中国龟象亚科分布概况(鞘翅目,象虫科)

基于对中国龟象亚科标本信息的系统整理,得出龟象在中国各省均有分布,但分布的多少很不均衡,其中福建省最丰富,达到标本总数的36.6%.分布范围为18.6～51.7°N,最南端到海南省的保亭,最北为黑龙江省的大兴安岭,从热带、亚热带到温带均分布,其中26～30°N最丰富,占总数的47.7%.中国龟象生存的海拔范围记录为10～4 400m,最低海拔采集点位于海南省万宁,最高海拔位于四川省乡城中热乌,500～1 000m海拔范围的龟象标本数量最多,随着海拔高度的上升,数量逐步减少.多数龟象标本采集于5月到8月,随着纬度的上升,采集时间逐渐从4月到9月缩减为6月到8月.     

大麻龟象发生规律及防治研究

本文系作者于1976—1979年在甘肃陇南研究的结果。 大麻龟象Ceuthorrhynchus sp.,属象虫科,龟象亚科,龟象属,种名尚未能定。据赵养昌先生谈:“龟象属是一个大属,全世界有记录的达600种,在我国造成为害而有经济意义的,这还是第一个种。” 该虫是甘肃近年来大麻上新发展的一种重要害虫,主要发生在陇南植麻区,尤以清水县最为猖獗,为害严重,对大麻生产影响很大。为了解决生产上的当务之急,当时被列为甘肃省科委重点研究课题之一。于1976—1979年,对该虫的生物学特性,发生规律及防治方法等,进行了较系统的研究,现将结果报道如下。     

中国蓼龟象属Phytobius研究及一新纪录种记述(鞘翅目:象虫科:龟象亚科)（英文）

基于形态学研究和DNA条形码鉴定,研究了中国蓼龟象属Phytobius Schoenherr,1833昆虫(龟象亚科:蓼龟象族)的种类。研究发现该属模式种白腹蓼龟象P.leucogaster(Marsham,1802)为中国新纪录种,分布北京、天津;短喙蓼龟象P.friebi Wagner,1939在中国东部地区的分布更为广泛,尽管其南北地理种群(浙江、黑龙江)在外部形态特征上存在一定的差异,但COI基因序列的遗传距离和系统发育分析均支持为1个物种。文中记述该属的寄主植物为蓼科植物水蓼Polygonum hydropiper L.,并提供了2种蓼龟象的详细形态特征照片与地理分布图。     

荞麦种质资源概况

荞麦是一种重要的药食饲多用的作物,中国是全球最大的苦荞生产国和世界荞麦多样性中心,中国西南地区是国际公认的荞麦起源中心。种质资源是农作物生产利用、品种创新和生物技术研究的物质基础,具有十分重要的价值和意义。自20世纪80年代以来,我国学者收集了约有3000余份栽培荞麦种质资源,其中2200余份保存于我国长期库中。这些栽培荞麦经过自然演变、人工培育和传播后,已在全世界范围广泛分布,兼具代表性和多样性。综述了我国甜荞和苦荞的产区分布现状、资源收集和保存概况,以及近40年来对我国荞麦资源的农艺性状和营养品质的鉴定评价情况;并简要介绍了世界上其他国家和组织对于荞麦种质资源的的收集和评价现状,以期为荞麦种质资源保护和合理利用提供参考。同时,对已报道的荞麦属野生种(含变种、亚种)及分布现状进行了归纳,对其主要性状的特征和变异情况进行了总结,并归纳了国内外对于野生荞麦资源的开发利用方面的研究进展,结果表明,我国西南地区野生荞麦资源尤为丰富,除个别种(如金荞麦)以外,均主要集中于滇黔川边界地区。最后,对我国荞麦种质资源利用的不足和展望进行了讨论,提出仍需推进以下工作:(1)全面、系统、量化地建立荞麦的种质资源农艺性状、营养组分、加工品质、食味品质等性状的评价体系,继续完善我国荞麦种质资源评价和品质鉴定工作;(2)大力挖掘荞麦在作物布局和特色经济作物价值潜力,加快推进我国荞麦优异种质的选育和合法引进,推进荞麦产业健康有序快速发展;(3)关注野生荞麦生存环境恶化的问题,特别是岩野野荞、抽葶野荞、皱叶野荞、海螺沟野荞等的生存环境急剧恶劣,其分布区域更加狭隘,急需加大对珍惜野生资源进行抢救性的考察、收集和保护工作;(4)持续推进荞麦全基因组测序和基因组结构注释工作,深入挖掘荞麦关键农艺性状和抗逆遗传位点,并开发系统的分子标记辅助育种平台,并从分子水平进一步解析荞麦品质性状形成遗传机制,如淀粉、氨基酸、维生素E以及黄酮类化合物特别是芦丁的生物合成途径关键基因的分子调控网络。     

荞麦中的蛋白质

荞麦蛋白质因其富含赖氨酸而具有很高的营养价值,可能由于含有单宁、植酸和蛋白酶抑制剂,而使得荞麦蛋白质具有很低的消化率,而蛋白酶抑制剂还可能导致人的过敏反应.发芽可以提高荞麦蛋白质的可消化率、营养价值、生理功能而提高荞麦蛋白质的营养水平和功能特性.本文主要讨论了荞麦蛋白质的含量、结构、组成、营养价值、功能特性、生理功能和加工特性,并指出荞麦蛋白质作为一种药食兼用的天然活性成分,具有广泛的应用前景.     

中国荞麦属植物分类学的修订

荞麦是一种蓼科(Polygonaceae family)荞麦属(Fagopyrum Mill)的古老作物,在全世界,尤其是东亚及东欧地区广泛种植。数千年以来,荞麦都是中国凉山等高海拔地区的主要粮食作物,其营养丰富,其中富含的芦丁等生物活性成分还具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤的功效。荞麦的栽培种甜荞和苦荞已经被广泛传播,但野生荞麦却只在特定区域分布。中国西南地区,包括四川、云南、贵州各省以及西藏自治区,是公认的世界荞麦属植物的起源中心、分布中心和多样化中心,荞麦种质资源非常丰富。目前已有文献报导的荞麦属植物超过20种,其绝大多数已在中国西南地区被发现,该地区的地理环境非常复杂,孕育了极具多样性的野生荞麦资源。但截至目前,这些已报导的种还没有经过科学的归类,同种异名的现象比较严重,本研究团队从2004年至今,在中国西南地区进行了多年多次的野外考察和标本采集工作,并在室内进行花和果实的解剖观察,获得了大量的荞麦属植物分类学数据。基于这些数据和荞麦染色体数量分析,经馆藏标本和模式照片的对比,并综合国内外相关文献,对中国荞麦属植物进行了分类学修订,将产自中国的荞麦属28个种归并为21个:即将Fagopyrum megaspartanium Q. F.Chen,F. pilus Q. F. Chen并入F. cymosum (Trrev)Meisn作为异名;F. pleioramosum Ohnishi,F. wenchuanense J.R.Shao并入F.caudatum (Samuelsson) A. J. Li作为异名;F. callianthum Ohnishi并入F.qiangcai D.Q.Ba作为异名;F. zuogongense Q.F.Chen并入F. homotropicum Ohnishi作为异名;F. longzhoushanense J.R.Shao并入F. pugense T.Yu作为异名。重新制定了21个种的分种检索表。本文将有助于重新认识荞麦属植物的进化地位,并为后续进一步探究属中各个种的亲缘关系奠定了基础。     

同源四倍体荞麦的细胞遗传学研究

一般认为,人工诱变的同源四倍体禾谷类作物因减数分裂不规则性所产生的不育配子比例高,导致结实率下降,是影响产量的主要原因。本文对同源四倍体荞麦和普通二倍体荞麦的外部形态、减数分裂、花粉育性进行比较后认为,对不同作物的同源四倍体应作具体分析,就荞麦而言,当然也包括同源四倍体荞麦,其结实率极低(最高为15％)的主要原因,不是因为减数分裂不规则性所产生的不育配子比例高,而是由于荞麦自身花器结构和外界条件所决定。同源四倍体荞麦的结实率与普通二倍体荞麦的结实率无明显差异,增产的主要原因是由于千粒重的显著增加。     

同源四倍体荞麦的研究I.同源四倍体荞麦与二倍体普通荞麦的外部形态及细胞学比较

荞麦（Fagopyrum esculentum moench）是 一种抗旱耐寒的粮食作物,起源于我国,在我国 有丰富的种质资源。我国山区旱地普遍种植, 主要栽种有普通荞麦（甜荞）和M PA荞麦（苦荞） 两种,均属二倍体类型,产量皆低。苏联、美国、 日本等国开展荞麦多倍体育种工作较早,先后 育成人工诱导同源四倍体荞麦新品种「6,93。国 内这方面的工作未见有报道。1982年,榆林农 校开始研究荞麦人工诱导四倍体工作,已选出 优良品系混选四号,1986年,在榆林地区两个 点上试验,比对照品种增产15-20外。同源四 倍体无论在理论上或实践上都有一定的研究意 义。本文以外部形态及细胞学方面对混选四号 进行了研究。     

虫媒传粉植物荞麦的生物学特性与研究进展

荞麦是禾本科之外的谷物类作物, 具有较高的营养和药用价值。栽培荞麦有甜荞(Fagopyrum esculentum)和苦荞(F. tartaricum), 这两种一年生草本分别为自交不亲和的二型花柱、自交亲和的同型花柱植物; 前者结实依赖昆虫传粉。根据国内外调查研究, 前人对蓼科荞麦属(Fagopyrum)记录了30个物种名, 已有形态学和遗传多样性的调查表明该属的物种多样性中心位于我国西南地区, 特别是长江上游的三江并流区域; 甜荞和苦荞的起源地和祖先物种也认为在该区域。本文在论述前人研究的基础上, 指出对荞麦属的分类修订、野生种质资源的分布、种间关系的调查、优良品种的选育亟待研究。孢粉学和考古学的证据显示在我国长江流域, 人们在4,500年前就开始种植荞麦。荞麦可能曾经是山区人民的主粮, 为孕育长江流域文明提供了食物资源。加强对荞麦基础生物学特性的研究, 运用现代基因组学的方法有望澄清栽培荞麦的起源并探究产量不高的原因, 挖掘和利用其经济和药用价值的性状, 为荞麦成为一类优良的粮食作物提供参考依据。     

同源四倍体荞麦的细胞遗传学研究

-V认为,人工诱变的同源四倍体禾谷类作物因减数分裂不规则性所产生的不育配子比例高,导致 结实率下降,是影响产鼠的主要原因。本文对同源四倍体荞麦和普通二倍体荞麦的外部形态、减数分 裂、花粉育性进行比较后认为,对不同作物的同源四倍体应作具体分析,就荞麦而言,当然也包括同源四 倍体荞麦,其结实率极低（最高为巧％）的主要原因,不是因为减数分裂不规则性所产生的不育配子比例 高,而是由于荞麦自身花器结构和外界条件所决定。同源四倍体荞麦的结实率与普通二倍体荞麦的结 实率无明显差异,增产的主要原因是由于千粒重的显著增加。     

禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜玻璃管药膜法敏感毒力基线的建立

【目的】建立禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi（Linnaeus）和麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae（Fabricius）对常用杀虫剂的相对敏感基线。【方法】从田间采集麦蚜在实验室内饲养30代以上,利用玻璃管药膜法测定其对杀虫剂的敏感度,每条毒力基线为2次以上独立测定数据合并后的计算结果。【结果】用玻璃管药膜法建立了包括新烟碱类、吡啶类、氨基甲酸酯类、有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类共22个药剂品种对禾谷缢管蚜和麦长管蚜3 h的敏感毒力基线。禾谷缢管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.02和0.007 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.124 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC₅₀值为0.0026~0.70 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.005~0.065 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC₅₀值为0.033~0.240 μg/cm²。麦长管蚜对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和啶虫脒的LC₅₀值分别为0.15和0.12 μg/cm²;对吡啶类药剂吡蚜酮的LC₅₀值为0.41 μg/cm²;对氨基甲酸酯类药剂丁硫克百威、硫双灭多威、灭多威、抗蚜威、西维因的LC50值为0.005~0.76 μg/cm²;对有机磷类药剂三唑磷、丙溴磷、氧乐果、乐果、马拉硫磷、辛硫磷、敌敌畏、毒死蜱的LC₅₀值为0.018~0.36 μg/cm²;对拟除虫菊酯类药剂三氟氯氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯的LC50值为0.20~2.94 μg/cm²。【结论】建立的两种麦蚜对22种杀虫药剂的相对敏感基线,包括当前所有可能用于防治麦蚜的药剂,可以用于以后麦蚜抗药性监测或其他相关研究的参照;禾谷缢管蚜对药剂的敏感度高于麦长管蚜。     

Inhibitory effects of four carbamate insecticides on acetylcholinesterase of male and female Carassius auratus in vitro

The inhibitory effects of four carbamate insecticides, methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan, on acetylcholinesterase of male and female Carassius auratus were investigated in the laboratory. Kinetic constants, biomolecular rate constant (k(i)), carbamylation rate constant (k2) and decarbamylation rate constant (k3) were determined in vitro. The ratios of bimolecular rate constant (female/male) for AChE reacting with methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.03, 2.44, 1.03 and 1.106, respectively. The k(i) of AChE for thiodicarb was significantly higher in female fish than in male fish (P<0.05). The ratios of carbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.18, 4.29, 3.53, and 2.07, respectively. The k2 values of AChE for the above four carbamates were significantly higher in females than in males. The ratios of the decarbamylation rate constant (female/male) for methomyl, thiodicarb, carbofuran and carbosulfan were 1.02, 1.39, 1.06, and 1.98, respectively. Only for carbosulfan, the decarbamylation rate of AChE was significantly higher in the female than in the male, indicating that AChE of females inhibited by carbosulfan recovered more quickly than that of males. The above results suggest that the female in the sensitivity of AChE to carbamates was different from the male fish.     

山东省五个棉花产区绿盲蝽对药剂的敏感性检测（英文）

利用闪烁管药膜法测定了2009年山东省德州、滨州、梁山、曲阜和聊城5个棉花产区绿盲蝽Lygus lucorum Meyer-Dür对硫丹、马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、灭多威、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉、联苯菊酯和氟虫腈8种杀虫剂的敏感性,筛选出适合各地区的高效防治药剂。结果表明：5个地区绿盲蝽种群对马拉硫磷、毒死蜱、丁硫克百威、联苯菊酯和吡虫啉处于敏感性阶段。不同种群之间对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的敏感性差异较大,其中聊城种群为最敏感种群,滨州种群对灭多威、 硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的5.12,6.04和39.80倍;曲阜种群对灭多威、硫丹和氟虫腈的LC₅₀值分别为聊城种群的22.12,5.48和22.80倍。两种群对此3种药剂的敏感性下降,而其余种群仍处于较敏感阶段。8种药剂对绿盲蝽成虫的毒力按大小依次排序为：氟虫腈＞灭多威、联苯菊酯、硫丹＞马拉硫磷、毒死蜱＞丁硫克百威＞吡虫啉。2009年7-10月间德州夏津绿盲蝽种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性变化极微。     

Acute toxicity of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides to Bombyx mori

Acute toxicities of two organophosphorus insecticides (dichlorvos and phoxim), four pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, tetramethrin, bifenthrin, and ethofenprox), and their combined uses to the third instar of the silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.), were determined by feeding the insect with the insecticide-treated mulberry, Morus albus (L.), leaves. Twenty-four and 48 h after treatment, toxicity levels of all insecticides to the silkworm were in the very high or high range, and the LC50 values of permethrin, tetramethrin, bifenthrin, ethofenprox, dichlorvos, and phoxim were 1.60 and 0.75, 3.86 and 2.83, 0.09 and 0.06, 2.87 and 0.80, 6.63 and 4.11, and 1.05 and 0.45 mg liter(-1), respectively. The toxicity levels of 50:50 binary mixtures of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides to the silkworm were in the high or middle range. Twenty-four and 48 h after treatment, the LC50 values of 50:50 binary mixtures permethrin + phoxim, permethrin + dichlorvos, tetramethrin + phoxim, tetramethrin + dichlorvos, bifenthrin + phoxim, bifenthrin + dichlorvos, ethofenprox + phoxim, and ethofenprox + dichlorvos to the silkworm were 1.49 and 0.85, 1.24 and 0.79, 2.20 and 1.08, 14.62 and 13.16, 0.33 and 0.13, 0.12 and 0.10, 2.81 and 1.37, and 4.82 and 3.00 mg liter(-1), respectively. Based on the combinations coefficient values, the toxicities of binary mixtures of organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides had additive effect except for the binary mixture of etramethrin + dichlorvos, which showed antagonism effect.     

Resistance to selected organochlorin, organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid, in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Pakistan

The toxicity of the most commonly used insecticides of organochlorine, organophosphate, pyrethroid, and carbamate groups were investigated against Spodoptera litura (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) populations collected for three consecutive years (2004-2006). For a chlorocyclodiene and pyrethroids tested, the resistance ratios compared with Lab-PK were in the range of 10- to 92-fold for endosulfan, 5- to 111-fold for cypermethrin, 2- to 98-fold for deltamethrin, and 7- to 86-fold for beta-cyfluthrin. For organophosphates and carbamates, resistance ratios were in the range of 3- to 169-fold for profenofos, 18- to 421-fold for chlorpyrifos, 3- to 160-fold for quinalphos, 6- to 126-fold for phoxim, 7- to 463-fold for triazophos, and 10- to 389-fold for methomyl and 16- to 200-fold for thiodicarb. Resistance ratios were generally low to medium for deltamethrin and beta-cyfluthrin and high to very high for endosulfan, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos, quinalphos, phoxim, triazophos, methomyl, or thiodicarb. Pairwise comparisons of the log LC50 values of insecticides tested for all the populations showed correlations among several insecticides, suggesting a cross-resistance mechanism. Integration of timely judgment of pest problem, delimiting growing of alternate crops such as arum, rotation of insecticides with new chemicals, and insect growth regulators in relation to integrated pest management could help in manageable control of this important pest.     

Combined pyrethroid and carbamate 'two-in-one' treated mosquito nets: field efficacy against pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus

A new approach is proposed in the treatment of mosquito nets, using a 'two-in-one' combination of pyrethroid and non-pyrethroid insecticides applied to different parts of bednets. The objectives are mainly to overcome certain limitations of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets currently recommended for malaria control purposes. Apart from developing alternatives to pyrethroid dependency, we sought to counteract pyrethroid irritant effects on mosquitoes (excito-repellency) and resistance to pyrethroids. The idea takes advantage of the presumed host-seeking behaviour of mosquitoes confronted by a net draped over a bed, whereby the mosquito may explore the net from the top downwards. Thus, nets could be more effective if treated on the upper part with residual non-irritant insecticide (carbamate or organophosphate) and with a pyrethroid on the lower part. Sequential exposure to different insecticides with distinct modes of action is equivalent to the use of a mixture as a potential method of managing insecticide resistance. We also intended to improve the control of nuisance mosquitoes, especially Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) that often survive pyrethroids, in order to encourage public compliance with use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). Polyester bednets were pretreated with residual pyrethroid (bifenthrin 50 mg/m2 or deltamethrin 25 mg/m2) on the lower half and with carbamate (carbosulfan 300 mg/m2) on the upper half to minimize contact with net users. Unreplicated examples of these 'two-in-one' treated nets were field-tested against wild mosquitoes, in comparison with an untreated net and bednets treated with each insecticide alone, including PermaNet wash-resistant formulation of deltamethrin 50 mg/m2. Overnight tests involved volunteers sleeping under the experimental bednets in verandah-trap huts at Yaokofikro, near Bouaké in C te d'Ivoire, where the main malaria vector Anopheles gambiae Giles, as well as Culex quinquefasciatus Say, are highly resistant to pyrethroids. Efficacy of these ITNs was assessed in the huts by four entomological criteria: deterrency and induced exophily (effects on hut entry and exit), blood-feeding and mortality rates (immediate and delayed). Overall, the best impact was achieved by the bednet treated with carbosulfan alone, followed by 'two-in-one' treatments with carbosulfan plus pyrethroid. Blood-feeding rates were 13% An. gambiae and 17% Cx. quinquefasciatus in huts with untreated nets, but only 3% with carbosulfan ITNs, 7-11% with combined ITN treatment, 6-8% An. gambiae and 12-14% Cx. quinquefasciatus with pyrethroid alone. Mosquitoes that entered the huts were killed sooner by nets with combined treatment than by pyrethroid alone. Mortality-rates in response to ITNs with carbosulfan (alone or combined with pyrethroid) were significantly greater for Cx. quinquefasciatus, but not for An. gambiae, compared to ITNs with only pyrethroid. About 20% of sleepers reported potential side-effects (headache and/or sneezing) from use of ITN treated with carbosulfan alone. Further development of this new 'two-in-one' ITN concept requires a range of investigations (choice of effective products, cost-benefit analysis, safety, etc.) leading to factory production of wash-resistant insecticidal nets treated with complementary insecticides.     

Efficacy of mosquito nets treated with insecticide mixtures or mosaics against insecticide resistant Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Côte d'Ivoire

Only pyrethroid insecticides have so far been recommended for the treatment of mosquito nets for malaria control. Increasing resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethroids threatens to reduce the potency of this important method of vector control. Among the strategies proposed for resistance management is to use a pyrethroid and a non-pyrethroid insecticide in combination on the same mosquito net, either separately or as a mixture. Mixtures are particularly promising if there is potentiation between the two insecticides as this would make it possible to lower the dosage of each, as has been demonstrated under laboratory conditions for a mixture of bifenthrin (pyrethroid) and carbosulfan (carbamate). The effect of these types of treatment were compared in experimental huts on wild populations of Anopheles gambiae Giles and the nuisance mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus Say, both of which are multi-resistant. Four treatments were evaluated in experimental huts over six months: the recommended dosage of 50 mg m(-2) bifenthrin, 300 mg m(-2) carbosulfan, a mosaic of 300 mg m(-2) carbosulfan on the ceiling and 50 mg m(-2) bifenthrin on the sides, and a mixture of 6.25 mg m(-2) carbosulfan and 25 mg m(-2) bifenthrin. The mixture and mosaic treatments did not differ significantly in effectiveness from carbosulfan and bifenthrin alone against anophelines in terms of deterrency, induced exophily, blood feeding inhibition and overall mortality, but were more effective than in earlier tests with deltamethrin. These results are considered encouraging, as the combination of different classes of insecticides might be a potential tool for resistance management. The mixture might have an advantage in terms of lower cost and toxicity.     

植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶的抑制作用

本论文采用分光光度计法研究了植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾Closteraanastomosis(L.)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)的体外抑制作用。结果表明各植物次生物质和杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的体外抑制作用存在差异。当植物次生物质和杀虫剂终浓度为8.34×10-5mol/L时,槲皮素和单宁酸对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性抑制作用最强,分别为64.41%和58.61%;三唑磷、毒死蜱、辛硫磷、氟铃脲、氟虫腈和哒螨灵都有较强的抑制作用,对GSTs活性抑制率超过20%;氧化乐果、水胺硫磷、丙溴磷、马拉硫磷、灭多威、联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯、吡虫啉和啶虫脒对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有中等抑制作用;其他杀虫剂对分月扇舟蛾GSTs有较弱(或没有)抑制作用。此外,在一定的浓度范围内,槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs活性的抑制作用存在明显的剂量效应关系。槲皮素、单宁酸和辛硫磷对分月扇舟蛾GSTs的抑制中浓度分别为2.19×10-5,2.62×10-5,1.49×10-4mol/L。因此,此研究明确了槲皮素和单宁酸作为防治分月扇舟蛾的新型防治剂或增效剂具有很好的潜力。     

Behavioural and insecticidal effects of organophosphate‐, carbamate‐ and pyrethroid‐treated mosquito nets against African malaria vectors

Three insecticides – the pyrethroid deltamethrin, the carbamate carbosulfan and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos‐methyl – were tested on mosquito nets in experimental huts to determine their potential for introduction as malaria control measures. Their behavioural effects and efficacy were examined in Anopheles gambiae Giles s.s. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Anopheles funestus Giles s.s. in Muheza, Tanzania, and in Anopheles arabiensis Patton and Culex quinquefasciatus Say in Moshi, Tanzania. A standardized dosage of 25 mg/m² plus high dosages of carbosulfan (50 mg/m², 100 mg/m² and 200 mg/m²) and chlorpyrifos‐methyl (100 mg/m²) were used to compare the three types of insecticide. At 25 mg/m², the rank order of the insecticides for insecticide‐induced mortality in wild An. gambiae and An. funestus was, respectively, carbosulfan (88%, 86%) > deltamethrin (79%, 78%) > chlorpyrifos‐methyl (35%, 53%). The rank order of the insecticides for blood‐feeding inhibition (reduction in the number of blood‐fed mosquitoes compared with control) in wild An. gambiae and An. funestus was deltamethrin > chlorpyrifos‐methyl > carbosulfan. Carbosulfan was particularly toxic to endophilic anophelines at 200 mg/m², killing 100% of An. gambiae and 98% of An. funestus that entered the huts. It was less effective against the more exophilic An. arabiensis (67% mortality) and carbamate‐resistant Cx quinquefasciatus (36% mortality). Carbosulfan deterred anophelines from entering huts, but did not deter carbamate‐resistant Cx quinquefasciatus. Deltamethrin reduced the proportion of insects engaged in blood‐feeding, probably as a consequence of contact irritancy, whereas carbosulfan seemed to provide personal protection through deterred entry or perhaps a spatial repellent action. Any deployment of carbosulfan as an individual treatment on nets should be carried out on a large scale to reduce the risk of diverting mosquitoes to unprotected individuals. Chlorpyrifos‐methyl was inferior to deltamethrin in terms of mortality and blood‐feeding inhibition and would be better deployed on a net in combination with a pyrethroid to control insecticide‐resistant mosquitoes.     

BIOCHEMICAL ASPECTS OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN COTTON BOLLWORM FROM HANDAN OF HEBEI PROVINCE*

Abstract The cotton bollworms, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner, collected from Handan of Hebei Province, have evolved high resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides, The sensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChEs) to paraoxon and methomyl varied with the development stages of the cotton bollworm. After the treatments with LD₅ and LD₅₀ of parathion and methomyl to the cotton bollworms, the affinity of AChE to acetylthiocholine (ATCh) and acetyl-β-bmethyl-thio choline (MeTCh) increased significantly except the treatment of parathion using LD₅₀ dosage while the sensitivity of AChEs to paraoxon significantly decreased. The sensitivity of AChEs to methomyl strongly increased in the treatment of parathion using LD₅₀ dosages while strongly decreased in other treatments. The affinity of carboxylesterase to β-naphthyl acetate (β-NA) was higher in groups of treatment with insecticides than in group of control. The glutathione-s-transferase (GST) activity significantly decreased in the induced groups using LD₅ dosages, while increased in the selection groups using LD₅₀ dosages. The effects of parathion and methomyl on the phosphatases of cotton bollworm were related to the dosages of application and the time after treatment and the effect on the alkaline phosphatase was stronger than on acid phosphatase.