重要资源植物诸葛菜属的研究进展

诸葛菜属是一种具有广泛应用价值的资源植物,本文主要综述了该属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位、组织培养及属间杂交、抗逆性、营养价值和驯化栽培等多个方面的研究进展。基于诸葛菜属植物已有的研究基础及成果,并针对该属中存在的关键科学问题,如物种形成及其界定、适应性机理及优良基因资源的发掘、杂交育种与新种质创建等,对可能采用的研究方法提出展望。其研究思路和研究方案为将诸葛菜作为研究植物进化、驯化以及如何高效利用野生资源植物的一个重要模式代表种提供了依据。     

十字花科几种植物的胚培养研究

利用幼胚成功地培养出白菜型油菜、芥菜型油菜、甘蓝型油菜、埃塞俄比亚芥、诸葛菜的再生植株。通过研究表明：不同的植物在培养基中的反应不同。同一个材料,在不同时期,培养的效果也不同。白菜型油菜难形成愈伤组织,且愈伤组织也难以分化,但生根较易。其它几种芸苔属植物则易形成愈伤组织和分化。诸葛菜能够形成胚状体,胚状体极易萌发。除了白菜型油菜外,所有材料都表现出极强的再生能力。     

壳损伤及海水酸化对厚壳贻贝脲酶和碳酸酐酶的影响

海洋酸化是当前全球面临的最为紧迫的环境问题之一，已显现出对具生物矿化现象物种的严重影响。以往研究发现，贻贝表现出对海洋酸化较强的耐受性。为探究贻贝对海洋酸化耐受性的可能机制，选择两种对生物矿化具有重要影响的酶(碳酸酐酶和脲酶)为研究对象，分析其在壳损伤以及酸化海水条件下基因表达量和酶活力的变化；进一步对上述条件下的贻贝贝壳内表面开展了显微观察。研究结果表明，相比对照组，壳损伤或酸化海水处理诱导碳酸酐酶和脲酶的基因表达量产生不同程度的上调(P<0.05),酶活力测试与基因表达量分析结果具有类似特征，但存在时序性差异。而壳损伤叠加海水酸化处理则诱导碳酸酐酶和脲酶的基因表达量及酶活性在外套膜中均明显下调(P<0.05),但碳酸酐酶在血细胞中明显上调(P<0.05);在酸化海水中添加尿素则明显上调血细胞和外套膜中碳酸酐酶和脲酶的基因表达量以及酶活性(P<0.05)。贝壳内表面显微观察结果进一步表明，海水酸化及壳损伤导致损伤部位附近的贝壳内表面产生明显纹理质地改变，尿素可诱导海水酸化条件下壳损伤部位修复层的重新出现。上述结果表明，碳酸酐酶和脲酶可能参与了对壳损伤修复及海洋...     

诸葛菜花药不同发育时期蛋白质格局研究

诸葛菜花药不同发育时期蛋白质格局研究郑常文,刘智慧,刘丙辰,尹金虎,董长江,黄玉祥,罗鹏（四川大学生物系,成都６１００６４）本文以诸葛菜（Ｏｒｙｃｈｏｐｈｒａｇｍｕｓｖｉｏｌａｃｅｕｓ）为材料,揭示其雄性发育过程中蛋白质合成的特征,为深入研究植物雄配...     

封面图片说明

正诸葛菜,民间俗称"二月兰",为十字花科(Brassicaceae)诸葛菜属(Orychophragmus Bunge)植物,其花蓝紫色、淡红色或白色,因在花卉、油料、蔬菜和饲料等方面的潜在应用开发价值而受到人们的广泛关注。诸葛菜属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位虽一直存在争议,但在组织培养技术、抗逆性、营养价值、驯化栽培、与近缘属     

封面图片说明

<正>诸葛菜,民间俗称"二月兰",为十字花科(Brassicaceae)诸葛菜属(Orychophragmus Bunge)植物,其花蓝紫色、淡红色或白色,因在花卉、油料、蔬菜和饲料等方面的潜在应用开发价值而受到人们的广泛关注。诸葛菜属植物的系统位置、属内种及变种的分类学地位虽一直存在争议,但在组织培养技术、抗逆性、营养价值、驯化栽培、与近缘属     

植物的碳酸酐酶

本文介绍了植物碳酸酐酶的化学特性,在植物中的分布、定位以及环境条件对酶活性的影响。对植物碳酸酐酶的可能生理功能进行了论述,同时对近年来藻类碳酸酐酶的研究成果也做了较详细的介绍。     

北草蜥几种消化酶活力比较

应用酶学分析法测定了越冬后北草蜥胃、肠组织中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、纤维素酶的活力。结果表明 ,不同年龄、性别的北草蜥同一组织中消化酶活力有显著差异 ;不同地理种群的北草蜥同一组织中消化酶活力有显著差异 ;不同消化酶在北草蜥同一组织中的活力有显著差异 ;在北草蜥不同的组织中同一消化酶的活力有显著差异。说明北草蜥消化酶的活力与年龄、性别、部位和地理环境等因素有关 ,受食物组成、能量需求和遗传等因素的影响 ,产生了不同的酶活力和分布。这也说明生物长期适应环境 ,形成了不同的代谢水平     

模拟干旱胁迫下构树和桑树的生理特征比较

在不同浓度聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)的处理下,测定构树和桑树的碳酸酐酶活性、光响应曲线、二氧化碳响应曲线和叶绿素荧光等指标,比较它们的抗干旱能力.结果表明:(1)构树的碳酸酐酶活力变化不显著,而桑树的碳酸酐酶活力不同的PEG 6000浓度间差异较大.(2)构树的净光合速率受PEG 6000的影响较小,而桑树受到抑制较...     

贵州玉舍国家森林公园三种造林植物光合生理特征研究

该研究以贵州省玉舍国家森林公园三种造林植物水榆花楸(Sorbus alnifolia)、近轮叶木姜子(Litsea elongata var.subverticillata)、山杨(Populus davidiana)为对象,测定其光合作用日变化和叶绿素荧光、叶片碳酸酐酶活力以及叶绿素含量和稳定碳同位素组成,并测定了植物生长地土壤理化性质,综合分析了三种植物的喀斯特生态适生能力。结果表明:水榆花楸和山杨的净光合速率明显高于近轮叶木姜子,这与其较高的气孔导度和光化学效率有关;而山杨因具有较高碳酸酐酶活力和叶绿素含量,表现出较高的水分利用效率。水榆花楸和山杨的光合生产能力较高,且受光强和温度限制,可在光照较好的地区大范围种植,作为速生植物来加快经济收入并改造当地脆弱生境的优选植物;近轮叶木姜子作为中药型植物,且在低光强下能够保持最大生长能力,可在光照条件不好的地区优先种植,既增加植被覆盖率又增加经济收入。该研究结果为山地森林资源的保护和开发利用提供了科学依据。     

植物叶片和角果的碳酸酐酶与光合速率的关系研究

以3种植物为材料,对其叶片、角果的碳酸酐酶活性日变化和相应的净光合速率日变化以及不同叶位的叶片和不同长度角果的CA活性和净光合速率关系进行研究.结果表明,在日变化中,油菜和诸葛菜的CA活性与其净光合速率之间存在显著性正相关,羽衣甘蓝则不明显.但3种植物不同叶位的叶片和不同长度角果的CA活性与净光合速率之间都呈显著正相关,说明无论是植物的营养器官叶片,还是生殖器官角果,CA活性的高低对净光合速率都有较大的影响.     

Comparison of carbonic anhydrase activity among various species of plantlets

During plant tissue culture, the culture container is small and sealed; the concentration of CO₂ in the microenvironment is relatively low. The plantlet growth is restrained for the shortage of CO₂ in the culture container. Carbonic anhydrase is a zinc-containing metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible conversion of bicarbonate to CO₂. The determination of carbonic anhydrase of leaves from Atractylodes lancea (thunb.) DC, Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) O.E. Schulz, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.et Coss. cv. Luzhousileng, Brassica campestris L. cv. Chuanyou No.8, Brassica napus L cv. Oro, Brassica carinata Braun, Raphanus sativa L. var. raphanistroides Makino and their plantlets indicates that the carbonic anhydrase activity of leaves from both plantlets and fields varies from plant species to plant species, the carbonic anhydrase activity of leaves of Atractylodes lancea (thunb.) DC is the lowest among those plants, and the leaves of all plantlets are lower in carbonic anhydrase activity than the same species of plants from fields. The comparison of the growth rates of those plantlets shows that their relative growth rates are significantly different, plantlets of Atractylodes lancea have the slowest relative growth rate among those plants, and plantlets of Brassica juncea have the greatest relative growth rate. The relationship between RGR of plantlets and their CA activities is a significant linear function. It seems that there was certain correlation between carbonic anhydrase activities of plants and their growth rates. It suggests that in vitro, the greater the carbonic anhydrase activity of plantlet is, the higher its net photosynthetic rate, and the faster its growth rate. Those results offer a foundation to a rational medium choice in plant tissue culture.     

Effect of 24-epibrassinolide on the photosynthetic activity of radish plants under cadmium stress

The present study was conducted to study the effect of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) on changes of plant growth, net photosynthetic rate, carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) and nitrate reductase (E.C.1.6.6.1) activities in the leaves of Raphanus sativus L. under the influence of cadmium (Cd) stress. Cd reduced plant growth, photosynthetic pigment levels, net photosynthetic rate and the activities of carbonic anhydrase and nitrate reductase. However seed application of EBL reduced the toxic effect of Cd on plant growth, pigment content, photosynthesis and enzyme activities. The studies clearly demonstrated the ameliorating effect of 24-epibrassinolide in mitigating the toxicity of Cd in plants.     

Activities of Carbonic Anhydrase and Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase,and Dry Mass Accumulation in Brassica juncea following Defoliation

The effect of 30 % defoliation of shaded leaves in lower layers of plant was studied on activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, and plant dry mass of mustard (Brassica juncea). Removal of 30 % of leaves resulted in increased CA and RuBPC activities of leaves, and leaf and plant dry masses.     

干旱对番茄幼苗光合和某些生理指标的影响

干旱缺水已成为植物光合作用和生长发育主要的限制因素,在干旱胁迫下,作物的生长发育受到影响,依据作物的形态变化进行浇灌属于延后性灌溉,未必能完全补偿对作物生长造成的影响。确定灌溉时间点,既确保植物正常生长不受影响,也可以提高水分利用效率,减少水资源浪费,从而达到节水灌溉的目的。该研究以温室土槽栽培番茄幼苗为材料,设定土壤含水量为30.00%(对照)、21.00%、18.00%、15.00%、12.00%、9.00%,研究了干旱胁迫对番茄叶片光合特性、抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶)、碳酸酐酶活性变化的影响,并以此表征番茄幼苗需水信息。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,叶片水势逐渐降低。超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶在番茄幼苗耐受水分胁迫中起到重要的作用;超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶在干旱胁迫条件下反应更迅速,但过氧化氢酶相对于超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶对干旱胁迫的耐受能力更强;干旱胁迫条件下抗氧化酶活性的转折点在15.00%土壤含水量左右;水分胁迫条件下碳酸酐酶参与了对光合作用的调节,并在15.00%土壤含水量时活性升至最高,使得番茄仍能维持较高的光合速率,以维持正常的生理机能;随着干旱胁迫程度的加剧(12.00%土壤含水量),碳酸酐酶活性与净光合速率都迅速下降。综上分析,当土壤含水量低于15.00%并高于12.00%时,对作物进行灌溉最为合适。抗氧化酶及碳酸酐酶活性可为作物最佳灌溉时间点的预测提供科学依据。     

Estimation of physiologically active zinc in maize by biochemical assay

Summary The enzymes ribonuclease, aldolase and carbonic anhydrase were evaluated as biochemical assays for physiologically active zinc in maize. Seedlings were cultured for 14 or 30 days on a black-earth soil with factorial combinations of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers so as to produce in the leaves varying levels of active zinc at a constant level of total zinc. Enzyme activity was correlated with plant growth, leaf nutrient composition and the occurrence of visual symptoms of zinc deficiency. Ribonuclease and aldolase activities in leaf tissues were insensitive to the changes in active zinc concentration, though aldolase activity was sensitive to phosphorus deficiency. In contrast, leaf carbonic anhydrase activity correlated well with the onset and correction of zinc deficiency symptoms and, as early as 14 days after emergence, was more sensitive to the deficiency than was plant growth. The sensitivity of carbonic anhydrase to changes in active zinc and its specificity for such changes were further examined in 10 to 30 day-old plants grown in solution culture. Zinc was added to plants which had been cultured without zinc for 16 days. A 2.5-fold increase in carbonic anhydrase activity preceded responses by either zinc concentration or plant growth. We propose the use of leaf carbonic anhydrase as an index of active zinc in maize, particularly to supplement inorganic analysis in the diagnosis of zinc deficiency when much of the zinc in the plants is inactive. The assay is simple, is sensitive to and specific for zinc status, and enables early detection of a deficiency before irreversible biochemical events predispose a large yield reduction.     

Carbonic anhydrase in the plasma membranes from leaves of C3 and C4 plants

Plasma membranes were isolated from green leaves of maize ( Zea mays ), spinach ( Spinacia oleracea ), Setaria viridis and wheat ( Triticum aestivum cv. Omase) by aqueous two-phase partitioning. Carbonic anhydrase activity was detected in these membranes. The activity was inhibited by specific inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase, acetazolamide and ethoxyzolamide. The carbonic anhydrase activity was markedly enhanced by the addition of Triton X-100 to the plasma membranes. The highest activity was obtained in the presence of 0.015% detergent. The activity was scarcely affected when the plasma membrane vesicles were treated with proteinase K, but largely inactivated by the protease after treating the membranes with Triton X-100. These results indicate that carbonic anhydrase faces the cytoplasmic side of the membrane since plasma membranes purified by aqueous two-phase partitioning are tightly sealed vesicles of right side-out orientation (apoplastic side-out). With leaves of C₄ plants, 20 to 60% of the total carbonic anhydrase activity was found in the microsomal fraction. By contrast, only 1 to 3% of the activity was found in the microsomal fraction from leaves of C₃ plants. Western blot analysis showed that a polypeptide in the spinach plasma membrane cross-reacted with an antiserum raised against spinach chloroplast carbonic anhydrase, and that the molecular mass of the plasma membrane enzyme was higher than that of the chloroplast carbonic anhydrase (28 and 26 kDa, respectively). This indicates the presence of different molecular species of carbonic anhydrase in the chloroplast and the plasma membrane.     

Carbonic anhydrase assay: strong inhibition of the leaf enzyme by CO2 in certain buffers

Apparent carbonic anhydrase activity in leaf extracts, measured as the rate of H+ production associated with the CO2 hydration reaction, varied by as much as 25-fold when the assay buffer was varied. Highest activities were usually recorded in barbitone buffer, with lower activities in imidazole, Tricine, Hepes, Tris, and phosphate buffers. The greatest differences were observed with the enzyme isolated from leaves of the monocotyledonous plants Zea mays (maize) and Triticum aestivum (wheat). Smaller differences were observed with carbonic anhydrase from dicotyledonous species and there was no effect on the erythrocyte enzyme. Leaf carbonic anhydrase activity measured by the mass spectrometric procedure was unaffected by varying the assay buffer. The low activity in certain buffers observed with the former assay system was found to be due to inhibition of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction by higher concentrations of CO2. Carbonic anhydrase from some sources was also strongly inhibited by certain inorganic and organic anions.     

The distribution of carbonic anhydrase and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase in maize leaves

Extraction of maize (Zea mays) leaves by progressive grinding under suitably protective conditions yields total carbonic anhydrase activities (4800 units per milligram chlorophyll) comparable to the activity in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) leaves. The total ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity was also equal to or greater than the best literature values for maize. Of the total leaf carbonic anhydrase, 72.5% on a chlorophyll basis was present in the mesophyll cells and 14.2% in the bundle-sheath cells. The distribution of the total leaf ribulose diphosphate carboxylase between the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells was 42.0 and 48.7% respectively. There was three times as much total chlorophyll in extracts of the mesophyll cells compared with the bundle-sheath cells of maize. Similar results for the above distribution of the two enzymes were found using a differential grinding technique. The possible function of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis is discussed. The equal distribution of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity between the mesophyll and bundle-sheath cells casts doubt upon the hypothesis that a rigid biochemical compartmentation exists between these cell types in maize.