白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究进展

近年来, 固相微萃取等现代技术的使用显著促进了白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究的开展。至今, 已有约29种白蚁的表皮碳氢化合物组分得到鉴定, 分属于木白蚁科、 鼻白蚁科、 原白蚁科和白蚁科, 其组分主要为正烷烃、 含有不同数量甲基的支链烷烃及少量烯烃。白蚁表皮碳氢化合物不仅具有一定的科、 属特异性, 大多数种类还具备特有组分, 表明其可作为种间识别的指标。表皮碳氢化合物组分在种内个体识别方面的作用, 在低等白蚁中多获得了支持性结果, 但也有研究认为在这些种类中表皮碳氢化合物不是种内个体识别（同巢个体识别）的唯一指标。发现其与品级分化的相关是近年来白蚁表皮碳氢化合物研究的重要进展。有些种类表皮碳氢化合物的年消长与生殖蚁的分化有关; 而另一些种类生殖蚁含有表皮碳氢化合物特有组分, 其含量与生殖蚁的生殖状态有关, 提示其可能在品级分化中发挥重要作用。作为研究白蚁品级分化和维持机理的新方向, 表皮碳氢化合物值得进一步研究探索。     

中国昆虫表皮碳氢化合物与昆虫化学分类学的研究进展

基于表皮碳氢化合物的昆虫化学分类学已成为昆虫分类的一个重要工具。本文首先简述了世界范围内昆虫化学分类学的起源、发展及应用领域;其次在收集的大量文献基础上,综合分析了我国已开展昆虫表皮碳氢化合物组成研究的昆虫种类、研究内容、取样与进样技术、数据的统计分析、应用领域和存在的问题。针对我国昆虫表皮碳氢化合物研究进展及其在昆虫分类中应用的现状,提出了今后我国在昆虫化学分类领域的研究方向,并展望其应用前景。     

水椰八角铁甲不同日龄和性别成虫表皮碳氢化合物的种类及动态

水椰八角铁甲Octodonta nipae(Maulik)是一种严重为害棕榈科植物的外来入侵害虫。为了明确日龄和性别等个体因素对水椰八角铁甲成虫表皮碳氢化合物的影响,本研究采用化学萃取法和气相色谱-质谱联用技术,分析了不同日龄的水椰八角铁甲雌、雄成虫表皮碳氢化合物的组成和含量。结果表明,水椰八角铁甲成虫的表皮碳氢化合物由21种C_(18)-C_(30)的碳氢化合物构成,包括11种正构烷烃、2种单甲基烷烃、1种多甲基烷烃、3种正构烯烃、1种单甲基烯烃和3种环烷烃。不同日龄和性别成虫的表皮碳氢化合物的组成种类相同,但是一些组分的含量有明显变化,例如1 d、5 d、10 d和15 d雌、雄成虫之间正二十四烷、正二十六烷、2-甲基十九烷和1-二十烯的含量存在显著差异。水椰八角铁甲成虫表皮碳氢化合物具有性二型,如性成熟雄虫的表皮的正二十烷、正二十一烷、正二十四烷、正二十六烷、2-甲基十九烷、10-甲基二十烷、1-二十烯和1-二十二烯的含量显著高于性成熟雌虫。本文的研究结果可为检验检疫过程中水椰八角铁甲近缘种,以及日龄、性别和性成熟的快速鉴定提供支持。     

西花蓟马表皮碳氢化合物成份分析

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande)是一种重要的世界性害虫。为了明确西花蓟马表皮碳氢化合物的主要成分,本文采用改进的进样技术,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对西花蓟马成虫和若虫表皮碳氢化合物进行分析。经NIST数据库检索,并与标准图谱比较,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各种成分及其相对含量,实验结果表明,西花蓟马成虫和若虫表皮中的主要成分为C25～C29的直链和支链饱和烷烃;成虫表皮中含有9种碳氢化合物,若虫表皮中有8种碳氢化合物;9-甲基二十五烷是其成虫特有的,其它8种碳氢化合物是成虫与若虫共有的,但其含量略有差异。     

白蚁表皮碳氢化合物组分鉴定及分类学意义

应用GC-MS分析表明,不同种类白蚁表皮碳氢化合物组成和含量均有差异。运用UPGMA聚合R分析的最小距离系数值绘制的系统树表明：圆唇凸额类白蚁——黄胸散白蚁Reticulitermes flaviceps、双色散白蚁R. dichrous和R. sp.1之间;圆唇平额类白蚁——圆唇散白蚁R. labralis、小头散白蚁R. microcephalus、R. sp.2和R. sp.3之间; 尖唇类白蚁——海南异白蚁Heterotermes hainanensis、拧黄异白蚁H. citrinus、细颚异白蚁H.leptomandibularis、尖唇异白蚁H. aculabialis和H. sp. 4之间的亲缘关系较近。3类白蚁中,圆唇凸额类白蚁和圆唇平额类白蚁亲缘关系相近,而两者与尖唇类白蚁亲缘关系较远。实验结果表明,我国存在异白蚁属,它与散白蚁属主要区别在于其表皮缺乏以下数种碳氢化合物：正十七烷烃、正二十烷烃、正二十一烷烃、正二十二烷烃、正二十三烷烃、正二十四烷烃和正二十六烷烃等;却含有一种特殊化合物异喹啉。表皮碳氢化合物分析的结果与形态分类的结果有一定差异,形态分类被鉴定为双色散白蚁的R. sp.1,被鉴定为小头散白蚁的R. sp.2,被鉴定为圆唇散白蚁的R.sp.3,被鉴定为尖唇散白蚁的H. sp.4,根据表皮碳氢化合物分析的结果,R. sp.1、R. sp.3和H. sp.4可能是其他种,而R. sp.2则可能是圆唇散白蚁的亚种或其他种。     

食物因素对桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物的影响

桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis是为害园艺作物的重要检疫性害虫。本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,分析了取食3种寄主植物杨桃、番石榴和芒果的桔小实蝇雄成虫表皮碳氢化合物组成和含量,并以人工饲料饲养作为对照进行了比较。结果表明,4种食物源的桔小实蝇共含有42种表皮碳氢化合物,其碳原子数为C29-C37,主要为正构烷烃、一甲基烷烃和二甲基烷烃。取食杨桃、番石榴和芒果桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物种类分别为人工饲料的99.3%、91.4%和98.3%,4种食物源的桔小实蝇表皮碳氢化合物种类基本相同,主成分分析和判别分析可从含量上将各食物源的桔小实蝇区分开。不同食物源引起的差异体现在物质的含量上,而主要的组分种类相对稳定,说明食物因素不影响利用表皮碳氢化合物进行桔小实蝇种的鉴定。因此可提取种内共有物质作为种的特征峰,建立不同食物条件下桔小实蝇的指纹图谱,为检验检疫过程中实蝇种类的鉴定提供数据支持。     

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展

蚜虫的化学通讯研究进展薛立平（四平师范学院生物系四平１３６０００）蚜虫的化学通讯是联系、调节各动物体活动的手段之一“－‘’。种内的动物可以通过信息素传递化学信息。种间的动物、动物和植物间也可以通过种间信息素传递信息。在长期的进化过程中,在蚜虫和蚜虫之...     

黑翅土白蚁表皮碳氢化合物的品级特征

【目的】探索黑翅土白蚁Odontotermes formosanus(Shiraki)表皮碳氢化合物的品级特征。【方法】应用固相微萃取、气相色谱和气相色谱-质谱联用等技术,对不同品级、不同龄期个体表皮碳氢化合物进行检测。【结果】工蚁、兵蚁、幼蚁、长翅生殖蚁表皮碳氢化合物组分种类相同(32种),主要为正烷烃、支链烷烃和烯烃等。非生殖品级中组分含量变化特点表现在,工蚁(大工蚁和小工蚁):1-十九碳一烯显著低于幼蚁和兵蚁;大工蚁:三十一烷、三十四烷显著低于小工蚁和幼蚁;小工蚁(巢内工蚁):2,8,8-三甲基十烷显著高于、十六烷和十八烷低于其他非生殖品级;兵蚁:十四烷显著低于、2-me-1-C19:1高于其他非生殖品级,三十一烷、三十四烷显著低于小工蚁和幼蚁;1龄幼蚁:十六烷高于其他非生殖品级;2龄幼蚁:(E)-9-4-me C18高于其他非生殖品级;3龄幼蚁:1-十九碳一烯、四十四烷高于其他非生殖品级;此外,1龄、2龄、3龄幼蚁的3,3,6-三甲基十烷、2-me-(E)-7-C16:1显著高于、8-十七碳一烯显著低于其他非生殖品级。生殖品级与非生殖品级比较,十二烷、十四烷、十七烷、三十一烷、2,8,8-三甲基十烷、8-乙基十五烷、2,6-二甲基十七烷、8-十七碳一烯、1-十七碳一烯、1-十八碳一烯、9-十九碳一烯的含量差异显著。【结论】黑翅土白蚁不同品级个体表皮碳氢化合物种类相同,组分含量存在差异,可用于巢内品级间识别。不同龄幼蚁和不同发育阶段工蚁,表皮碳氢化合物存在特征性组分含量,表皮碳氢化合物分泌随个体发育而改变。     

表皮碳氢化合物分析用于棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫分类鉴别

本文利用ＧＣ－ＭＳ技术分析了棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫的表皮碳氢化合物,并与亚洲玉米螟幼虫表皮碳氢化合物进行了比较。结果表明,棉铃虫与烟青虫幼虫表皮碳氢化合物的组分与含量均有显著差异,与玉米螟相比,这二者之间的差异明显小于它们与玉米螟的差异,其表现与三者之间自然的系统发育关系相一致。     

表皮碳氢化合物在3种火蚁属蚂蚁成虫鉴定中的应用

红火蚁Solenopsis invicta是火蚁属重要的入侵蚂蚁,与其近缘种黑火蚁S.richteri和杂交蚁S.invicta×S.richteri形态相似,难以区分。为了快速准确鉴定3种火蚁属近缘种,本研究利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS),解析3种火蚁的工蚁、有翅雌蚁、有翅雄蚁的表皮碳氢化合物种类和含量,并进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析。结果表明：3种火蚁共检测到62种表皮碳氢化合物,主要包括一甲基烷烃、二甲基烷烃和正构烷烃等;红火蚁、黑火蚁及杂交蚁不同品级的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量存在显著的种间差异,红火蚁不同地理种群的表皮碳氢化合物种类及含量相似度较高;建立3种火蚁相应品级的分类判别函数,可准确区分各品级下的3种火蚁。因此,表皮碳氢化合物组成分析可用于红火蚁及其近缘种的分类鉴定,为口岸火蚁属蚂蚁的快速检疫鉴定提供新技术。     

A social insect fertility signal is dependent on chemical context

Identifying group members and individuals'' status within a group are fundamental tasks in animal societies. For ants, this information is coded in the cuticular hydrocarbon profile. We manipulated profiles of the ant Odontomachus brunneus to examine whether the releaser and primer effects of fertility signals are dependent on chemical context. Fertility status is signalled through increased abundance of (Z)-9-nonacosene (Z9 : C₂₉). Across the ant''s distribution, populations have distinct hydrocarbon profiles but the fertility signal is conserved. Foreign queens and fertility-signal-treated workers from the same population, sharing a similar chemical background, elicited releaser effects from workers, whereas queens and fertility-signal-treated workers from different populations did not. Z9 : C₂₉ presented without chemical background did not elicit releaser effects. A primer-effect experiment found that Z9 : C₂₉, presented without a chemical background, did not inhibit worker reproduction. Our results demonstrate that a familiar chemical background is necessary for appropriate responses to fertility signals.     

Smells like aphids: orchid flowers mimic aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination

Most insects are dependent on chemical communication for activities such as mate finding or host location. Several plants, and especially orchids, mimic insect semiochemicals to attract insects for unrewarded pollination. Here, we present a new case of pheromone mimicry found in the terrestrial orchid Epipactis veratrifolia. Flowers are visited and pollinated by several species of aphidophagous hoverflies, the females of which also often lay eggs in the flowers. The oviposition behaviour of these hoverflies is mainly guided by aphid-derived kairomones. We show that the flowers produce α- and β-pinene, β-myrcene and β-phellandrene, and that these compounds attract and induce oviposition behaviour in female hoverflies. This floral odour profile is remarkably similar to the alarm pheromone released by several aphid species, such as Megoura viciae. We therefore suggest that E. veratrifolia mimics aphid alarm pheromones to attract hoverflies for pollination; this is the first time, to our knowledge, that such a case of mimicry has been demonstrated.     

枣镰翅小卷蛾性信息素通讯系统

采用单个雌蛾性信息素腺体分析技术对枣镰翅小卷蛾Ancylis sativa Liu雌蛾性信息素的组分和组分间的精确比例进行了测定,结果表明,枣镰翅小卷蛾雌蛾的性信息素系统由二个顺反异构体组分组成,即反-9-十二碳烯醋酸酯(E9-12∶Ac)和顺-9-十二碳烯醋酸酯(Z9-12∶Ac)组成,E9-12∶Ac与Z9-12∶Ac的比例为6.5∶3.5;雌蛾产生和释放性信息素具有时辰节律性,在光周期14L∶10D、温度为21℃时,性信息素产生的高峰期为进入黑暗期6.5 h;不同日龄雌蛾产生的性信息素有差异,1日龄最低,2日龄最高,3～5日龄居中,不同日龄雌蛾产生的性信息素组分间的比例无显著差异;对3个世代雌蛾产生的性信息素的量及组分间的比例的研究表明,越冬代含量最高,为(10.1±7.0)ng/头,第2代为(9.5±4.6)ng/头,第1代仅为(1.4±1.0)ng/头,3个世代性信息素组分间的比例无显著差异,在63.1%～64.3%(E)范围内。     

Sex- and age-related changes in the biophysical properties of cuticular lipids of the housefly,Musca domestica

We examined the biophysical properties of cuticular lipids isolated from the housefly, Musca domestica. Melting temperatures (T_m) of surface lipids isolated from female houseflies decreased from 39.3 °C to 35.3 °C as the females attained sexual maturity and produced sex pheromone, whereas those prepared from males did not change with age. Lipids melted over a 10–25 °C temperature range, and their physical properties were a complex function of the properties of the component lipids. The T_m of total cuticular lipids was slightly below that of cuticular hydrocarbons (HC), the predominant lipid fraction. Hydrocarbons were further fractionated into saturated, unsaturated, and methyl-branched components. The order of decreasing T_m was total alkanes > total HCs > methyl-branched alkanes > alkenes. For 1-day-old flies, measured T_ms of hydrocarbons were 1.3–5.5 °C lower than T_ms calculated from a weighted average of T_ms for saturated and unsaturated components. For 4-day-old flies, calculated T_ms underestimated T_m by 11–14 °C. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

小菜蛾化学生态学研究现状与展望

本文综述了几种植物吸引或阻抑小菜蛾成虫产卵或幼虫取食的效应。完整的、机械损伤的和菜粉蝶为害的甘蓝类蔬菜释放出数十种醇、醛、酯、酮、硫化物、羧酸类、异硫氰酸酯类和萜烯类挥发性化合物。机械损伤的甘蓝和小菜蛾、菜粉蝶及蜗牛为害的甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜粉蝶绒茧蜂。小菜蛾为害甘蓝释放的挥发物引诱菜蛾绒茧蜂。小菜蛾性信息素基本成分是顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯。当顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯和顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇以 5∶5∶0 1或顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醛、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯乙酸酯、顺 -1 1 -十六碳烯醇和顺 -9-十四碳烯乙酸酯按70∶3 0∶1∶0 0 1比例制成的诱芯诱蛾效果较好。宜深入探究寄主植物—小菜蛾—菜蛾绒茧蜂间的通讯机制 ,开发高效诱芯。     

Striking cuticular hydrocarbon dimorphism in the mason wasp Odynerus spinipes and its possible evolutionary cause (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae,Vespidae)

Cleptoparasitic wasps and bees smuggle their eggs into the nest of a host organism. Here the larvae of the cleptoparasite feed upon the food provision intended for the offspring of the host. As cleptoparasitism incurs a loss of fitness for the host organism (offspring of the host fail to develop), hosts of cleptoparasites are expected to exploit cues that alert them to potential cleptoparasite infestation. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) could serve as such cues, as insects inevitably leave traces of them behind when entering a nest. By mimicking the host''s CHC profile, cleptoparasites can conceal their presence and evade detection by their host. Previous studies have provided evidence of cleptoparasites mimicking their host''s CHC profile. However, the impact of this strategy on the evolution of the host''s CHC profile has remained unexplored. Here, we present results from our investigation of a host–cleptoparasite system consisting of a single mason wasp species that serves syntopically as the host to three cuckoo wasp species. We found that the spiny mason wasp (Odynerus spinipes) is able to express two substantially different CHC profiles, each of which is seemingly mimicked by a cleptoparasitic cuckoo wasp (i.e. Chrysis mediata and Pseudospinolia neglecta). The CHC profile of the third cuckoo wasp (Chrysis viridula), a species not expected to benefit from mimicking its host''s CHC profile because of its particular oviposition strategy, differs from the two CHC profiles of its host. Our results corroborate the idea that the similarity of the CHC profiles between cleptoparasitic cuckoo wasps and their hosts are the result of chemical mimicry. They further suggest that cleptoparasites may represent a hitherto unappreciated force that drives the evolution of their hosts'' CHCs.     

蛾类昆虫雄性信息素及其功能

昆虫性信息素是两性通讯系统的基础,其中雄性信息素的研究相对较少。本文综述了蛾类昆虫雄性信息素的研究进展。迄今已鉴定出40余种蛾类昆虫的雄性信息素,其行为学功能主要有对雌性的引诱和激欲、对同种雄性的抑制及种间隔离等。     

Learning and discrimination of cuticular hydrocarbons in a social insect

Social insect cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) mixtures are among the most complex chemical cues known and are important in nest-mate, caste and species recognition. Despite our growing knowledge of the nature of these cues, we have very little insight into how social insects actually perceive and discriminate among these chemicals. In this study, we use the newly developed technique of differential olfactory conditioning to pure, custom-designed synthetic colony odours to analyse signal discrimination in Argentine ants, Linepithema humile. Our results show that tri-methyl alkanes are more easily learned than single-methyl or straight-chain alkanes. In addition, we reveal that Argentine ants can discriminate between hydrocarbons with different branching patterns and the same chain length, but not always between hydrocarbons with the same branching patterns but different chain length. Our data thus show that biochemical characteristics influence those compounds that ants can discriminate between, and which thus potentially play a role in chemical signalling and nest-mate recognition.