Genome-Wide Association Mapping for Resistance to Leaf and Stripe Rust in Winter-Habit Hexaploid Wheat Landraces

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), and stripe rust, caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), are destructive foliar diseases of wheat worldwide. Breeding for disease resistance is the preferred strategy of managing both diseases. The continued emergence of new races of Pt and Pst requires a constant search for new sources of resistance. Here we report a genome-wide association analysis of 567 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) landrace accessions using the Infinium iSelect 9K wheat SNP array to identify loci associated with seedling resistance to five races of Pt (MDCL, MFPS, THBL, TDBG, and TBDJ) and one race of Pst (PSTv-37) frequently found in the Northern Great Plains of the United States. Mixed linear models identified 65 and eight significant markers associated with leaf rust and stripe rust, respectively. Further, we identified 31 and three QTL associated with resistance to Pt and Pst, respectively. Eleven QTL, identified on chromosomes 3A, 4A, 5A, and 6D, are previously unknown for leaf rust resistance in T. aestivum.     

普通小麦Qz180中一个抗条锈病基因的分子作图(英文)

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)材料Qz180具有良好的抗条锈病特性,经基因推导发现其含有一个优良的抗条锈病的基因,暂定名为YrQz。用Qz180与感病材料铭贤169和WL1分别杂交构建了两个F_2群体,用条中30号条锈菌小种对这两个群体进行的抗性测验表明,YrQz为显性单基因遗传。通过SSR和AFLP结合BSA的方法对这个基因进行了分子作图,结果鉴定出与YrQz连锁的2个SSR标记和2个AFLP标记。根据SSR标记的染色体位置,该基因被定位在2B染色体的长臂上,位于两个SSR位点Xgwm388和Xgwm526之间;两个AFLP标记P35M48(452)和P36M61(163)分别位于该基因的两侧,遗传距离分别为3.4cM和4.1cM。     

普通小麦Qz180中一个抗条锈病基因的分子作图

普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)材料Qz180具有良好的抗条锈病特性,经基因推导发现其含有一个优良的抗条锈病的基因,暂定名为YrQz.用Qz180与感病材料铭贤169和WL1分别杂交构建了两个F2群体,用条中30号条锈菌小种对这两个群体进行的抗性测验表明,YrQz为显性单基因遗传.通过SSR和AFLP结合BSA的方法对这个基因进行了分子作图,结果鉴定出与YrQz连锁的2个SSR标记和2个AFLP标记.根据SSR标记的染色体位置,该基因被定位在2B染色体的长臂上,位于两个SSR位点Xgwm388和Xgwm526之间;两个AFLP标记P35M48(452)和P36M61(163)分别位于该基因的两侧,遗传距离分别为3.4 cM和4.1cM.     

小麦品种莱州137抗叶锈性鉴定及基因检测

摘要：小麦叶锈病是小麦生产中的重要病害,培育持久抗叶锈性品种可以有效、经济地控制该病害。本文通过基因推导、分子检测结合系谱分析成株抗性鉴定对小麦重要生产品种中抗病基因进行分析,从而确定小麦品种中所携带的抗病基因。本试验用20个不同毒力的叶锈菌菌系、36个已知抗叶锈基因载体品种以及感病对照品种郑州5389对供试品种莱州137进行苗期抗叶锈病基因推导分析,并分别用12个与抗叶锈病基因连锁的分子标记进行目的基因的分子检测,同时利用系谱分析法来验证莱州137所携带的已知抗叶锈病基因;在2014-2015年度和2015-2016年度将莱州137、慢锈性对照品种SAAR和感病对照品种郑州5389种植于河北农业大学小麦试验田和河南周口黄泛区农场试验田,用田间混合生理小种（FHRT、THTT、THJT）接种进行成株期抗病性鉴定。结果表明,通过苗期基因推导分析,莱州137对小种FGBQ、PGJQ、TGTT、THSM、PHGM、PHST、FHJS、FHGQ、FNTQ、PRSQ和KHGQ表现抗病,而Lr26对FGBQ、PGJQ和TGTT高抗,Lr10和Lr14b分别对小种THSM、PHGM和PHST、PHGM、THTT表现高抗,同时系谱分析和分子检测也验证已知抗叶锈基因Lr26和Lr10,因此在供试品种莱州137中鉴定出Lr26、Lr10、Lr14b以及未知的抗叶锈病基因;根据2年2点的田间抗叶锈病鉴定,莱州137表现出成株抗性特点,且经分子标记检测该品种中未含有Lr34和Lr46,故小麦品种莱州137中含有未知的成株抗叶锈性基因,可作为新的小麦叶锈病抗源加以利用。     

人工合成小麦CI184条锈病成株抗性基因的鉴定及分子标记定位

以硬粒小麦-粗山羊草人工合成小麦CI184、感病品种‘铭贤169’及其杂交组合的正反交F1以及CI184/‘铭贤169’F2、F2:3家系为材料,鉴定其条锈病抗性,对CI184条锈病抗性进行遗传分析;采用SSR分子标记技术和集群分离分析法进行多态性筛选,以F3抗病鉴定数据为依据,对CI184中条锈病抗性基因进行分子标记定位。结果显示:(1)CI184在苗期抗性鉴定中,对30种小麦条锈菌生理小种表现抗性,但对中国四川新出现的条锈菌生理小种V26表现苗期感病;在田间成株抗性接种鉴定中,CI184对中国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32、条中33、水源4、水源5、水源7和V26等表现出成株抗性。(2)CI184中条锈病抗性由隐性基因位点控制。(3)仅检测到一个控制条锈病抗性的QTL位点,位于1B染色体上Xgwm18和Xwmc626之间,暂时命名为Qyr.zz_1B,在四川和北京2个环境中可分别解释CI184中13.36%和18.07%的成株抗性贡献率。(4)Qyr.zz_1B位点的3个SSR标记和Yr15的1个SSR标记可以区分该位点与1B染色体上的其他抗条锈病基因,如Yr15、Yr24和Yr26/YrCH42。表明Qyr.zz_1B位点在小麦条锈病的抗病育种中具有潜在的应用价值。     

抗条锈病小麦品种9365在抗病育种中的利用与评价

9365是陕西省小麦研究中心创制的抗条锈病小麦品种.经多年观察、利用发现,9365对条锈病表现高抗,其穗大、成穗率高、落黄好、高产、综合农艺性状好,是陕西省小麦抗条锈病育种可资利用的抗条锈小麦品种.其缺点是植株偏高、成熟偏晚、抗性受隐性基因控制.     

Identification and Validation of a Major Quantitative Trait Locus for Slow-rusting Resistance to Stripe Rust in Wheat

Stripe (yellow) rust,caused by Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici Eriks (Pst),is one of the most important wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) diseases and causes significant yield losses.A recombinant inbred (RI) population derived from a cross between Yanzhan 1 and Xichang 76-9 cultivars was evaluated for resistance to wheat stripe rust strain CYR32 at both the seedling and adult plant stages.Four resistance quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were detected in this population,in which the major one,designated as Yrq1,was mapped on chromosome 2DS.The strategy of using the Brachypodium distachyon genome,wheat expressed sequence tags and a draft DNA sequences (scaffolds) of the D-genome (Aegilops tauschii Coss.) for the development of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers was successfully used to identify 147 SSRs in hexaploid wheat.Of the 19 polymorphic SSRs in the RI population,17 SSRs were mapped in the homeologous group 2 chromosomes near Yrq1 region and eight SSRs were genetically mapped in the 2.7 cM region of Yrq1,providing abundant DNA markers for fine-mapping of Yrq1 and marker-assisted selection in wheat breeding program.The effectiveness of Yrq1 was validated in an independent population,indicating that this resistance QTL can be successfully transferred into a susceptible cultivar for improvement of stripe rust resistance.     

小麦农家品种赤壳中一个主效抗条锈病基因的微卫星标记和定位

小麦农家品种赤壳(苏1900)对当前我国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis Westend.f.sp.tritici)多个流行小种均有较好抗性。遗传分析表明,该品种对条中32号小种的抗性是由一对显性基因控制。本文采用分离群体分析法(bulked segregant analysis,BSA)和微卫星多态性分析方法,对该基因进行了分子标记和定位研究。用Taichung29×赤壳的F2代分离群体建立抗、感DNA池,共筛选了400多对SSR引物,发现5个标记Xwmc44、Xgwm259、Xwmc367、Xcfa2292、Xbarc80在抗、感DNA池间与在抗、感亲本间同样具有多态性,它们均位于1BL染色体臂上。经用具有140株抗病株、60株感病株共200株植株的F2代分离群体进行的遗传连锁性检测,上述5个标记均与目的基因相连锁,遗传距离分别为8.3cM、9.1cM、17.2cM、20.6cM和31.6cM。用全套21个中国春缺-四体材料进行的检测进一步证实了这5个SSR标记均位于小麦1B染色体上。综合上述结果,将赤壳中的主效抗条锈病基因YrChk定位在1BL染色体臂上。与以前已定位于1B染色体上的抗条锈病基因的比较研究表明,YrChk基因可能是一个新的抗条锈病基因。小麦农家品种中抗病基因资源的发掘和利用将有助于提高我国小麦生产品种中的抗病基因丰富度,有助于改善长期以来小麦生产品种中抗病基因单一化的局面。     

Fine Mapping of Wheat Stripe Rust Resistance Gene Yr26 Based on Collinearity of Wheat with Brachypodium distachyon and Rice

The Yr26 gene, conferring resistance to all currently important races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) in China, was previously mapped to wheat chromosome deletion bin C-1BL-6-0.32 with low-density markers. In this study, collinearity of wheat to Brachypodium distachyon and rice was used to develop markers to saturate the chromosomal region containing the Yr26 locus, and a total of 2,341 F₂ plants and 551 F_2∶3 progenies derived from Avocet S×92R137 were used to develop a fine map of Yr26. Wheat expressed sequence tags (ESTs) located in deletion bin C-1BL-6-0.32 were used to develop sequence tagged site (STS) markers. The EST-STS markers flanking Yr26 were used to identify collinear regions of the rice and B. distachyon genomes. Wheat ESTs with significant similarities in the two collinear regions were selected to develop conserved markers for fine mapping of Yr26. Thirty-one markers were mapped to the Yr26 region, and six of them cosegregated with the resistance gene. Marker orders were highly conserved between rice and B. distachyon, but some rearrangements were observed between rice and wheat. Two flanking markers (CON-4 and CON-12) further narrowed the genomic region containing Yr26 to a 1.92 Mb region in B. distachyon chromosome 3 and a 1.17 Mb region in rice chromosome 10, and two putative resistance gene analogs were identified in the collinear region of B. distachyon. The markers developed in this study provide a potential target site for further map-based cloning of Yr26 and should be useful in marker assisted selection for pyramiding the gene with other resistance genes.     

基于GM(1,1)组合模型的小麦条锈病预测方法研究

小麦条锈病的预测是制定小麦条锈病防治方案的重要组成部分.鉴于小麦条锈病病害系统的复杂性和灰色性,首先用Brown指数平滑法和灰色预测建立了甘肃天水地区1995年到2003年的普遍率的单项预测模型,然后采用预测残差方差最小的原则进行优化组合,从而获得更为精确的预测模型和预测值,拟合率达到94.5%.     

一氧化氮在寡糖素诱导的小麦对条锈菌系统获得抗性中的时序性

研究了寡糖素在诱导感病小麦品种辉县红系统抗条锈性中的作用,同时利用ESR测定了系统获得抗性（SAR）中一氧化氮(NO)的时间进程,结果表明寡糖素可以诱导辉县红对条锈菌毒性小种CY29-1的系统抗性,此系统抗性与内源NO信号启动的时间及强度有关.     

1994 - 2002年小麦品种(系)抗条锈性鉴定与监测

1994—2002年经对3822份小麦品种(系)材料抗条锈性鉴定结果表明,冬小麦抗条锈性优于春小麦,甘肃品种抗条锈性优于国内其它省区品种。田间抗条锈性监测结果表明,我国主要生产品种均表现感病,甘肃主要生产品种仅陇鉴127等少数几个品种抗病,抗源材料中也仅有中四等少数品种表现抗病,结合抗病性鉴定、监测结果及田间综合农艺性状观察,筛选出20余份可供育种利用的抗源材料。同时在针对今后抗条中31、32号等主要小种类型的抗病育种、抗病性监测等方面进行了讨论。     

Mapping a Large Number of QTL for Durable Resistance to Stripe Rust in Winter Wheat Druchamp Using SSR and SNP Markers

Winter wheat Druchamp has both high-temperature adult-plant (HTAP) resistance and all-stage resistance to stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). The HTAP resistance in Druchamp is durable as the variety has been resistant in adult-plant stage since it was introduced from France to the United States in late 1940s. To map the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for stripe rust resistance, an F₈ recombinant inbred line (RIL) population from cross Druchamp × Michigan Amber was phenotyped for stripe rust response in multiple years in fields under natural infection and with selected Pst races under controlled greenhouse conditions, and genotyped with simple sequence repeat (SSR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Composite interval mapping (CIM) identified eight HTAP resistance QTL and three all-stage resistance QTL. Among the eight HTAP resistance QTL, QYrdr.wgp-1BL.2 (explaining 2.36-31.04% variation), QYrdr.wgp-2BL (2.81–15.65%), QYrdr.wgp-5AL (2.27–17.22%) and QYrdr.wgp-5BL.2 (2.42–15.13%) were significant in all tests; and QYrdr.wgp-1BL.1 (1.94–10.19%), QYrdr.wgp-1DS (2.04–27.24%), QYrdr.wgp-3AL (1.78–13.85%) and QYrdr.wgp-6BL.2 (1.69–33.71%) were significant in some of the tests. The three all-stage resistance QTL, QYrdr.wgp-5BL.1 (5.47–36.04%), QYrdr.wgp-5DL (9.27–11.94%) and QYrdr.wgp-6BL.1 (13.07-20.36%), were detected based on reactions in the seedlings tested with certain Pst races. Among the eleven QTL detected in Druchamp, at least three (QYrdr.wgp-5DL for race-specific all-stage resistance and QYrdr.wgp-3AL and QYrdr.wgp-6BL.2 for race non-specific HTAP resistance) are new. All these QTL, especially those for durable HTAP resistance, and their closely linked molecular markers could be useful for developing wheat cultivars with durable resistance to stripe rust.     

Molecular Polymorphism of the Wheat Leaf Rust Fungus in Morocco Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism

The genetic variability and collection structure of the wheat leaf rust fungus Puccinia recondita collected from four agro‐ecological areas of Morocco, Abda‐doukala, Chaouia‐Tadla, Gharb and Tangérois were investigated by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. A set of five AFLP primers combinations which generated 253 polymorphic loci were used. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that bread wheat collections of Puccinia recondita form a single collection. No significant variation was observed between durum wheat collections of Puccinia recondita; they maintained most of the genetic variability within rather among collections. The distribution pattern of genetic variation of Puccinia recondita collections seems to be the result of high gene flow and the mixed reproduction system.     

一粒小麦抗白粉病和条锈病基因的分析

一粒小麦是普通小麦抗性改良的宝贵资源.本研究对24份一粒小麦分别进行了白粉病和条锈病混合菌种苗期接种鉴定,进一步分别用一套白粉病菌菌株(15个)对2份乌拉尔图小麦和条锈病菌小种(21个)对1份栽培一粒小麦进行接种鉴定,其中乌拉尔图小麦UR206能抵抗所有供试白粉菌菌株,UR204除对白粉菌菌株E11感病外,对其余菌株表现抗性;栽培一粒小麦MO205对不同条锈菌小种表现出不同的抗性反应,研究表明乌拉尔图小麦UR206、UR204和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别含有与已知抗白粉病和抗条锈病基因不同的新基因.对乌拉尔图小麦UR204、UR206和栽培一粒小麦MO205分别进行抗白粉和条锈病基因的遗传分析,结果表明乌拉尔图小麦UR204和UR206分别含有一对显性抗白粉病基因,栽培一粒小麦MO205含有两对独立遗传的显性抗条锈病基因.     

用变性PAGE-银染法鉴定小麦抗条锈基因Yr5的RAPD标记

以小麦抗条锈病基因Yr5的供体亲本Triticumspeltaalbum作为对照 ,对近等基因系Yr5 6×AvocetS和感病亲本AvocetS进行RAPD分析。扩增产物用 4%变性PAGE分离 ,银染显色。在变性PAGE上可以检测到 50～ 10 0条带 ,是琼脂糖凝胶电泳的 5倍以上。筛选了 2 40个随机引物 ,发现 2 3条稳定的多态性DNA片段 ,初步检测表明其中6条与Yr5基因具有连锁性。用 12 1株AvocetS和Yr5 6×AvocetS杂交制备的F2 代分离群体进一步进行的遗传连锁性检测表明 ,多态性DNA片段S13 2 0 2 0 7和S13 4 83 6 3 分别与Yr5基因完全连锁和紧密连锁。结果表明 ,用变性PAGE分离PCR产物并结合银染显色 ,提高了小麦RAPD分析的多态性水平 ,改善了实验的重复性     

Genetic Analysis and Molecular Mapping of a Stripe Rust Resistance Gene in Chinese Wheat Differential Guinong 22

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat worldwide, especially in China. Growing resistant cultivars is the most effective approach to control the disease, but few effective resistance genes are available. Guinong 22, one of the wheat cultivars used for differentiated Chinese race of the pathogen, has unknown resistance gene(s) to stripe rust. Genetic analysis, molecular mapping and allelic analysis were used in this study to determine the inheritance and chromosomal location of the gene(s) in Guinong 22 with the most prevalent Pst race CYR33. Genetic analysis indicated that a single recessive gene yrGn22 confers the resistance to CYR33. A total of 450 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs and 31 pairs of sequence‐tagged site (STS) or conserved primers were selected to screen the resistant bulk and susceptible bulk as well as the parents. Seven polymorphic SSR markers and two STS markers were then used to genotype 113 F₂ individual plants. Linkage analysis indicated that all nine markers were linked to yrGn22, with genetic distances ranging from 2.2 to 11.1 cM. Based on the chromosomal locations of the linked markers, yrGn22 was located on wheat chromosome 1B near the centromere. The pedigree, common markers, chromosome location, resistance and allelism tests indicated that yrGn22 is either linked to Yr26 or possibly the same gene.     

Genetic and Molecular Mapping of Stripe Rust Resistance Genes in Wheat Cultivar Zhongliang 12

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most widespread and destructive diseases of wheat worldwide. Resistance breeding is constantly pursued for decades to tackle the variations of prevalent Pst races. Zhongliang 12 has strong resistance to abiotic stresses, wide adaptability, higher resistance to stripe rust and excellent biological characteristics. To identify the resistance gene(s) against stripe rust, Zhongliang 12 was crossed with stripe rust susceptible genotype Mingxian 169, and F₁, F₂, F_2 : 3 and BC₁ progenies were tested with Chinese Pst race CYR30 and CYR31 in seedling stage in greenhouse. Zhongliang 12 possessed different dominant genes for resistance to each race. Linkage maps were constructed with four simple sequence repeats (SSRs) markers, Xwmc695, Xcfd20, Xbarc121 and Xbarc49, for the gene on wheat chromosome 7AL conferring resistance to CYR30 (temporarily designated as Yrzhong12‐1) with genetic distance ranging from 3.1 to 10.8 cM and four SSR markers, Xpsp3003, Xcfd2129, Xwmc673 and Xwmc51, for the gene on wheat chromosome 1AL conferring resistance to CYR31 (temporarily designated as Yrzhong12‐2) with genetic distance ranging from 3.9 cM to 9.3 cM. The molecular markers closely linked to each gene should be useful in marker‐assisted selection in breeding programmes for against stripe rust.     

Evaluation of Food Additives and Low-toxicity Compounds for the Control of Bean Rust and Wheat Leaf Rust

The efficacy of low‐toxicity chemicals as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides for the control of Uromyces appendiculatus and Puccinia triticina was evaluated. A preliminary selection of food additives was performed through in vitro and in vivo preliminary screenings. The ED₅₀ and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) values showed that most of the food additives used in this study were more toxic to U. appendiculatus than to P. triticina. Acetic acid, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate and sodium molybdate were the food additives that were more toxic to the urediniospores of P. triticina. Selected compounds and concentrations were tested on bean and wheat plants grown in pots under controlled conditions. Acetic acid, ammonium bicarbonate, potassium acetate, potassium benzoate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium acetate and sodium citrate at 0.03, 0.09, 0.03, 0.006, 0.012, 0.012, 0.03 and 0.03 m , respectively, significantly reduced the disease severity of U. appendiculatus without causing any injury to bean leaves. Ammonium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate at 0.12, 0.03, 0.12 and 0.03 m , respectively, were the most effective in reducing the disease severity caused by P. triticina without causing any injury to wheat leaves.     

小麦农家品种红麦(苏1661)中一个主效抗条锈病基因的微卫星标记定位

应用分离体分组混合分析法（bulked segregant analysis,BSA）和微卫星标记多态性分析方法,对红麦（保存单位编号：苏1661;统一编号：ZM008712）中的一个主效抗条锈病基因YrHm进行了分子标记和定位研究。共用512对微卫星引物对抗、感基因池进行了多态性分析,经用包括230个单株的F2分离群体进行遗传连锁性检测,发现4个与YrHm基因连锁的微卫星标记Xgwm904、Xbarcl73、Xcfdl3和Xcfd42,均位于小麦染色体6D短臂上。经Mapmaker3．0b软件计算,这4个标记与目的基因间的遗传距离分别为7．3、25．1、47．7和62．1cM,均位于YrHm基因远离染色体顶端的一侧。用全套中国春小麦缺体一四体材料进行检测,进一步确认了这4个标记均位于小麦6D染色体。因此,将YrHm基因定位于小麦染色体臂6DS上。