牛病毒性腹泻病毒Erns蛋白激活NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3炎症小体诱发细胞焦亡的研究

【目的】牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)是引起牛病毒性腹泻-黏膜病的关键病毒。BVDV的结构蛋白Erns可在病毒感染的初期削弱宿主的免疫防御,引发牛群炎症反应。核苷酸寡聚化结构域样受体(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, NOD)热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3 (NLRP3)炎症小体是NOD样受体(NOD-like receptor, NLRs)家族重要成员,调控炎症性疾病的发生发展,同时激活的NLRP3炎症小体能够引起宿主细胞焦亡,进而诱发级联放大的炎症反应。但BVDV Erns蛋白在BVDV感染诱发炎症反应的分子机制尚不清楚。【方法】为进一步探索Erns蛋白对BVDV感染激活NLRP3炎症小体诱发细胞焦亡的影响,构建了BVDV Erns蛋白的真核表达质粒pCMV-HA-Erns,过表达BVDV Erns蛋白,检测BVDV感染细胞中NLRP3炎症小体组分[半胱氨酸蛋白酶(caspase-1)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(apoptosis-associated speck-like protein, ASC)和NLRP3]、IL-1β的mRNA转录水平和蛋白表达水平,以及细胞死亡调节蛋白(gasdermin D, GSDMD)的基因表达和蛋白剪切情况,并通过扫描电镜观察牛睾丸(bovine testis, BT)细胞膜成孔及BT细胞内容物释放情况,以分析Erns蛋白诱导BT细胞产生细胞焦亡。【结果】Erns蛋白能够显著引起NLRP3炎症小体活化进而激活caspase-1,活化的caspase-1一方面切割GSDMD,形成有活性的GSDMD-N端并在BT细胞膜形成孔洞,释放内容物,诱导BT细胞发生细胞焦亡;另一方面活化的caspase-1切割pro-IL-1β,形成有活性的IL-1β,并释放到BT细胞外,引起BT细胞上清中IL-1β水平上升。【结论】系统解析了BVDV Erns蛋白激活NLRP3炎症小体介导细胞焦亡的产生,对疫苗及治疗药物的研制具有重要指导意义。     

牛病毒性腹泻病毒P125基因重要区的比较与分析

牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)为黄病毒科瘟病毒属中的成员。根据在细胞培养物中是否产生病变,可将BVDV分为致细胞病变(CP)和非致细胞病变     

牛传染性鼻气管炎检测方法的最新研究进展

牛传染性鼻气管炎（Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis,IBR）是一种由牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒（Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV）引起的以病牛呼吸道病变为主要特征的传染性疾病,由于其严重的病理损害以及广泛的传播性,给养牛业造成巨大经济损失,因此建立快速、准确的检测方法对该病的防控尤为重要。本文主要对IBR的最新检测方法进行了简述和总结,以期为科学检测、鉴定IBR提供依据和思路。     

可视化牛支原体和传染性鼻气管炎二重荧光LAMP诊断方法的建立

牛支原体(mycoplasma bovis,MB)和牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus,IBRV)是引起牛呼吸综合症的主要病原体.本研究根据MB和IBRV的保守基因序列,设计并合成两套特异性LAMP引物,在每条内引物的5'端标记荧光基团,通过扩增产物的颜色判断检测结果,建立了用于检测MB和IBRV的二重荧光LAMP检测方法.该方法与其他牛病原体无交叉反应,检测敏感度达100拷贝/μL.应用该方法检测125份样品,MB的感染率为44.8％,IBRV的感染率为13.6％,2种病原混合感染率为1.6％;与OIE推荐的荧光定量PCR检测方法相比,此二重LAMP方法敏感性为94.4％～96.6％,特异性为100％.结果表明该方法灵敏度高,特异性好,重复性好,能同时检测大量样本,可用于MB和IBRV的临床检测和流行病学调查.     

牛血清中牛腺病毒3型EvaGreen qPCR检测方法的建立

目的 建立EvaGreen qPCR检测牛腺病毒3型(bovine adenovirus 3, BAV3)的方法,用于牛血清等牛源材料的检测。方法 依据GenBank公布的BAV3标准毒株WBR-1全基因序列,基于E2B区域高度保守序列设计引物,提取并制备DNA标准品,建立EvaGreen qPCR检测BAV3的方法,并对该方法的特异性、灵敏度及精密度进行验证。最后利用该方法检测牛血清中的BAV3,并与细胞培养法及荧光抗体检测对比,以验证该方法的适用性。结果 建立的EvaGreen qPCR检测BAV3的方法标准曲线R²>0.99,扩增效率处于90%～110%,可检测范围为0.2×10⁰～0.2×10⁷ copies/μL。实验内Ct值的CV<2.2%,在不同实验间Ct值的CV<1.8%。设计的BAV3引物与牛腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus, BVDV)、副流感病毒3型(parainfluenza virus 3, PI3)、呼肠孤病毒(reovirus, REO)、呼...     

囊泡相关膜蛋白A调控牛病毒性腹泻病毒复制

[背景]牛病毒性腹泻病毒(bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)是致犊牛腹泻的重要病原之一,而目前BVDV与宿主因子互作机理研究较少,成为限制BVDV防控的重要原因。[目的]探明囊泡相关膜蛋白A (vesicle-associated membrane protein A,VAPA)对BVDV复制的影响。[方法]根据GenBank中VAPA基因,使用Benchling和CHOPCHOP等平台设计靶向VAPA的向导RNA(small guide RNA,sgRNA),融合后克隆至慢病毒lentiCRISPR v2载体中,包装慢病毒后感染牛肾细胞(Madin-Darby bovine kidney,MDBK),使用嘌呤霉素连续筛选5代,使用Western Blot检测VAPA蛋白敲除(knockout,KO)情况;BVDV感染VAPA KO细胞不同时间后,收集细胞提取总RNA,并将等质量的RNA反转录成cDNA,使用实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR,RT-qPCR)和免疫荧光分析(immunofluorescence a...     

猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒、猪圆环病毒三型、猪流感病毒三重RT-PCR检测方法建立及初步应用

【背景】猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus,PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒三型(porcine circovirus type III,PCV3)和猪流感病毒(swine influenza virus,SIV)是3种影响猪只健康的重要呼吸道病原,对养猪业造成严重的经济损失,因此需要建立高效快速的检测方法,以了解3种病原在国内的流行情况。【目的】建立能同时检测PRRSV、PCV3和SIV的三重RT-PCR方法,为3种病毒的流行病学调查和疾病监控提供技术支持。【方法】针对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV),猪圆环病毒三型(PCV3),猪流感病毒(SIV)基因序列,分别设计3对特异性引物,扩增PRRSV M和N基因(436bp)、PCV3 Cap基因(619bp)和SIV M基因(199bp)。通过对退火温度和引物浓度优化建立三重RT-PCR检测方法,并对建立的多重检测方法进行特异性、敏感性、重复性试验验证。【结果】建立了能够同时快速检测PRRSV、PCV3、SIV的三重RT-PCR方法,而对猪瘟病毒(classical swine fever virus,CSFV)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(pseudorabies virus,PRV)、猪圆环病毒2型(porcine circovirus type II,PCV2)、猪细小病毒2型(porcine parvovirus II,PPV2)、猪细小病毒3型(porcine parvovirus III,PPV3)和猪细环病毒1型(torque teno sus virus I,TTSuV1)等6种病原的扩增均为阴性,特异性较好。敏感性结果显示,同时检测PRRSV、PCV3、SIV这3种病原的检测下限为100copies/μL,批间与批内试验结果均一致。用该方法对黑龙江省部分地区猪场的67份临床病料进行检测,结果显示PRRSV阳性率为16.5%,PCV3阳性率为10.5%,SIV阳性率为10.5%,而且存在混合感染。【结论】该方法灵敏度高、特异性强,能够应用于临床样品检测,有效预测病原的流行情况。     

牛传染性鼻气管炎可视化LAMP检测方法的建立和应用

根据牛传染性鼻气管炎病毒(IBRV)gB基因保守序列(GenBank Accession No. DQ006857.1),利用Primer ExplorerV4软件设计3对LAMP引物,通过反应体系的优化、敏感性试验和特异性试验,建立IBRV的LAMP检测方法,并对393份临床样本进行了检测应用。结果显示,建立的IBRV LAMP方法在65℃、50 min条件下可扩增出LAMP特征性梯状条带,并可通过颜色变化判定结果。该方法可以检测到10copies/μL的质粒DNA,与nested-PCR方法的敏感性相当,比PCR方法敏感1000倍,且与牛病毒性腹泻病毒、猪伪狂犬病毒、水泡口炎病毒等均无交叉反应。应用该方法检测301份鼻腔拭子和92份血清样本,阳性率分别为87.6%和58.8%,表明鼻腔棉拭子更适用于IBRV的临床检测。文中建立的IBRV LAMP方法具有可视化、快速、特异、灵敏性强的优势,适合基层和现场对临床样本进行快速检测,为IBR的防控提供了技术支撑。     

福建甘薯病毒病病原鉴定及主要病毒多样性

【背景】病毒病是甘薯的一种重要病害,给甘薯生产带来了严重的经济损失,而生产中甘薯病毒病病原种类复杂多样。【目的】明确福建甘薯病毒病种类、分布及流行,对主要病毒进行多样性分析。【方法】从福建主要甘薯种植区采集病毒病样品,利用PCR/RT-PCR的方法对采集的样品进行病原检测,获得病毒序列,利用MEGA 6.0构建系统进化树进行遗传分析。【结果】从福建7个甘薯产区鉴定12种甘薯病毒,包括9种RNA病毒:甘薯羽状斑驳病毒(Sweet potato feathery mottle virus,SPFMV)、甘薯褪绿矮化病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus,SPCSV)、甘薯G病毒(Sweet potato virus G,SPVG)、甘薯C病毒(Sweet potato virus C,SPVC)、甘薯2号病毒(Sweet potato virus 2)、甘薯褪绿斑病毒(Sweet potato chlorotic fleck virus,SPCFV)、甘薯潜隐病毒(Sweet potato latent virus,SPLV)、甘薯轻型斑点病毒(Sweetpotatomildspeakingvirus,SPMSV)、黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus,CMV),3种DNA病毒:甘薯卷叶病毒(Sweet potato leaf curl virus,SPLCV),甘薯无症状1号病毒(Sweet potato symptomless virus 1,SPSMV-1),甘薯杆状DNA病毒B (SPBV-B)。SPFMV、SPCSV、SPVG和SPLCV检出率最高,分别为50.28%、41.90%、35.75%和24.58%,CMV检出率最低,为2.79%,未检测到甘薯C-6病毒(SweetpotatoC-6)和甘薯轻型斑驳病毒(Sweetpotatomild mottle virus,SPMMV)。福建甘薯主要以2-6种病毒复合侵染为主,单一侵染率占14.39%,2种以上复合侵染占85.61%。福建SPFMV分离物存在EA、O和RC3种株系,SPCSV分离物存在WA1种株系,未发现EA株系,甘薯卷叶病毒分属于2个不同的株系群。【结论】福建甘薯病毒种类多样,以复合侵染为主,且存在多种株系,遗传结构复杂。     

黄病毒NS2-3/NS3蛋白的结构与功能

猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)、牛病毒性腹泻病病毒(Bovine viral diarrhea virus,BVDV)和羊边界病病毒(Border disease virus,BDV)共同组成黄病毒科(Flaviviridae)的瘟病毒属(Pestivirus)。近年来,对该属病毒的核酸序列、蛋白结构、基因组片段及其表达产物功能     

An Experimental Study of a Concurrent Primary Infection with Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) and Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV) in Calves

Experimental infections with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) were performed to study the effect of concurrent BRSV and BVDV infections. Twelve seronegative calves, in 3 groups, were inoculated on a single occasion with pure BRSV (group A), BRSV and noncytopathogenic BVDV (group B) or mock infected (group C). Mild respiratory symptoms were recorded 4 to 5 days post inoculation (dpi) in group A and group B calves. One calf in group A was severely affected and required medical treatment. In group B, fever (40.7-41.4 °C) was prominent 7 to 8 dpi. Only calves in group B were BVDV positive in purified lymphocytes at 2 to 14 dpi and showed increased serum interferon levels, with a peak at 4 dpi, indicating BVDV to be responsible for inducing the rise. BRSV was detected in lung lavage fluids up to 7 dpi for group A calves, compared to 11 dpi for group B and calves in this group also seroconverted later displaying lower BRSV titers. The time lag before an antibody response and the titers recorded in group B, indicated that the duration of BVDV infection in lymphocytes negatively influenced the capacity to mount a BRSV antibody response. kw|Keywords|k]cattle; k]respiratory disease; k]interferon; k]PCR     

Bovine Gamma Delta T Cells Contribute to Exacerbated IL-17 Production in Response to Co-Infection with Bovine RSV and Mannheimia haemolytica

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in children under five years of age. IL-17 and Th17 responses are increased in children infected with HRSV and have been implicated in both protective and pathogenic roles during infection. Bovine RSV (BRSV) is genetically closely related to HRSV and is a leading cause of severe respiratory infections in young cattle. While BRSV infection in the calf parallels many aspects of human infection with HRSV, IL-17 and Th17 responses have not been studied in the bovine. Here we demonstrate that calves infected with BRSV express significant levels of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22; and both CD4 T cells and γδ T cells contribute to this response. In addition to causing significant morbidity from uncomplicated infections, BRSV infection also contributes to the development of bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC), a leading cause of morbidity in both beef and dairy cattle. BRDC is caused by a primary viral infection, followed by secondary bacterial pneumonia by pathogens such as Mannheimia haemolytica. Here, we demonstrate that in vivo infection with M. haemolytica results in increased expression of IL-17, IL-21 and IL-22. We have also developed an in vitro model of BRDC and show that co-infection of PBMC with BRSV followed by M. haemolytica leads to significantly exacerbated IL-17 production, which is primarily mediated by IL-17-producing γδ T cells. Together, our results demonstrate that calves, like humans, mount a robust IL-17 response during RSV infection; and suggest a previously unrecognized role for IL-17 and γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of BRDC.     

Viral and Bacterial Pathogens in Bovine Respiratory Disease in Finland

Pathogens causing bovine respiratory tract disease in Finland were investigated. Eighteen cattle herds with bovine respiratory disease were included. Five diseased calves from each farm were chosen for closer examination and tracheobronchial lavage. Blood samples were taken from the calves at the time of the investigation and from 86 calves 3–4 weeks later. In addition, 6–10 blood samples from animals of different ages were collected from each herd, resulting in 169 samples. Serum samples were tested for antibodies to bovine parainfluenza virus-3 (PIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine coronavirus (BCV), bovine adenovirus-3 (BAV-3) and bovine adenovirus-7 (BAV-7). About one third of the samples were also tested for antibodies to bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV) with negative results. Bacteria were cultured from lavage fluid and in vitro susceptibility to selected antimicrobials was tested. According to serological findings, PIV-3, BAV-7, BAV-3, BCV and BRSV are common pathogens in Finnish cattle with respiratory problems. A titre rise especially for BAV-7 and BAV-3, the dual growth of Mycoplasma dispar and Pasteurella multocida, were typical findings in diseased calves. Pasteurella sp. strains showed no resistance to tested antimicrobials. Mycoplasma bovis and Mannheimia haemolytica were not found.     

Chimeric bovine respiratory syncytial virus with attachment and fusion glycoproteins replaced by bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and fusion proteins

Chimeric bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV) expressing glycoproteins of bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (BPIV-3) instead of BRSV glycoproteins were generated from cDNA. In the BRSV antigenome cDNA, the open reading frames of the major BRSV glycoproteins, attachment protein G and fusion protein F, were replaced individually or together by those of the BPIV-3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and/or fusion (F) glycoproteins. Recombinant virus could not be recovered from cDNA when the BRSV F open reading frame was replaced by the BPIV-3 F open reading frame. However, cDNA recovery of the chimeric virus rBRSV-HNF, with both glycoproteins replaced simultaneously, and of the chimeric virus rBRSV-HN, with the BRSV G protein replaced by BPIV-3 HN, was successful. The replication rates of both chimeras were similar to that of standard rBRSV. Moreover, rBRSV-HNF was neutralized by antibodies specific for BPIV-3, but not by antibodies specific to BRSV, demonstrating that the BRSV glycoproteins can be functionally replaced by BPIV-3 glycoproteins. In contrast, rBRSV-HN was neutralized by BRSV-specific antisera, but not by BPIV-3 specific sera, showing that infection of rBRSV-HN is mediated by BRSV F. Hemadsorption of cells infected with rBRSV-HNF and rBRSV-HN proved that BPIV-3 HN protein expressed by rBRSV is functional. Colocalization of the BPIV-3 glycoproteins with BRSV M protein was demonstrated by confocal laser scan microscopy. Moreover, protein analysis revealed that the BPIV-3 glycoproteins were present in chimeric virions. Taken together, these data indicate that the heterologous glycoproteins were not only expressed but were incorporated into the envelope of recombinant BRSV. Thus, the envelope glycoproteins derived from a member of the Respirovirus genus can together functionally replace their homologs in a Pneumovirus background.     

Serological status for N. caninum, bovine viral diarrhea virus, and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus at pregnancy testing and reproductive performance in beef herds

Neospora caninum, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) are important differentials for the diagnosis of infectious reproductive loss in beef herds. The objective of this study was to describe the serological status of both pregnant and non-pregnant beef cows from herds with varying levels of reproductive success. The study provided an opportunity to examine whether there were any associations between serological status for BVDV, IBR, and N. caninum and pregnancy status, as well as the subsequent risk of abortion, or stillbirth. Samples were collected from 2516 cows and heifers from 66 herds; 31 herds where the proportion pregnant was <90% and 35 randomly selected herds where the proportion pregnant was ≥90%. Of these samples 5.9% were positive for antibodies to N. caninum, 20.4% had titres >1:80 to IBR, 91.8% had titres ≥1:256 to BVDV type 1, and 23.9% had titres ≥1:256 to BVDV type 2. N. caninum antibody concentration was associated with an increased individual animal risk of non-pregnancy (OR_log S/P, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2–2.9) and abortion (OR_pos/neg, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.1–7.5). The proportion of animals at pregnancy testing with antibodies to BVDV type 2 above 1:3000 (OR_{10% change in prevalence}, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5–3.5) was also associated with an increased risk of abortion. No other measures of antibody status were associated with reduced reproductive performance in this group of herds. Antibodies to Mycobacterium avium spp.paratuberculosis were also measured; 0.7% of samples were positive (sample to positive (S/P) >0.25) and 3.6% were suspicious (S/P, 0.10–0.25).     

Akkermansia与高原牛肺水肿病相关性研究

【目的】本文通过对高原牛胃肠道菌群结构组成的分析,从微生物学角度探讨Akkermansia与高原牛肺水肿病的关系。【方法】本研究以沈阳地区健康娟姗牛为对照,以引进入拉萨半年的健康娟姗牛、拉萨本地健康黄牛以及引进入拉萨半年患肺水肿病的娟姗牛的粪便作为分析样本,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术测定样本中微生物16S rRNA基因V3–V4区序列,通过比较4种粪便样本菌群组成及丰度的差异,探讨Akkermansia与高原牛肺水肿病的相关性。【结果】Verrucomicrobia中Akkermansia在拉萨本地健康黄牛的胃肠道中的含量显著高于引进入拉萨半年的健康娟姗牛,在引进入拉萨半年患肺水肿病的娟姗牛胃肠道中的含量显著高于引进入拉萨半年的健康娟姗牛。在属水平上,沈阳地区健康娟姗牛胃肠道菌群中Akkermansia丰度占比为0.07%;引进入拉萨半年的健康娟姗牛胃肠道菌群中Akkermansia丰度占比为0.09%;拉萨本地黄牛胃肠道菌群中Akkermansia丰度占比为6.62%,是优势菌属;引进入拉萨半年的患肺水肿病的娟姗牛胃肠道菌群中Akkermansia丰度占比为11.85%,且是第一优势菌属。【结论】首次从微生物学角度探讨Akkermansia与高原牛肺水肿病的关系,为将Akkermansia丰度作为诊断肺水肿病的监测指标提供参考,但具体丰度值还有待进一步研究。     

Body mass index and relative handgrip strength are associated with the prevalence of hypertension in Korean elderly: Korean national fitness assessment in 2019

[Purpose]This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of hypertension according to the body mass index (BMI) and relative handgrip strength (RHGS) among elderly individuals in Korea. [Methods]We analyzed the data of 44,183 Korean elderly individuals over 65 years old (men: n = 15,798, age = 73.31 ± 5.04 years, women: n = 28,385, age = 72.14 ± 5.04 years) obtained from the Korean National Fitness Assessment in 2019. All the participants were categorized into three groups according to the BMI and RHGS; additionally, one-way ANOVA and logistic regression analysis were performed. [Results]Overweight (men: 1.16 odds ratio [OR] 1.06–1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]; women: 1.15 OR, 1.07–1.23 95% CI) and obese (men: 1.54 OR, 1.42–1.66 95% CI; women: 1.44 OR, 1.36–1.53 95% CI) elderly individuals showed a higher prevalence of hypertension than elderly individuals with normal weight, after controlling for age. In men, a lower RHGS was associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension after controlling for age (weak RHGS: 1.09 OR, 1.00–1.17 95% CI; middle RHGS: 1.21 OR, 1.12–1.31 95% CI vs. strong RHGS). [Conclusion]A higher BMI was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in the elderly Korean population. In addition, a lower RHGS was associated with the prevalence of hypertension in elderly Korean men.     

Spatial patterns of Bovine Corona Virus and Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus in the Swedish beef cattle population

Background  

Both bovine coronavirus (BCV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infections are currently wide-spread in the Swedish dairy cattle population. Surveys of antibody levels in bulk tank milk have shown very high nationwide prevalences of both BCV and BRSV, with large variations between regions. In the Swedish beef cattle population however, no investigations have yet been performed regarding the prevalence and geographical distribution of BCV and BRSV. A cross-sectional serological survey for BCV and BRSV was carried out in Swedish beef cattle to explore any geographical patterns of these infections.     

Single Pathogen Challenge with Agents of the Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex

Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in cattle; costing the dairy and beef industries millions of dollars annually, despite the use of vaccines and antibiotics. BRDC is caused by one or more of several viruses (bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpes type 1 also known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and bovine viral diarrhea virus), which predispose animals to infection with one or more bacteria. These include: Pasteurella multocida, Mannheimia haemolytica, Mycoplasma bovis, and Histophilus somni. Some cattle appear to be more resistant to BRDC than others. We hypothesize that appropriate immune responses to these pathogens are subject to genetic control. To determine which genes are involved in the immune response to each of these pathogens it was first necessary to experimentally induce infection separately with each pathogen to document clinical and pathological responses in animals from which tissues were harvested for subsequent RNA sequencing. Herein these infections and animal responses are described.