MITICAO : mesures et interventions pour une thérapeutique innovante du cartilage assistée par ordinateur

Cartilage diseases represent a major Public Health problem that will worsen due to the ageing of the population and the obesity epidemic. The development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies therefore appears to be essential to address this issue. The research project “Computer Assisted Measures and Interventions for Innovative Therapeutic of Cartilage Diseases” (ANR-08-TECS-010) led to the development of a new medical device dedicated to the therapy of the cartilaginous tissue: a navigated multimodal arthroscopic environment. It combines MRI (or arthro-CT) with video and ultrasound. The first preclinical evaluations in humans have demonstrated the feasibility to objectively quantify in a reproducible way clinical parameters of a new cartilage tissue quality. The first clinical evaluations are now to consider.     

Greffes de cornée automatisées par laser femtoseconde optimisé et système de contrôle aberrométrique

We present a first evaluation of the results of the GRECO project which aims to conceive and realise an innovative device for ocular surgery by ultrafast pulse laser optimised for corneal grafting.     

Place de la tomographie d’émission de positons (TEP) pour l’évaluation thérapeutique et le suivi du cancer du sein

Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is a nuclear imaging method whose interest in oncology has only grown over the past fifteen years. This article summarizes the results in monitoring and therapeutic evaluation of breast cancer. For the search of locoregional or distant recurrence, the performance of FDG-PET are very interesting. The impact of FDG-PET on the therapeutic management is undeniable. For therapeutic evaluation, this imaging is useful to evaluate the neoadjuvant chemotherapy and hormonotherapy efficacy. FDG-PET is indicated in cases of suspected recurrence (clinical, biological or imaging suspicious). It is the most sensitive exam for the detection of bone or visceral metastases. It allows the re-staging during a relapse proved whether local or remote, and can change the therapeutic management.     

L'eutypiose de la vigne : isolement d'une molécule synthétisée par Eutypa lata et toxique pour la vigne

Eutypa dieback, caused by the ascomycet fungus Eutypa lata, is currently the most serious disease of the grapevine. This disease now affects a great number of vineyards throughout the world, its economic impact is very important, and there is no remedy available for the destruction of the parasitic fungus. In this article, we describe the dieback symptoms, the management practices, the economic impact and the present knowledge on the interactions between E. lata and grapevine. We also present findings concerning the role of a toxic compound, hydroxy-4(methyl-3 butene-3 ynyl-1)-3 benzaldehyde, name eutypine, synthesized by the parasitic fungus and which was shown to be involved in the expression of the disease symptoms. The recent progress made in understanding eutypine's mechanism of action has opened new prospects regarding development of efficient tools for stopping this disease.     

L'effet de β-mercaptoéthanol et de l'urée sur la structure du phragmoplaste

Résumé Les fibrilles constitutives du phragmoplaste sont de nature protéique. L'action du-mercaptoéthanol permet de conclure que ces protéines sont liées par des ponts S-S. En présence d'urée, la structure du phragmoplaste est détruite, ce qui indique l'existence de liaisons hydrogènes.

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Zusammenfassung Unsere Arbeit führt zu folgenden Resultaten: 1. Die im Phragmoplast befindliche Faserstruktur besitzt einen Eiweißstoffcharakter. 2. Der Effekt des-Merkaptoäthanols gestattet die Annahme, daß die Proteine mit S-S-Brücken verbunden sind. 3. Bei Anwesenheit von Harnstoff wird die Phragmoplaststruktur zerstört, was für das Vorhandensein von H-Brücken spricht.

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Boursière de la Fondation Rockefeller     

Etude des fluctuations annuelles des copépodes et du phytoplancton dans la manche et le golfe de gascogne par la méthode d'analyse de la variance et du coefficient de correlation

2275 samples have been collected with the Continuous Plankton Recorder of Hardy at a standard depth of 10 meteres in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay between 1958–1965. Biological as well as statistical analyses have been carried out to provide data on annual fluctuations of 34 species of copepods and phytoplankton. Methods of analysis of variance and the correlation coefficient analysis were used for this purpose. The results are presented in the form of triangular matrices showing the annual fluctuations of species in the different areas considered and the relationship between different species in each area. These methods allowed us to define separate groups of species that could be called annual communities.

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Extrait d'une thèse de Doctorat en Oceanographie biologique, soutenue à la faculté des Sciences de Paris le 19 décembre 1967. Ce travail a été subventionné par the Office of Naval Research, Department of the United States Navy en vertu du contrat No 62558-3612.

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Extrait d'une thèse de Doctorat en Oceanographie biologique, soutenue à la faculté des Sciences de Paris le 19 décembre 1967. Ce travail a été subventionné par the Office of Naval Research, Department of the United States Navy en vertu du contrat No 62558-3612.     

Nature du priming de la circulation extracorporelle en chirurgie cardiaque adulte et pédiatrique

During the recent years a new debate occurred because of the introduction of a new generation of hydroxyethyl starches (HES) and of balanced cristalloids, for the composition of the priming for cardiopulmonary bypass in cardiac surgery. Colloids used for fluid therapy belong to two groups: gelatin (modified fluid gelatine – MFG – in France) and hydroxyethyl starch (HES). Isotonic saline is mainly used as a solvent of colloids even though responsible for hyperchloremic acidosis when perfused in large volume. Morbidity due to this metabolic disorder is not largely investigated but does not seem very deleterious. However maintenance of the metabolic and acid-base equilibrium encourages the use of balanced solutions as proposed for some HES colloids. Characteristics of HES 130/0.4-0.42 improve safety profile and are preferred, however deleterious effects of HES on hemostasis with increasing bleeding risk and risk of renal impairment, cornerstone in cardiac surgery, lead to a respect of doses, indications and contra-indications of HES. Discussion is mandatory for the use of the new colloids and crystalloids in the composition of the priming, particularly some non oncotic effect of the synthetic colloids must be elucidated to improve the choice between albumin and other colloids.     

Développement d’un système de navigation guidé par l’image,pour la chirurgie de l’épaule : chirurgie augmentée de l’épaule

This study concerns the general problem of the treatment of shoulder degenerative or traumatic lesions, based on total or partial joint replacement (shoulder arthroplasty). With baby boomers, increasingly complaining of shoulder pain, the number of shoulder arthroplasties increased by 15% each year. This surgical procedure is very difficult and limited to the expert centers. The two main challenges for this surgery are the minimal surgical incision and the limited access to the operated structures. Moreover, the success of such procedure is related to optimal prosthesis positioning. So far, the existing optimization and guiding systems are now very limited, which is no longer acceptable. Some mechanical systems may enhance the prosthetic components orientation but do not ensure an implant positioning taking into account the bone stock because it is not visible during the surgery. Only the preoperative evaluation on CT images could enhance the final gesture. To meet strong demand and meet the limitations of current solutions, we propose innovative approaches to build a navigation system easy to use and fully automatic for shoulder surgery.     

Éléments de physiologie et physiopathologie de la microcirculation et de rhéologie. Implications potentielles pour la circulation extracorporelle en chirurgie cardiaque de l’adulte

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is usually performed by defining therapeutic goals based on macro-hemodynamic parameters such as pump flow, mean arterial blood pressure, haemoglobin concentration or venous line saturation. Nevertheless, oxygen transport to tissues and cells is also dependent on the function of the microcirculation and the rheologic properties of blood. This articles summarizes for clinicians that perform CPB several aspects of physiology and pathophysiology of microcirculation and rheology. Physiological and pathophysiological changes of blood and plasma viscosities, red blood cell aggregation and deformability are explained. Potential clinical implications of changes of blood rheology are discussed.     

L’analyse métabolomique par spectrométrie de masse: un nouvel outil pour la biochimie clinique ?

Metabolomics (large scale analysis of small organic compounds) becomes a promising tool in biological exploration. This tool is able to identify modifications in biofluids occurring as a consequence of a pathogenic process. It’ll be shown how to carry out metabolomic analysis as well as the technological progress in this field. Concrete applications will be commented and the principal limitations will also be discussed. These limitations have to be overcome in order obtain data usable by biologists and medical doctors.     

Apport de la tomographie par émission de positons au 18F-fluorodéoxyglucose (TEP-FDG) dans la prise en charge du cancer du canal anal

ObjectiveTo evaluate the contribution of FDG-PET in the management of anal carcinoma, with special emphasis on its impact on therapeutic strategy.Materials and methodsFrom March 2005 to August 2008, 48 PET were performed on 43 patients with anal epidermoid carcinoma, in initial staging (IS: 20 exams), therapeutic response assessment (TRA: 11), and recurrence assessment (RA: 17). We compared initial therapeutic strategies defined on conventional assessment results, to final ones chosen after PET.ResultsPET revealed lesions that were undetected by conventional investigation in 23% of cases (IS: 25%; TRA: 18%; RA: 23%) and cleared suspicious lesions in 21% of cases (IS: 10%; TRA: 18%; RA: 35%). It influenced the therapeutic strategy, and sometimes even modified it radically, in 44% of cases (IS: 35%; TRA: 54%; RA: 47%). This therapeutic impact was stronger in settings with diagnostic ambiguity, in which PET allowed to specify the diagnosis and to orientate consequently the therapeutic choice.ConclusionPET is interesting in the management of anal carcinoma, especially in uncertain diagnostic settings, in which the metabolic information brought allows to influence the therapeutic choice in almost half of the cases.     

Une nouvelle fonction pour la transferrine exprimée par le testicule

In men, oligozoospermia corresponds with a low level of transferrin in semen. Transferrin appears to be a relevant indicator of gonadal function. Transferrin expression in normal testes is perfectly controlled. Transferrin contributes to iron transport. However, recent results show the existence of a dimeric form, which acts as a powerful regulator of phagocytosis of residual bodies by Sertoli cells. A disturbance of this new highlighted function may account for some forms of oligozoospermia.     

Evaluation comparée des effets subjectifs de la dextroamphétamine,du méthylphénidate et du placebo

The subjective effects of dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate and placebo were evaluated in 16 medical students during the period just prior to their final oral examinations. The subjects served as their own controls. The order of administration of the three medications for each student was randomized, and a double-blind technique was used throughout. A questionnaire method was employed for the collection of results, which proved to be a useful and effective means. It demonstrated that dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate and placebo were statistically different from one another with regard to their effect on efficiency of studying, fatigue, duration of sleep and appetite. There were also significant differences in the number of side effects caused by the three medications. The stimulants, however, did not increase the number of study hours, nor was their use recommended by the students when preparing for important examinations.