类固醇激素作用的非基因组效应

类固醇激素作用的非基因组效应崔肇春（大连医科大学生化教研室,大连１１６０２７）关键词类固醇激素非基因组效应六十年代发现了类固醇激素的胞内受体,促进了类固醇激素作用机制的研究。众所周知,类固醇激素作用的途径是它直接进入细胞后,与胞内受体结合成激素－受体...     

盐皮质激素的非基因组作用及其机制

盐皮质激素(以醛固酮为代表)是调节机体水盐代谢的重要甾体激素,有着重要的生理、病理功能,阐明其作用机制具有重要的基础和临床意义.现已明确,醛固酮的作用有经典的基因组作用和快速的非基因组作用.关于前者,人们已有较多的评述,本文旨在综述近年来有关醛固酮非基因组作用及其可能分子机制的研究进展.目前的研究表明,醛固酮既可能通过膜受体,又可能通过核受体发挥快速非基因组作用.非基因组作用可以激活细胞内多种信号转导通路.另外,非基因组作用与基因组作用之间还存在整合和交互对话的途径.     

糖皮质激素的非基因组作用

糖皮质激素是由肾上腺皮质分泌的类固醇激素,是调节物质代谢和应激反应的重要激素,同时具有强大的抗炎和免疫抑制的特性。糖皮质激素除通过基因组机制起作用外,还通过非基因组机制影响激素的分泌、神经元兴奋性、行为、细胞形态、糖代谢等各种生命活动。     

糖皮质激素非基因组效应的研究

在过去的几十年间,人们认为糖皮质激素（glucocorticoid,GC）仅仅是通过改变基因的表达来发挥其生理作用,这个过程需要几个小时来完成。然而,近年来越来越多的证据表明GC对激素分泌、神经元兴奋性、机体行为及细胞形态、糖类代谢等具备快速效应,这些过程往往在数秒钟或者分种内完成,这种作用机制被称为GC的非基因组作用机制。GC的非基因组作用主要可能通过两种不同的机制起作用：（1）通过细胞膜上或者细胞质内结构未知的糖皮质激素受体（glucocorticoid Recptor,GR）来发挥非基因组作用,即为特异性非基因组效应,（2）GC主要通过改变细胞膜理化作用来发挥效应。也称为非特异性非基因组效应（non-specific nongenomic effects,NSNE）。本文通过阐述近年来GC的非基因组的作用的最新研究进展并且讨论了这些非基因组作用临床治疗过程中的联系。对糖皮质激素基因组和非基因组作用机制的深入了解有助于指导我们在临床合理用药并减少其副作用。     

雌激素非基因组效应及其对雌性生殖功能影响的研究进展

雌激素属于类固醇激素,其对靶细胞的作用除了由胞内受体介导的基因组效应外,还可通过作用于细胞膜上的受体,快速激活膜上和胞内相关信号分子,通过多种跨膜信号转导的方式,产生非基因组效应。与雌激素非基因组效应相关的信号途径主要有PLC-Ca~(2+),ERK/MAPK,cAMP-PKA,PI3K-AKT-NOS等,进而引起后续生物学效应。雌激素通过非基因组机制对全身各器官系统,如生殖系统、神经系统、心血管系统和骨组织等的生理及病理过程都具有广泛而重要的调节作用。本文主要对雌激素非基因组效应的作用特点,主要信号途径和生理意义,以及其对雌性生殖系统功能的影响进行综述。     

激素作用的机制及相关试题科学性分析

激素包括含氮激素和类固醇激素,靶细胞上接受激素的受体包括细胞膜受体和细胞内受体。不同的激素其受体不同,作用机制也不同。剖析相关试题混淆2类激素、2类受体、2类机制,出现科学性错误的原因。     

糖皮质激素非基因组效应及其信号转导机制

糖皮质激素具有多种重要的生理和药理作用,其经典作用途径为“基因组机制”,通过调节基因转录发挥作用.近年来,其“非基因组机制”在生理和药理学方面的作用越来越受重视.在这一作用途径中,可能有多种受体、激酶、信号分子的参与,“基因组机制”和“非基因组机制”间还可能存在交互调节,对非基因组机制进行深入研究有利于糖皮质激素的临床合理应用.     

甾体激素对免疫细胞快速作用的非基因组机制

神经内分泌系统和免疫系统存在双向的联系 ,构成复杂的信息网络。甾体激素对免疫细胞的调节作用是上述网络中的重要一环。越来越多的证据表明 ,甾体激素对免疫细胞亦广泛存在着非基因组机制介导的快速作用 ,本文就此作一综述     

甾体激素非基因组作用的复杂性

1．甾体激素（SH）,包括雄、雌、孕、糖皮质和盐皮质激素以及维生素D3,都被证明有快速的、不依赖于传统甾体激素家族核受体（SR）的非基因组作用（简称非基因组作用）。     

地塞米松对去甲肾上腺素/神经肽Y引起的延髓尾端背内侧细胞内Ca2+浓度的影响

经典的激素作用理论认为,类固醇类激素的作用是通过调节核转录以触发与生理功能相关的基因效应.近年来的研究资料证明,类固醇激素可通过多种途径产生快速效应,例如通过影响细胞[Ca2+]i的变化来快速调节细胞的功能活动.     

Short-time effects of neuroactive steroids on rat cortical Ca2+-ATPase activity

Recent experimental evidence indicates that some steroid hormones, apart from their well-documented genomic actions, could produce non-genomic rapid effects, and are potent modulators of the plasma membrane proteins, including voltage- and ligand-operated ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors. Neuroactive steroids, 17beta-estradiol, testosterone, pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, after a short-time incubation directly modulated the activity of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase purified from synaptosomal membranes of rat cortex. The sulfate derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone applied at concentrations of 10-11-10-6 M, showed an inverted U-shape potency in the regulation of Ca2+-ATPase activity. At physiologically relevant concentrations (10-8-10-9 M) a maximal enhancement of the basal activity reached 200%. Testosterone (10-11-10-6 M) and 17beta-estradiol (10-12-10-9 M) caused a dose-dependent increase in the hydrolytic ability of Ca2+-ATPase, and the activity with the highest concentration of steroids reached 470% and 200%, respectively. All examined steroids decreased the stimulatory effect of a naturally existing activator of the calcium pump, calmodulin. The present study strongly suggests that the plasma membrane calcium pump could be one of the possible membrane targets for a non-genomic neuroactive steroid action.     

Direct binding and activation of protein kinase C isoforms by steroid hormones

The non-genomic action of steroid hormones regulates a wide variety of cellular responses including regulation of ion transport, cell proliferation, migration, death and differentiation. In order to achieve such plethora of effects steroid hormones utilize nearly all known signal transduction pathways. One of the key signalling molecules regulating the non-genomic action of steroid hormones is protein kinase C (PKC). It is thought that rapid action of steroids hormones results from the activation of plasma membrane receptors; however, their molecular identity remains elusive. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have pointed at the selective binding and activation of specific PKC isoforms by steroid hormones. This has led to the hypothesis that PKC could act as a receptor as well as a transducer of the non-genomic effects of these hormones. In this review we summarize the current knowledge of the direct binding and activation of PKC by steroid hormones.     

GPRC6A mediates the non-genomic effects of steroids

The identity of the putative G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the non-genomic effects of androgens is unknown. We present in vitro and in vivo evidence that the orphan GPRC6A receptor, a widely expressed calcium and amino acid sensing GPCR, transduces the non-genomic effects of testosterone and other steroids. Overexpression of GPRC6A imparts the ability of extracellular testosterone to illicit a rapid, non-genomic signaling response in HEK-293 cells lacking the androgen receptor. Conversely, testosterone-stimulated rapid signaling and phosphorylation of ERK is attenuated in bone marrow stromal cells derived from GPRC6A(-/-) mice and in 22Rv1 prostate cancer cells after siRNA-mediated knockdown of GPRC6A. Compared with wild-type controls, GPRC6A(-/-) null mice exhibit significantly less ERK activation and Egr-1 expression in both bone marrow and testis in response to pharmacological doses of testosterone in vivo. In addition, testosterone administration results in suppression of luteinizing hormone in wild-type male mice, but paradoxically stimulates serum luteinizing hormone levels in GPRC6A(-/-) null mice. These results suggest that GPRC6A is functionally important in regulating non-genomic effects of androgens in multiple tissues.     

Short-time effects of neuroactive steroids on rat cortical Ca2+-ATPase activity

Recent experimental evidence indicates that some steroid hormones, apart from their well-documented genomic actions, could produce non-genomic rapid effects, and are potent modulators of the plasma membrane proteins, including voltage- and ligand-operated ion channels or G protein-coupled receptors. Neuroactive steroids, 17β-estradiol, testosterone, pregnenolone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, after a short-time incubation directly modulated the activity of plasma membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase purified from synaptosomal membranes of rat cortex. The sulfate derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone applied at concentrations of 10^?11–10^?6 M, showed an inverted U-shape potency in the regulation of Ca²⁺-ATPase activity. At physiologically relevant concentrations (10^?8–10^?9 M) a maximal enhancement of the basal activity reached 200%. Testosterone (10^?11–10^?6 M) and 17β-estradiol (10^?12–10^?9 M) caused a dose-dependent increase in the hydrolytic ability of Ca²⁺-ATPase, and the activity with the highest concentration of steroids reached 470% and 200%, respectively. All examined steroids decreased the stimulatory effect of a naturally existing activator of the calcium pump, calmodulin. The present study strongly suggests that the plasma membrane calcium pump could be one of the possible membrane targets for a non-genomic neuroactive steroid action.     

Steroid influences upon discharge frequencies of intact and isolated pacemakers of weakly electric fish

Summary The effects of gonadal steroids upon the discharge frequencies of the weakly electric fishApteronotus rostratus were examined. Androgens elicited frequency decreases, while estrogens had no effect. The androgen-induced decreases occurred with very short latencies and lasted only for several hours. The medullary nucleus that controls the discharge frequencies of these animals was subsequently isolated in an in vitro preparation. The effects of steroids were tested on the isolated pacemaker, and were found to be similar to those seen in intact animals. Thus, steroid effects upon discharge frequencies appear to be a consequence of direct effects upon the pacemaker. The short time course of the response suggests non-genomic effects of steroids upon neuronal activity in the pacemaker.     

Progesterone-like relaxant effect of RU 486 in the rat myometrium

The antihormone RU 486 is characterized by its antiprogesterone and antiglucocorticoid activities. In this work the likelihood of a non-genomic effect for this compound was assessed. Thus, RU 486 was compared with progesterone and the 5β-progestin pregnanolone, for its ability to modify the uterine contractility of the rat. An outstanding relaxant effect elicited by RU 486 was observed, slightly higher than that produced by progesterone but lower than pregnanolone. Moreover, calcium promoted contractions were antagonized by RU 486, in the same way as the endogenous steroids. The data suggest the capability of RU 486 to block the calcium channels. It is concluded that a non-genomic effect of RU 486 is produced before its journey into the cell for its genomic action.     

雌激素的非基因组途径在哺乳动物雌性生殖过程中的作用机制

雌激素的非基因组调节模式在雌性生殖系统中广泛存在．雌激素通过基因组、非基因组及两种调节模式的整合在不同组织中行使多种生理功能．卵巢中雌激素能通过非基因组效应对卵细胞起到保护作用．子宫中雌激素对多种基因的表达都是通过非基因组模式．对雌激素非基因组效应的研究将有利于进一步了解雌激素的作用机制．