在动物基因编辑中的应用,探讨了CRISPR/Cas9在基因编辑动物的制备中存在的问题及优化策略,并对其发展前景进行了展望。