生物波频效应的信息生化理论探讨

本文简要介绍了生物波频效应的研究概况,通过引用有关文献和研究结果,运用有关生化信息原理初步分析探讨了生物波频效应研究的特点,提出了应用生物波频效应进行生化信息研究的观点,核心问题,有关设想及应用前景。     

昆虫色素研究进展

昆虫体表具有丰富的色彩,这一优势有助于其更有效地实现性别识别、伪装警戒、趋敌避害等功能。相对于微纳米结构对昆虫体表色彩效应影响的研究,昆虫色素的研究相对较弱,而且一些已知的色素在成色机制中的作用也不是特别清楚。本文对昆虫色素的种类、存在部位、理化性质、部分目(11目300多种昆虫)中的色素、生物合成途径等进行了概述;对目前昆虫色素研究中存在的问题提出了可能的解决办法,并对昆虫色素的应用现状、研究意义及可能的仿生应用进行了总结和展望。     

昆虫色素研究进展

昆虫体表具有丰富的色彩,这一优势有助于其更有效地实现性别识别、伪装警戒、趋敌避害等功能。相对于微纳米结构对昆虫体表色彩效应影响的研究,昆虫色素的研究相对较弱,而且一些已知的色素在成色机制中的作用也不是特别清楚。本文对昆虫色素的种类、存在部位、理化性质、部分目(11目300多种昆虫)中的色素、生物合成途径等进行了概述;对目前昆虫色素研究中存在的问题提出了可能的解决办法,并对昆虫色素的应用现状、研究意义及可能的仿生应用进行了总结和展望。     

高压静电场在农业中的应用及其作用机理的物理微观解析

本文概括了近几十年来电场处理种子、分选种子、空间电场防病促生技术、电场果蔬保鲜的应用及其产生的电场生物学效应,同时阐述了电场生物效应作用机理及其研究现状.本文重点介绍了近年来一些物理学者对电场作用机理的物理微观解析一介质极化微观理论、一维自由谐振子能级理论、势垒贯穿理论等.指出了电场在农业中的应用非常广泛,但到目前为止对其作用机理还没有统一的理论解释.电场生物学效应作用机理的深入研究需要生物学者、化学学者和物理学者的密切合作.     

昆虫趋光性研究的回顾

利用昆虫的趋光性开展农林卫生害虫诱杀,一直是害虫绿色防控的组成部分。本文综述了昆虫的多种趋光性行为,昆虫趋光性机制—罗盘理论、马赫带效应理论和开放空间理论,对在物理、生物环境条件、光和光源属性条件下昆虫趋光的生态适应性,以及对昆虫抵达光源的位置和移动轨迹进行了讨论。     

应用灰色系统理论对二代棉铃虫进行预测

一、引言害虫种群数量的消长状况主要受生态和害虫自身的生物因素所制约。对于各种影响害虫种群数量消长的生态和生物因素来说,可由一系列表观的自然生态因素和害虫本身的生物因素所构成的指标群组合来刻画,每组指标群组合在客观上均反映了适宜害虫种群数量消长的程度。从而构成一组适宜害虫种群数量消长并反映诸生态和生物因素群体效应的生态条件。     

面部表情的阈下情绪启动效应及其机制

人类大脑是否可以加工阈下情绪信息?阈下情绪启动效应为此提供了直接证据。使用视觉掩蔽和连续闪烁抑制范式,以面部表情作为启动刺激的研究发现,个体在注意和记忆、社会性评价和行为倾向中都受先前启动刺激情绪属性的影响,即表现出了阈下情绪启动效应。还有研究发现,阈下面部表情增强了个体的皮肤电导水平和心血管系统反应。而神经机制的研究发现,阈下面部表情对目标刺激的早期知觉加工和晚期情绪意义分析产生了影响,杏仁核等脑区在其中具有重要作用。情绪优先假设和感受即信息理论分别从情绪系统领域特殊性和情绪归因的角度试图阐释该效应产生的机制。在总结和分析以往研究基础上,本文对这一领域的未来研究提出了具体建议。     

多尺度植物色彩表征及其与人体响应的关系

色彩是人们对植物外观的第一印象,与植物视觉特征和人体响应关系密切,因此,对森林美景度提升和公众适宜性契合具有重要作用。结合色彩学形成的历史关键节点和1个世纪以来植物色彩的研究动态,将植物色彩研究的发展历程划分为萌芽、形成、发展和繁荣等4个阶段,并简介了各阶段的主要特点。同时,从植物器官、植物个体、植物群体(涵盖种群和群落)、整体景观等4个视觉尺度以及审美、生理与心理等3个影响层面,阐述与评价了植物色彩传达机制与人体响应关系的相关研究。在此基础上,围绕植物色彩特征提取中存在的色彩要素定量、特征因子选取、色彩量化方法等方面的不足之处,对未来研究方向进行展望,提出植物色彩尺度与公众响应关系剖析、较大尺度色彩评价因子的深入挖掘、色彩量化方法的多学科融入、公众对植物色彩响应关系综合比对、森林景观美景度提升实践等5个方向的发展趋势,以期为全面地了解植物色彩的传达机制与影响、科学地开展不同精度和尺度下的植物色彩研究提供参考。     

情绪记忆权衡与拓宽效应及其认知神经机制

情绪图片能比中性图片产生更好的记忆效果。然而近年研究发现，对于复杂场景图片，情绪诱发的记忆增强并非单一的过程，而包含两个相反的现象：情绪信息既可能选择性地增强场景中具有情感色彩的中心记忆，并带来背景记忆的下降，诱发情绪记忆权衡效应；也可能同时增强中心和背景记忆，诱发情绪记忆拓宽效应。两种现象的发生取决于记忆信息特性（情绪效价、中心-背景联结程度）及记忆过程（编码、巩固和提取）相关的诸多因素，而其背后的机制仍未明晰。当前该领域存在情绪记忆权衡是否是一种不由注意所介导的自动化过程的争论，另有少数研究考察了与记忆权衡效应相关的脑网络，而针对记忆拓宽效应机制的研究仍较为匮乏。未来需从行为和神经层面，对比情绪诱发的记忆权衡与拓宽效应的发生机制，针对二者的自动化特性、涉及的记忆表征形式等问题深入研究，并将这些效应拓展至空间之外的维度，以系统揭示情绪信息选择性增强记忆现象背后的深层原因。     

五行色彩观及应用

五行文化是中国传统文化中的一个重要组成部分,它与古代的天文、历法、医学、建筑等方面的研究广泛联系,是研究传统文化不可忽视的一条脉络。其包含的五色学说更是早于西方色彩理论1000多年,且包含了中国人特有的宇宙观与哲学意味。文章还结合了五行色彩观及新中式居室风格的色彩观,以期从更新的角度论述中国的传统色彩观念。     

Individual Colorimetric Observer Model

This study proposes a vision model for individual colorimetric observers. The proposed model can be beneficial in many color-critical applications such as color grading and soft proofing to assess ranges of color matches instead of a single average match. We extended the CIE 2006 physiological observer by adding eight additional physiological parameters to model individual color-normal observers. These eight parameters control lens pigment density, macular pigment density, optical densities of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments, and λ_max shifts of L-, M-, and S-cone photopigments. By identifying the variability of each physiological parameter, the model can simulate color matching functions among color-normal populations using Monte Carlo simulation. The variabilities of the eight parameters were identified through two steps. In the first step, extensive reviews of past studies were performed for each of the eight physiological parameters. In the second step, the obtained variabilities were scaled to fit a color matching dataset. The model was validated using three different datasets: traditional color matching, applied color matching, and Rayleigh matches.     

Parallel application-level behavioral attributes for performance and energy management of high-performance computing systems

Run time variability of parallel applications continues to present significant challenges to their performance and energy efficiency in high-performance computing (HPC) systems. When run times are extended and unpredictable, application developers perceive this as a degradation of system (or subsystem) performance. Extended run times directly contribute to proportionally higher energy consumption, potentially negating efforts by applications, or the HPC system, to optimize energy consumption using low-level control techniques, such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS). Therefore, successful systemic management of application run time performance can result in less wasted energy, or even energy savings. We have been studying run time variability in terms of communication time, from the perspective of the application, focusing on the interconnection network. More recently, our focus has shifted to developing a more complete understanding of the effects of HPC subsystem interactions on parallel applications. In this context, the set of executing applications on the HPC system is treated as a subsystem, along with more traditional subsystems like the communication subsystem, storage subsystem, etc. To gain insight into the run time variability problem, our earlier work developed a framework to emulate parallel applications (PACE) that stresses the communication subsystem. Evaluation of run time sensitivity to network performance of real applications is performed with a tool called PARSE, which uses PACE. In this paper, we propose a model defining application-level behavioral attributes, that collectively describes how applications behave in terms of their run time performance, as functions of their process distribution on the system (spacial locality), and subsystem interactions (communication subsystem degradation). These subsystem interactions are produced when multiple applications execute concurrently on the same HPC system. We also revisit our evaluation framework and tools to demonstrate the flexibility of our application characterization techniques, and the ease with which attributes can be quantified. The validity of the model is demonstrated using our tools with several parallel benchmarks and application fragments. Results suggest that it is possible to articulate application-level behavioral attributes as a tuple of numeric values that describe course-grained performance behavior.     

The physiological basis of complementary and alternative medicines for polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperandrogenic anovulation leading to symptoms of hirsutism, acne, irregular menses, and infertility. Multiple metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors are associated with PCOS, including insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, inflammation, and subclinical atherosclerosis. However, current treatments for PCOS are only moderately effective at controlling symptoms and preventing complications. This article describes how the physiological effects of major complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) treatments could reduce the severity of PCOS and its complications. Acupuncture reduces hyperandrogenism and improves menstrual frequency in PCOS. Acupuncture's clinical effects are mediated via activation of somatic afferent nerves innervating the skin and muscle, which, via modulation of the activity in the somatic and autonomic nervous system, may modulate endocrine and metabolic functions in PCOS. Chinese herbal medicines and dietary supplements may also exert beneficial physiological effects in PCOS, but there is minimal evidence that these CAM treatments are safe and effective. Mindfulness has not been investigated in PCOS, but it has been shown to reduce psychological distress and exert positive effects on the central and autonomic nervous systems, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and immune system, leading to reductions in blood pressure, glucose, and inflammation. In conclusion, CAM treatments may have beneficial endocrine, cardiometabolic, and reproductive effects in PCOS. However, most studies of CAM treatments for PCOS are small, nonrandomized, or uncontrolled. Future well-designed studies are needed to further evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and mechanisms of CAM treatments for PCOS.     

Colorimetry for the Stain Technologist. I. The Specification of Color

This paper describes color specification for the stain technologist. The principles of color stimulus specification are reviewed in terms of the conventions of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). The text is largely self-contained and has been written so that it can be understood easily by a reader with no prior knowledge of color science. The paper starts with definitions of color and related psychological, psychophysical and colori-metric terms. X, Y, Z color space is described. It is shown that any color stimulus may be unambiguously defined in terms of a set of three numbers. The CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram is described. Worked examples are given for the calculation of tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates using three different illuminants. The usefulness of color specification is illustrated by a number of examples using Romanowsky stained blood cells or Papanicolaou stained epithelial cells from the uterine cervix.     

Colorimetry for the stain technologist. I. The specification of color

This paper describes color specification for the stain technologist. The principles of color stimulus specification are reviewed in terms of the conventions of the Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE). The text is largely self-contained and has been written so that it can be understood easily by a reader with no prior knowledge of color science. The paper starts with definitions of color and related psychological, psychophysical and colorimetric terms. X, Y, Z color space is described. It is shown that any color stimulus may be unambiguously defined in terms of a set of three numbers. The CIE 1931 Chromaticity Diagram is described. Worked examples are given for the calculation of tristimulus values and chromaticity coordinates using three different illuminants. The usefulness of color specification is illustrated by a number of examples using Romanowsky stained blood cells or Papanicolaou stained epithelial cells from the uterine cervix.     

The molecular genetics of color vision and color blindness

Recent reports from several laboratories have changed our thinking about the molecular genetics of normal color vision and color blindness. The impact of these new findings can be best appreciated by examining them in the context of the historical development of color vision theory.     

Spirituality: an overlooked predictor of placebo effects?

Empirical findings have identified spirituality as a potential health resource. Whereas older research has associated such effects with the social component of religion, newer conceptualizations propose that spiritual experiences and the intrapersonal effects that are facilitated by regular spiritual practice might be pivotal to understanding potential salutogenesis. Ongoing studies suggest that spiritual experiences and practices involve a variety of neural systems that may facilitate neural 'top-down' effects that are comparable if not identical to those engaged in placebo responses. As meaningfulness seems to be both a hallmark of spirituality and placebo reactions, it may be regarded as an overarching psychological concept that is important to engaging and facilitating psychophysiological mechanisms that are involved in health-related effects. Empirical evidence suggests that spirituality may under certain conditions be a predictor of placebo response and effects. Assessment of patients' spirituality and making use of various resources to accommodate patients' spiritual needs reflect our most current understanding of the physiological, psychological and socio-cultural aspects of spirituality, and may also increase the likelihood of eliciting self-healing processes. We advocate the position that a research agenda addressing responses and effects of both placebo and spirituality could therefore be (i) synergistic, (ii) valuable to each phenomenon on its own, and (iii) contributory to an extended placebo paradigm that is centred around the concept of meaningfulness.     

Color-Term Salience and Neurophysiology of Color Vision

Neurophysiological evidence accumulated in the last twenty years supports Hering€s oppo- nent theory of color vision. In addition, the general, cross-cultural, and universal theoy of color naming for all languages proposed by Berlin and Kay has been corroborated. Hays et al. speculated that color-term salience might be reduced to a neuroanatomical basis. An evaluation of our color-naming tests in German, French, English, Hebrew, Japanese, Quechi, and Misquito, and linguistic tests carried out, together with other linguistic data, show clearly that the linguistics ofcolor terms is corroborated by the oppo- nenl theuy of color vision. [color lexicon, color naming, categorization of color, opponent color theory, psycholinguistics of color terms, cultural influence on color naming]     

Behavioral evidence of color vision deficiency in a protanomalia chimpanzee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pan troglodytes</Emphasis>)

Although color vision deficiency is very rare among Old World monkeys and apes, one male chimpanzee (Lucky) was identified as protanomalous by genetic and physiological analyses. This study assessed behavioral phenotypes of Lucky and four chimpanzees with normal color vision by discrimination task using the modified Ishihara pseudo-isochromatic plates. Lucky could not discriminate the stimuli that the other chimpanzees could. This is the first behavioral evidence of color vision deficiency in chimpanzees. Electronic Publication     

Sugar concentration of fruits and their detection via color in the Central American spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi)

Although most arguments explaining the predominance of polymorphic color vision in platyrrhine monkeys are linked to the advantage of trichromacy over dichromacy for foraging for ripe fruits, little information exists on the relationship between nutritional reward and performance in fruit detection with different types of color vision. The principal reward of most fruits is sugar, and thus it seems logical to investigate whether fruit coloration provides a long-distance sensory cue to primates that correlates with sugar content. Here we test the hypothesis that fruit detection performance via trichromatic color vision phenotypes provides better information regarding sugar concentration than dichromatic phenotypes (i.e., is a color vision phenotype with sufficient red-green (RG) differentiation necessary to "reveal" the concentration of major sugars in fruits?). Accordingly, we studied the fruit foraging behavior of Ateles geoffroyi by measuring both the reflectance spectra and the concentrations of major sugars in the consumed fruits. We modeled detection performance with different color phenotypes. Our results provide some support for the hypothesis. The yellow-blue (YB) color signal, which is the only one available to dichromats, was not significantly related to sugar concentration. The RG color vision signal, which is present only in trichromats, was significantly correlated with sugar content, but only when the latter was defined by glucose. There was in fact a consistent negative relationship between fruit detection performance and sucrose concentration, although this was not significant for the 430 nm and 550 nm phenotypes. The regular trichromatic phenotypes (430 nm, 533 nm, and 565 nm) showed higher correlations between fruit performance and glucose concentration than the other two trichromatic phenotypes. Our study documents a trichromatic foraging advantage in terms of fruit quality, and suggests that trichromatic color vision is advantageous over dichromatic color vision for detecting sugar-rich fruits.