不同罗汉果品种组培苗产量与质量性状的比较研究

以罗汉果组培苗的单株产量、果实大小、罗汉果总皂苷以及皂苷V的含量作为罗汉果药材产量和质量的评价指标,通过田间随机区组试验对不同罗汉果品种组培苗产量进行统计分析,并采用分光光度法和HPLC法分别对罗汉果总皂苷和罗汉果皂苷V的含量进行测定。结果显示,不同罗汉果品种组培苗在产量和质量性状上有显著差异。青皮果组培苗的产量较高,果实较大,罗汉果总皂苷和皂苷V含量也较高,适于大面积推广。     

酶水解百分之五十罗汉果皂苷V方法学研究

罗汉果是我国常用的一种中药,用于治疗干咳、口腔溃疡及便秘等,罗汉果皂苷是罗汉果果实中的主要药效物质,为一类葫芦烷三萜皂苷类化合物。由于个别罗汉果低糖皂苷在罗汉果中含量较低,因而难以对这些皂苷有效地进一步进行代谢或药理等研究。该研究采用RP-HPLC监测50%罗汉果皂苷V的水解过程,并对其水解条件进行正交实验优化其组合,建立了酶水解50%罗汉果皂苷V以获取罗汉果次级皂苷的方法。结果表明:酶水解50%罗汉果皂苷V获得罗汉果皂苷IIIE、III、IVE和赛门苷I等次级皂苷的最佳水解条件是pH值为5.6的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲体系,反应温度为55 ℃,β-葡聚糖酶活性浓度为40万U·L^-1,罗汉果皂苷V的反应浓度为0.2 g·L^-1,水解时间为10 h。经多次验证,该水解条件重现性好,可用于从50%罗汉果皂苷V中水解制备罗汉果皂苷IIIE、III、IVE和赛门苷I等罗汉果皂苷。该研究结果为进一步水解其他罗汉果次级皂苷提供了依据。     

酶水解百分之五十罗汉果皂苷Ⅴ方法学研究

罗汉果是我国常用的一种中药,用于治疗干咳、口腔溃疡及便秘等,罗汉果皂苷是罗汉果果实中的主要药效物质,为一类葫芦烷三萜皂苷类化合物。由于个别罗汉果低糖皂苷在罗汉果中含量较低,因而难以对这些皂苷有效地进一步进行代谢或药理等研究。该研究采用RP-HPLC监测50%罗汉果皂苷V的水解过程,并对其水解条件进行正交实验优化其组合,建立了酶水解50%罗汉果皂苷V以获取罗汉果次级皂苷的方法。结果表明:酶水解50%罗汉果皂苷V获得罗汉果皂苷ⅢE、Ⅲ、ⅣE和赛门苷I等次级皂苷的最佳水解条件是p H值为5.6的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲体系,反应温度为55℃,β-葡聚糖酶活性浓度为40万U·L-1,罗汉果皂苷V的反应浓度为0.2 g·L-1,水解时间为10 h。经多次验证,该水解条件重现性好,可用于从50%罗汉果皂苷V中水解制备罗汉果皂苷ⅢE、Ⅲ、ⅣE和赛门苷I等罗汉果皂苷。该研究结果为进一步水解其他罗汉果次级皂苷提供了依据。     

新鲜罗汉果风味成分的GC-MS分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对新鲜罗汉果的乙醚萃取物的风味成分进行分析,并结合计算机检索对其化学成分进行分析和鉴定,结果显示:从新鲜罗汉果风味物质中分离出42个组分,并鉴定出其中的26个化合物,占风味挥发油色谱峰面积的83.69％.用气相色谱峰面积归一化法测定了各组分的相对质量分数,新鲜罗汉果风味挥发油中相对质量分数较高的...     

龙胜县丘陵山区土壤与罗汉果重金属含量及潜在生态危害评价——以宝赠村为例

桂林市龙胜县作为罗汉果的三大主产区之一,种植区土壤重金属含量及罗汉果质量影响到该区罗汉果产业的健康发展.为探索龙胜县丘陵山区典型贫困村罗汉果园的安全性,该文研究了宝赠村典型罗汉果园土壤及罗汉果果实中砷、铜、锌、铅、镉、铬、汞7种重金属含量,并采用Hankanson指数法分析了其潜在生态风险.结果表明:(1)龙胜丘陵山区...     

罗汉果组培苗规范化种植生产操作规程(SOP)

该操作规程明确了罗汉果组培苗的种质特征、产地环境、栽培技术措施、质量标准以及采收加工、包装、储运方法等,侧重规范了肥水管理、整形修剪、病虫害防治等关键种植环节和罗汉果总甙含量测定方法,为罗汉果的标准化生产和现代化质量管理提供了操作依据。     

遮荫处理对罗汉果果肉组织中罗汉果苷和糖分含量的影响

该研究以罗汉果品种“永青1号”为材料,在果实发育后期进行不同强度的遮荫处理,测定遮荫处理下果肉组织中罗汉果苷各组分含量、各种糖分的积累及其相关糖代谢酶活性、叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明：重度遮荫(70％遮荫)会导致果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量显著提高,遮荫60 d(授粉后90 d),对照与70％遮荫处理果实中罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ含量分别为4.83％、5.79％,差异达极显著水平( P<0.01);70％遮荫处理下果实中葡萄糖、果糖含量也明显高于对照( P<0.05)。与罗汉果甜苷Ⅴ、葡萄糖、果糖含量的变化不同,遮荫60 d,70％遮荫处理下罗汉果果实中可溶性糖、蔗糖的含量分别显著(P<0.05)和极显著(P<0.01)低于对照。另外,遮荫处理导致罗汉果叶片净光合速率下降,遮荫40 d,70％遮荫处理下叶片的净光合速率显著低于对照( P<0.05)。综上说明,重度遮荫处理可以引起罗汉果果实品质的改变;光合速率下降是遮荫处理下可溶性糖含量降低的主要原因;SPS、AI、SSC活性的改变则是遮荫导致蔗糖含量降低及葡萄糖、果糖含量上升的重要因素;重度遮荫条件下,荫棚中温度降低可能是罗汉果果实中甜苷Ⅴ含量增高的关键诱因。该研究结果为罗汉果的生产及品质调控提供了理论依据。     

不同生长周期的罗汉果鲜果中甜甙V和总黄酮含量变化规律研究

通过使用HPLC法对不同生长周期的罗汉果鲜果中罗汉果甜甙V和总黄酮的含量进行测定,总结出罗汉果中罗汉果甜甙V和总黄酮含量的变化规律,并对二者进行比较研究,结果表明坐果50d后,罗汉果甜甙Ⅴ的增加比较快,80d后,罗汉果甜甙Ⅴ的含量趋于稳定;随着生长周期的增加,罗汉果总黄酮的含量增加,40～50d中增长最快,坐果约50d后达到最高值,从60d开始总黄酮的含量迅速下降到20d水平,然后趋于稳定。     

罗汉果转抗病基因NPR1的研究

以罗汉果子叶为外植体,研究了影响根癌农杆菌介导的罗汉果遗传转化的若干因素,建立了罗汉果遗传转化体系.结果表明,5 d苗龄的子叶、预培养1 d、侵染20 min、共培养4 d、共培养温度22℃、AS100μmol/L、Hy浓度不定芽筛选为10 mg/L,生根筛选为20 mg/L转化率最高.抗性苗经PCR和Southern...     

酶催化糖基转移反应在改善罗汉果苦味皂苷口味中的应用

罗汉果皂苷Ⅱ是罗汉果嫩果的主要皂苷成分,味道极苦,在罗汉果生产季节的末期大量滞长果(苦果)因为天气原因而产生,这些滞长果因体内的苦味皂苷尚未转化为甜味皂苷而被丢弃;另外,在罗汉果甜苷提取行业中,脱苦工艺同样会产生大量的苦味罗汉果皂苷Ⅱ。但在化学结构上,罗汉果苦味皂苷与甜味皂苷拥有完全相同的苷元部分,仅存在葡萄糖残基数目和位置的差别。该研究通过酶催化糖基转移反应将新的葡萄糖基团引入苦味的罗汉果皂苷Ⅱ中,可以延长其糖链,从而达到改善其口味的目的。该研究从原料选择、糖源选择以及反应温度等多方面考察了反应条件,最终确定的反应最佳条件为纯度在50%以上的罗汉果皂苷Ⅱ、2倍于皂苷重量的淀粉、60 U·g-1罗汉果苦味皂苷的酶、60~65℃反应24 h。经实际罗汉果苦果样品验证了方法的可行性,所获得的产品可以完全消除苦味,并且带有淡淡的甜味,经HPLC-MS确定了所获得的微甜产物为3~6个糖的皂苷混合物。该方法对于目前罗汉果生产中大量出现并被遗弃的嫩果、苦果以及脱苦工艺中产生的罗汉果皂苷Ⅱ而言,是一种潜在的实现废物利用的方法。     

从罗汉果渣中提取水不溶性膳食纤维的研究

采用化学法、酶法、酶与化学结合法从罗汉果渣中提取水不溶性膳食纤维,并且对三种提取方法所得的水不溶性膳食纤维产品特性进行了分析比较。研究结果表明,采用酶与化学结合法提取到的水不溶性膳食纤维产品纯度最高、生理活性最好,产率为87.15％,蛋白质含量为2.03％,持水力与膨胀力分别为3.807 g·g-1和1.69 mL·g-1。但从成本和实用方面考虑,还是以化学法为宜。     

制备高分辨植物SEM样品的微波浸软法

微波辐射浸软法是一种简单、快速制备高分辨植物扫描电镜样品的方法。经冰冻断裂处理后的样品,利用断续微波辐射浸软,既可阻止浸软溶液温度陡然升高,不使植物结构受到破坏,又可使浸软时间显著缩短,由原来的72小时变为30分钟。因为断续的微波辐射能保持较低的炉内温度,所以它不仅能很好地适用于扫描电镜样品制备过程中的浸软,而且也适用于样品固定、导电染色等。此法大大缩短了O-D-O法的制样周期。     

NEWER METHODS FOR SELECTION OF PATIENTS FOR LUMBAR SYMPATHECTOMY

The degree of vasodilatation achieved by various diagnostic methods (arterial occlusion, ganglionic block established by certain agents, lumbar sympathetic block, spinal anesthesia, and indirect heating) was studied by means of the pneumo-plethysmogram as well as through readings of skin temperature and skin resistance. The data obtained were interpreted as to their value in determining the type of patient with vascular disease for whom lumbar sympathectomy would be of noticeable benefit. Arterial occlusion proved itself a rapid and simple method which in most patients produced satisfactory results. As a rule, lumbar sympathectomy was effective in patients who preoperatively had shown a positive response upon release of arterial occlusion. A negative response, that is, absence of significant increase in blood flow, does not necessarily indicate organic disease, and cannot be taken to mean that lumbar sympathectomy would always be ineffective. Ganglionic block, using 2.6 dimethyl piperidinium bromide or tetraethylammonium ion, was generally less reliable in indicating the probable results of sympathectomy than lumbar sympathetic block or indirect heating. Lumbar sympathetic block with procaine was followed by a greater increase in skin temperature and blood flow than spinal anesthesia, and permitted far more accurate conclusions as to the probable outcome of sympathectomy. Subsequent to indirect heating the plethysmogram showed characteristic differences depending on the degree of vascular disease present. From the effect of this simple, safe and painless method upon the relative blood flow to the toe it becomes possible to arrive at a comparatively accurate estimate of the clinical benefit to be expected from lumbar sympathectomy.     

害虫防治用玫烟色拟青霉分生孢子粉的干燥工艺优化*

用液—固两相法生产的玫烟色拟青霉Paecilomyces fumosoroseus Pfr116菌株的分生孢子粉,在高真空冷冻干燥、高真空室温抽干、35℃下烘干和低真空低热干燥条件下进行不同程序的干燥处理,以筛选适合该菌孢子粉生产的干燥工艺条件。结果表明,低真空(0.1 MPa)低热(30℃)抽干20~24 h的干燥方法最适合用于该菌孢子粉的干燥,既能保证含水量在9.0%以下,又能保证87%以上的活孢率和1130亿~1310亿/g的含孢量,而且操作简便,成本较低,可作为高纯度孢子粉生产的首选干燥工艺。高真空(15.86 Pa)条件下无论冻干还是室温抽干,虽然孢子粉的含水量(2.2%~8.7%)和含孢量(1270亿~1360亿/g)指标符合生产要求,但活孢率仅62%,说明该菌孢子不适合在高真空条件下干燥。在35℃下烘干24 h所获孢子粉含水量、24 h萌发率和含孢量分别为9.6%、82.8%和1200亿/g,该方法也可在生产中应用,但其活孢率显著低于(P<0.05)低真空低热抽干24 h的孢子粉。     

TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR HEART BEAT FREQUENCY IN MICE

An apparatus is described which permits the simultaneous recording of body temperature and heart beat frequency in young mice. When heart beat frequency is related to body temperature the values of the temperature characteristic for the inbred albino strain used are 22,400– calories over the range 15 to 20°+, 16,000± calories from 20+ to 27°, and 11,000± calories from 27 to 35°+.     

银桂初花物候期的气候条件

根据江苏省苏州市东山县1956~1984年和1999~2003年银桂(Osmanthus fragrans)物候资料和同期气象资料,应用数理统计方法分析了银桂初花的气候指标,发现银桂初花期与初花前最低气温和相对湿度关系密切。早银桂初花的气候指标为:日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定≤23.0 ℃,同时日最低气温<22.0 ℃,满足这指标之后3~12 d早银桂初花;或当日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定在23.0~25.5 ℃,同时日平均相对湿度≥88%连续在3 d(包括3 d)以上,在这日期之后的12 d内早银桂初花。晚银桂初花的气候指标为:当日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定≤20 ℃,同时日最低气温<19.5 ℃,满足这指标后4~12 d晚银桂初花;或当日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定在20.0~21.5 ℃,同时日平均相对湿度≥88%连续在3 d(包括3 d)以上,在这日期之后的6 d内晚银桂初花。日最低气温10 d滑动平均稳定>25.5 ℃时,早银桂不开花;日最低气温9 d滑动平均稳定>21.5 ℃时,晚银桂不开花。晚银桂和早银桂初花期存在显著的相关,相关系数为0.443 8(n=34),平均初花期晚银桂比早银桂迟15 d。由于受全球气候变暖的影响,1999~2003年苏州东山地区银桂类初花期比1956~1984年推迟了7~8 d。     

A CONVENIENT SHAKING MACHINE FOR GROWING MICRO-ORGANISMS

SUMMARY: Details are given for the construction of a simple reciprocal shaking machine for use in small constant temperature rooms. It is particularly useful for the uniform growth of pellicle forming organisms.     

TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR PULSATION FREQUENCY IN GONIONEMUS

The frequency of contraction of the bell of Gonionemus was studied in relation to temperature, with intact animals and also where different operations were made on the nervous system. A number of values of µ are found for intact animals namely 8,100±, 10,500±, 32,000± and 22,500±, with critical temperatures at 9.6°, 12.3°, and 14.0°. Four different classes of operations were used: (1) Animals where the nerve ring was cut on two opposite sides of the bell; the µ values found are 10,500± and 21,300±, with a critical temperature at 13.4°. (2) Animals with four cuts through the nerve ring gave µ = 10,600 ± and µ = 21,000, with a critical temperature at 13.1°. (3) In animals where the bell was cut in half the temperature characteristic was found to be 16,900. And finally (4) in the animals where the nerve ring was totally removed µ values of 8,100, 16,000±, and 29,000 were found, with critical temperatures at 15.0° and 9.4°. These results are discussed from the standpoint of the theory which supposes that definite "temperature characteristics" may be associated with the functional activity of particular elements in a complex functional unit, and that these elements may be separately studied and identified by suitable experimental procedures involving the magnitudes of the respective temperature characteristics and the locations of associated critical temperatures. The swimming bell of medusæ with its marginal sense organs permits a fairly direct approach to such questions. It is found that even slight injuries to the marginal nerve ring, for example, produce specific modifications in the temperature relations which are different from those appearing when the organism is cut in half.     

TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS FOR SPEED OF MOVEMENT OF THIOBACTERIA

The speed of translatory movement of Beggiatoa alba is governed by temperature in such a way that between 5° and 33° the temperature characteristics µ = 16,100 and µ = 8,400 respectively obtain for the temperature ranges 5° to 16.5° and 16.5° to 33°. The "break" at 16°–17° is emphasized by the occurrence of a wider latitude of variation in speed above this temperature. Above 16° the progression of Thiothrix yields µ = 8,300. The possible relation of these values to that previously obtained for similar movement in (photosynthetic) Oscillatoria is commented upon.     

CRITICAL THERMAL INCREMENT FOR THE MOVEMENT OF OSCILLATORIA

In a species of Oscillatoria exhibiting movement of type suitable for exact measurement the velocity of linear translatory motion is found to be controlled by the temperature (6 – 36°C.) in accordance with Arrhenius'' equation for irreversible reactions. The value of the critical increment (µ) is 9,240. The extreme variates in series of measurements at different temperatures yield the same value of µ. The velocity of movement is therefore regarded as determined by the velocity of an underlying chemical process, controlled by the temperature and by the amount of a substance (? catalyst) whose effective quantity at any moment varies within definite limits in different filaments of the alga. On the basis of its temperature characteristic the locomotion of Oscillatoria is compared with certain other processes for which this constant is calculated.