蟾蜍心肌肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量

用放射配基结合分析法,研究了不同温度条件下蟾蜍心脏各部位肾上腺素能受体的类型和含量。结果表明,常温蟾蜍心肌膜在37℃同β-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢心得舒(~3H-DHA)的最大结合(B_(max))及Kd值分别为:全心,55.11±6.22fmol/mg蛋白及2.15±0.42nmol/L;窦房,55.80±7.03fmol/mg蛋白及2.65±0.37 nmol/L;心室,54.27±3.06 fmol/mg蛋白及1.84±0.14 nmol/L,同样温度条件下,窦房及心室心肌膜同α-受体的特异性标记配基~3H-双氢麦角隐亭(~3H-DHE)没有特异性结合,经过5—8℃,10d以上低温服习的蟾蜍,在10℃测试,其α-,β-受体的结合量和亲和力无异于常温蟾蜍。上述结果提示,蟾蜍心肌只有β-受体,温度对受体的类型和含量无明显影响,这种受体类型和含量在相当大的温度范围内保持不变。     

M-胆碱药物对大鼠皮层、腮腺和豚鼠小肠纵肌中 M-乙酰胆碱受体的作用比较

本文应用[~3H]-QNB 为放射性配基,研究 M-胆碱激动剂或阻滞剂对大鼠脑皮层、腮腺和豚鼠小肠纵肌中 M-乙酰胆碱受体竞争结合的影响。经量-效比式计算后,证明它们的作用斜率(b)约为1,表明它们作用在相同的 M-乙酰胆碱受体。阻滞剂对皮层中 M-胆碱受体的抑制结合强度次序为:QNB>阿托品,东莨菪碱>苯海索>M-8218>B-7601>M-8225>7911;而它们对腮腺中 M-乙酰胆碱受体的抑制作用次序有明显不同,即 M-8218>QNB>7911>M-8225>B-7601>苯海索>阿托品>东莨菪碱,其中阿托品和东莨菪碱的抑制结合强度分别为皮层的1/111和1/315。这提示不同靶细胞中的 M-乙酰胆碱受体与相同配基结合时有不同的专一性。试验证明包公藤甲素抑制[~3H]-QNB 的结合作用与毛果芸香碱相似,它们均为激动剂,对受体的亲和力比阻滞剂弱1000倍左右。     

小鼠脾细胞糖皮质激素受体的鉴定及其半衰期的测定

用[~3H]Dex作为配体,证实小鼠游离脾细胞有[~3H]Dex特异结合部位,该部位有低容量(表观结合容量为10.70±2.35 fmol/10~6个细胞)、高亲和力(表观平衡解离常数为6.37±1.97 nM)、甾体结合特异性等特点,具备了作为GCR的基本判据。用CYCLO抑制蛋白合成的方法,测定了该GCR的半衰期。在蛋白质合成被抑制70%的情况下,GCR的半衰期为1.6±0.5h,降解速度常数为0.455±0.132h~(-1),表明GCR是代谢活跃的蛋白质,提示GCR不仅是激素信息的接受者和传递者,而且可能是激素反应的调节者。     

糖皮质激素受体的光亲和标记

利用[~3H]去炎松缩酮([~3H]TA)进行了糖皮质激素受体(GCR)的光亲和标记。[~3H]TA和GCR共价交联的证据有:(1)光照后,10％的三氯醋酸不能使[~3H]TA和GCR解离;(2)SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳时,有单一的放射活性峰;(3)用地塞米松保护后,GCR不被标记。采用本方法测定的GCR分子量为94000±3000 dalton,该方法可用于GCR分子量的测定、提纯和配基结合区的分析。     

大鼠肝脏细胞核糖皮质激素受体的测定

低浓度25nM以下的[~3H]皮质酮和大鼠肝脏细胞核的特异结台位点具有低容量、高亲和力,和甾体激素结合的特异性等特点,其特异结合量和由胞浆转位到核内的糖皮质激素——受体复合物的量平行,证明该结合位点是具有生理意义的糖皮质激素核受体。实验表明,用20nM的[~3H]皮质酮作一点分析是测定大鼠肝脏细胞核糖皮质激素受体的简便方法。用此法测定了13只成年雌性大鼠肝脏细胞核内的糖皮质激素受体,结果为34.5±4.5fmol/mg DNA。     

胰岛素对糖皮质激素受体的调节作用

在人体白细胞培养基质中加入不同浓度的胰岛素,3h 和24h 后以[~3H]标记的地塞米松([~3H] Dex)特异结合力为指标,研究了胰岛素对糖皮质激素受体(GR)的抑制作用。在基质中分别加入 20mU/L(生理浓度),200mU/L(生理调节时最高血浓度)及2000mU/L(药理浓度),3h 后和不含胰岛素的对照值比,[~3H] Dex 的特异结合力分别减少23.3±10.0,32.2±13.2及54.3±9.2%(P>0.05,P>0.05及P<0.01;24h 后,和对照值相比,特异结合力分别减少43.5±19.0,56.1±20.7和80.2±15.5(P<0.05,P7<0.01,P<0.01)。胰岛素对 GR 特异结合力的抑制效应呈剂量和时间依赖性,它提示了胰岛素浓度在生理条件下对 GR 有紧张性调控作用。     

[~(125)I]BE 2254能鉴定兔主动脉平滑肌的α_1肾上腺受体

α肾上腺受体在调节血管张力和反应性方面,可能行使重要的作用。血管α肾上腺受体的药物学特性,过去是通过血管的收缩,间接反应的,因此,对血管α肾上腺受体的生物化学特性及其调节作用仍不太清楚。近年来,由于放射性配基结合技术的迅速发展,改进了肾上腺受体的研究。已采用的氚标记α配基有[~3H]dihydroergocryptine、[~3H]yohimbine、[~3H]WB 4101。1981年Colucci等用放射性配基成功地测定了大鼠肠系膜动脉的α受体,发现它是α_1亚型。但由于氚标记的放射性配基相对特异性小、比放射性低、测定动脉平滑肌受体时需要大量的血管组织来制备膜受体,这对于一些小型实验动物,存在不少困难。最近,Tsujimoto等报道了一种新型的、高特异性的、有效的、同位素碘标记的α配基——[~(125)I]BE 2254。药理学实验说明,BE 2254对α_1受体有优先的抑制作用,用~(125)I标记的化合物,更增加了对α_1肾上腺受体     

亲和层析法分离大鼠脂肪细胞膜上腺苷A_1受体

本文采用腺苷亲和层析法从大鼠脂肪细胞膜上分离出了一种亚基分子量为38kD的腺苷结合蛋白质。此蛋白在SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上显示单一带,糖蛋白染色阳性;能与[8-~3H]腺苷特异结合(Kd=0.269nmol/L,Bmax=6.05pmol/mg.Pr);结合抑制实验表明它与腺苷A_1受体激动剂R-PIA、A_2受体激动剂NECA和腺苷的亲和力大小顺序为:R-PIA>腺苷>NECA。这表明所分离出的38kD蛋白是大鼠脂肪细胞膜上的腺苷A_1受体。     

氯化钠对培养的大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞的心房钠尿肽受体的调节

培养的卒中型自发性高血压大鼠(SHR_(sp))及其对照 WKY 大鼠主动脉平滑肌细胞(VSMC)上存在心房钠尿肽(ANP)的特异性受体,它们与~(125)I-ANP 的最大结合量(B_(max))是:SHR_(sp)3.65±0.13和 WKY 1.89±0.09 pmol/mg pr(P<0.01);解离平衡常数(Kd)值分别是72.6±10.2和42.0±4.8×10~(-12)mol/L(P<0.01)。 两种细胞内介导舒血管作用的第二信使、环磷酸乌苷(cGMP)的基础浓度无显著差异,对相同剂量 ANP 刺激引起 cGMP 分别增加139(SHRsp)和271(WKY)倍。可见 SHRsp 的 VSMC ANP 受体数量虽比 WKY大鼠增多,但对相同剂量 ANP 引起的 cGMP 增加反应及 ANP 受体的亲和力均显著降低。高盐培养液孵育24h 后,细胞表面 ANP 受体的亲和力改变不明显,但受体数量下调,SHRsp 和 WKY 大鼠分别降至对照的34.8±8.2%和38.6±9.4%,细胞对 ANP 引起的 cGMP增加反应明显降低,且均以 SHR_(sp)较显著。提示后两种变化可能在高盐促进血压升高的机制中起作用。     

大鼠骨骼肌组织雄激素受体结合容量测定方法

目的 :以3H testosterone(T)为配基 ,测定大鼠骨骼肌胞浆中的雄激素受体结合容量。方法 :测定温度为 4℃ ,同位素配基的饱和浓度为 5 0 pmol/ml;肌组织以 4倍 (重量 /体积 )缓冲液稀释 ,0～ 4℃温度下 10 80 0 0×g离心 1h ;孵育 18～ 2 4h。结果 :骨骼肌中雄激素受体的Kd =2 ,8× 10 9mol/ml。单点法与多点法之间无显著区别。     

Substituted phenyl as a steroid A-ring mimetic: Providing agonist activity to a class of arylsulfonamide nonsteroidal glucocorticoid ligands

A class of arylsulfonamide glucocorticoid receptor agonists that contains a substituted phenyl group as a steroid A-ring mimetic is reported. The structural design and SAR that provide the functional switching of a GR antagonist to an agonist is described. A combination of specific hydrogen bonding and lipophilic elements on the A-ring moiety is required to achieve potent GR agonist activity. This study culminated in the identification of compound 23 as a potent GR agonist with selectivity over the PR and MR nuclear hormone receptors.     

雄激素和雌激素受体药物筛选方法的研究进展

雄激素和雌激素受体通过与相应激素特异性结合促进细胞分化和组织生长,发挥重要的生理功能,其功能失调可诱发多种疾病。雄激素和雌激素受体的选择性调节剂是治疗相关疾病的重要药物。基于基因组学、分子生物学、细胞生物学和生物信息学等最新研究成果而发展形成的实验技术或方法被用于新型雄激素和雌激素受体调节剂的筛选,显著加快了新药开发的进程。     

The ecdysteroid receptor

Summary

The steroid molting hormone of insects and other arthropods regulates gene activity in target tissues through its association with a specific, high affinity receptor protein. In this review we summarize recent advances in several areas of ecdysteroid receptor research, including efforts to characterize and purify the receptor protein, cytochemical studies of its tissue distribution and subcellular localization during development, and current molecular genetic studies ecdysteroid action.     

Analysis of 3D models of octopus estrogen receptor with estradiol: evidence for steric clashes that prevent estrogen binding

Relatives of the vertebrate estrogen receptor (ER) are found in Aplysia californica, Octopus vulgaris, Thais clavigera, and Marisa cornuarietis. Unlike vertebrate ERs, invertebrate ERs are constitutively active and do not bind estradiol. To investigate the molecular basis of the absence of estrogen binding, we constructed a 3D model of the putative steroid-binding domain on octopus ER. Our 3D model indicates that binding of estradiol to octopus ER is prevented by steric clashes between estradiol and amino acids in the steroid-binding pocket. In this respect, octopus ER resembles vertebrate estrogen-related receptors (ERR), which have a ligand-binding pocket that cannot accommodate estradiol. Like ERR, octopus ER also may have the activation function 2 domain (AF2) in a configuration that can bind to coactivators in the absence of estrogens, which would explain constitutive activity of octopus ER.     

降钙素基因相关肽家族受体及其受体活性修饰蛋白

降钙素基因相关肽家族是一类多功能的激素家族 ,参与人体的多种生物学功能 ,与多种疾病有关。降钙素基因相关肽受体包括降钙素受体 (CTR)和降钙素受体样受体 (CRLR) ,CTR可以独自与降钙素结合 ,而CRLR必须与一组称作受体活性修饰蛋白 (RAMPs)的蛋白质共同作用才能发挥生物学功能。综述CTR的研究概况及CRLR与RAMPs相互作用的机制和表达调控 ,以期为人们设计新型药物提供参考。     

新型抗抑郁药物分子靶标研究进展

抑郁症是一种严重的精神障碍疾病,其发病机制复杂。近年来随着对抑郁症发病机制的深入研究,发现了一些基于非单胺递质的 新型抗抑郁药物分子靶标。综述N -甲基-D-天冬氨酸（NMDA）受体、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子（CRF）受体、阿片受体、γ-氨基丁 酸B(GABAB) 受体、乙酰胆碱受体等抗抑郁药物作用的新靶标及其相应分子机制研究进展,为开发高效、安全的抗抑郁症新药提供参考。     

Ago-Allosteric Modulation and Other Types of Allostery in Dimeric 7TM Receptors

Conventionally, an allosteric modulator is neutral in respect of efficacy and binds to a receptor site distant from the orthosteric site of the endogenous agonist. However, recently compounds being ago-allosteric modulators have been described i.e., compounds acting both as agonists on their own and as enhancers for the endogenous agonists in both increasing agonist potency and providing additive efficacy—superagonism. The additive efficacy can also be observed with agonists, which are neutral or even negative modulators of the potency of the endogenous ligand. Based on the prevailing dimeric concept for 7TM receptors, it is proposed that the ago-allosteric modulators bind in the orthosteric binding site, but–importantly–in the “other” or allosteric protomer of the dimer. Hereby, they can act both as additive co-agonists, and through intermolecular cooperative effects between the protomers, they may influence the potency of the endogenous agonist. It is of interest that at least some endogenous agonists can only occupy one protomer of a dimeric 7TM receptor complex at a time and thereby they leave the orthosteric binding site in the allosteric protomer free, potentially for binding of exogenous, allosteric modulators. If the allosteric modulator is an agonist, it is an ago-allosteric modulator; if it is neutral, it is a classical enhancer. Molecular mapping in hetero-dimeric class-C receptors, where the endogenous agonist clearly binds only in one protomer, supports the notion that allosteric modulators can act through binding in the “other” protomer. It is suggested that for the in vivo, clinical setting a positive ago-allosteric modulator should be the preferred agonist drug.     

Proteinase-activated receptors, nucleotide P2Y receptors, and μ-opioid receptor-1B are under the control of the type I transmembrane proteins p23 and p24A in post-Golgi trafficking

We recently characterized the proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), as the first cargo protein recognized by p24A. Here, we demonstrate that p24A binds to several other GPCRs, including PAR-1, the nucleotide receptors P2Y(1), P2Y(2), P2Y(4), and P2Y(11), as well as the μ-opioid receptor 1B. The acidic amino acid residues Glu and Asp at the second extracellular loop of GPCRs are essential for interaction with p24A. p23, another member of the p24 family, also interacts with GPCRs, similar to p24A. However, p23 shows a delayed dissociation from PAR-2 after activation of PAR-2, compared to the dissociation between PAR-2 and p24A. p24A and p23 arrest both P2Y(4) receptor and μ-opioid receptor 1B at the intracellular compartments, as observed for PAR-2. A comparable result was obtained when we studied primary rat astrocytes in culture. Over-expression of the N-terminal p24A fragment impairs PAR-2 resensitization in astrocytes that extends our findings to a native system. In summary, we demonstrate that p24A and p23 are specific cargo receptors of GPCRs and differentially control GPCR trafficking in the biosynthetic pathway, and thereby, p24A and p23 regulate GPCR signaling in astrocytes.     

The insulin-binding domain of insulin receptor is encoded by exon 2 and exon 3.

Insulin receptors are disulfide-linked oligotetramers composed of two heterodimers each containing a 130-kDa alpha subunit and a 90-kDa beta subunit. Insulin binds to the extracellular alpha subunit, and in the process stimulates the autophosphorylation of the beta subunit and the expression of tyrosine kinase activity. Studies combining the use of photoaffinity labeling and immunoprecipitation with anti-peptide antibody have directly demonstrated that the cysteine-rich domain, encoded by exon 3, in the alpha subunit is part of the insulin-binding site of the receptor. Experiments with chimeric insulin receptors and chimeric insulin-like growth factor I receptors have confirmed that the cysteine-rich domain constitutes a part of the insulin-binding site. In addition, results from these experiments suggest that the N-terminal sequence, encoded by exon 2, in the alpha subunit also participates in insulin binding. In this review it is proposed that, assuming two insulin-binding sites per each holoreceptor oligotetramer, each insulin-binding domain may contain respectively two sub-domains for hydrophobic and charge contact with insulin, and that high-affinity binding would require the interaction of both subunits with the possibility of each subunit reciprocally contributing one of the sub-domains.