Effect of polyphenol content on the hydrolysis and fermentation of grain sorghum starch

The high polyphenol content of birdproff grain sorghum has been associated with impaired nutritional quality of the grain and with reduced brewing value of birdproof grain sorghum malt due to enzyme inhibition. In this investigation, high polyphenol grain sorghum was evaluated as a feedstock for fermentation ethanol production using NaOH pretreatment to inactivate the polyphenolic compounds prior to hydrolysis with commercial amylases. The polyphenolic inhibition of starch hydrolysis was minimal at a grain sorghum slurry concentration of 20% dry solids, but became pronounced at slurry concentrations of 28% and higher. At these high slurry concentrations the liquefaction and subsequent saccharification and fermentation were markedly improved by alkaline pretreatment. The highest ethanol concentration (12·3%, vol/vol), coupled with the best starch conversion efficiency to ethanol (83·5%), was obtained with a 28% grain sorghum slurry using a partial simultaneous saccharification and fermentation procedure. The residual fermented solids had a crude protein content of 45·4%. Tannic acid decreased yeast cell viability in synthetic media, but had no effect on the hydrolysis or fermentation of grain sorghum starch.     

黄伞菌丝蛋白质营养价值评价

本文测定了黄伞Pholiotaadiposa菌丝粗蛋白含量和氨基酸组成,采用国际上通用的营养价值评价方法,对其蛋白质的营养价值进行全面评价,并与营养价值较高的白灵侧耳Pleurotusnebrodensis、刺芹侧耳Pleurotuseryngii和金顶侧耳Pleurotrscitrinopileatus进行比较。分析结果表明,黄伞菌丝的必需氨基酸含量最高,占其氨基酸总量的43.9%,蛋白质的氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)分别为92.0、71.3、88.5、84.8、40.4和78.8,六项指标均比参比食用菌高。结果说明黄伞菌丝具有很高的营养价值。     

Relationships between tristimulus colour values and digestibility of grain sorghum by swine

Fourteen grain sorghum cultivars were used to study the degree of relationship between energy and protein digestion coefficients and tristimulus colour values of grain sorghum. Colour values from whole grain, ground dry and ground blended samples of each cultivar were used. Colour values of the ground blended samples were more highly associated with digestibility and nitrogen retention than were colour values of either whole grain or ground dry grain sorghum. Although close relationships were shown by simple correlation coefficients, valid prediction equations could not be developed (P < 0.05) from combinations of these three colour observations. These data indicate that colour difference meter values can be used to develop linear regression equations that would assist in screening grain sorghum cultivars for nutritive value in swine.     

大杯香菇辐射选育新株系主要营养价值的遗传分析

对大杯香菇中20个（品种和辐射选育新株系）的蛋白质营养价值6项评价指标进行了遗传变异分析、相关性分析和主成分分析.结果表明,变异系数最大的为氨基酸比值系数分,达到22.70％;其次为氨基酸评分,变异系数为18.08％;其它变异系数较小分别为化学评分、生物价、营养指数和必需氨基酸指数为4.18％、3.76％、3.37％和...     

Experimental studies for levulinic acid production from whole kernel grain sorghum.

Levulinic acid has potential as an important basic chemical material. This study proposed a method of making levulinic acid using abundant and low cost whole kernel sorghum grain as the raw material. Flour made from grinding whole kernel sorghum grains was blended with 2%, 5% and 8% aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid. Mixtures were heated to 160 or 200 degrees C in a pressurized reactor. A stepwise heating scheme helped improve the yield of levulinic acid. Levulinic acid yield was determined based on sorghum flour content, as opposed to total sorghum mass. Levulinic acid yield increased as reaction temperature increased. Higher sulfuric acid concentration also significantly increased the levulinic acid yield. However, flour loading had an adverse effect on levulinic acid yield. A maximum yield of 32.6% levulinic acid was achieved at 200 degrees C, 8% sulfuric acid concentration and 10% flour loading. A linear regression model was capable of predicting the levulinic acid yield with respect to effects of reaction temperature, mineral acid concentration and flour loading (R2 = 0.88).     

60Coγ辐射对秀珍菇子实体蛋白质营养水平的影响

采用国际上通用的非生物评价方法,研究了不同剂量60Coγ辐射对秀珍菇子实体蛋白质营养价值的影响,以期为秀珍菇辐射育种研究提供科学依据.结果表明：在相同培养料以辐射剂量为1.00处理的栽培的秀珍菇子实体蛋白质营养价值评价的六项指标中氨基酸评分、化学评分、必需氨基酸指数、氨基酸比值系数分和生物价分别为74.3、58.5、78.3、66.9和73.6,均居5种剂量处理之首,营养指数为25.8,均居第2位.综合评价的结果显示,以辐射剂鼍为1.00 kGy处理的相同培养料栽培秀珍菇子实体其蛋白质营养价值最高.     

长期轮作对黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质的影响

在长期定位试验条件下,研究了黄土高原旱地粮草（小麦-红豆草）、粮豆（小麦-豌豆）和粮饲（小麦-玉米）3种典型轮作制度对小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质的影响.结果表明： 轮作制度及茬口年限可对黄土高原旱地小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质产生不同程度的影响.与连作小麦相比,实行小麦-红豆草轮作后,小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定,且其籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量、氨基酸评分、氨基酸比值系数、化学评分和氨基酸指数均较高,可作为黄土高原生产优质蛋白小麦的轮作制度;小麦与豌豆进行轮作,豌豆茬后1年小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较高,但豌豆茬后2年小麦籽粒蛋白质必需氨基酸含量较低,且多种必需氨基酸评分和化学评分低于连作小麦,必需氨基酸指数比连作小麦低12.2%,营养品质较低;虽然粮饲轮作小麦籽粒蛋白质营养品质较稳定,但其粗蛋白、必需氨基酸含量及氨基酸平衡程度均低于连作小麦.     

Nitrogen assimilation in opaque and normal sorghum during grain development

Activity of key nitrogen assimilating enzymes was studied in developing grains of high-lysine opaque sorghum P-721 and normal sorghum CSV-5. The higher percentage of protein in opaque sorghum was mainly due to lower starch content since protein per grain was less than in CSV-5. During grain development, albufn and globulin decreased while prolafne and glutelin increased. Prolafne content in CSV-5 was higher than in opaque sorghum. Average nitrate reductase activity in flag and long leaf were similar in both the varieties. The nitrate reductase activity decreased during grain development. Glutamate dehydrogenase activity was higher during early development and lower at later stages in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5. Glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase activity was higher and glutamine synthetase lower in opaque sorghum than in CSV-5 grains during development. Glutamate synthase activity was higher in opaque sorghum up to day 20 and lower thereafter than in CSV-5. It is suggested that reduced activities of glutamine synthetase as well as glutamate synthase in opaque sorghum as compared to CSV-5 during later stages of development may restrict protein accumulation in the former.     

Biological efficiency and nutritional value of Pleurotus ostreatus cultivated on spent beer grain

Unpretreated spent beer grains were successfully used as a basic substrate material for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus. The effects of spent grain types, additives, substrate moisture content, and substrate packing density on the yield and nutrition of fruit bodies were investigated. The cultivation results showed that few fruit bodies were formed on spent grain alone; however, a significantly high biological efficiency (19.1%) was obtained with the addition of wheat bran to (45%). The chemical analysis of fruit bodies indicated that P. ostreatus cultivated on spent grain substrate had a higher nutritional value than those grown on other reported types of substrates. The total amino acid content in the fruit bodies was 347.5 mg/g dry matter, and the crude protein content was as high as 53.3% on a dry weight basis. It was also found that the cultivation of P. ostreatus increased the crude protein content, while it decreased the ratio of lignin to cellulose, of the spent grain substrate.     

Effect of chemical treatments on the micro-organisms associated with malting of sorghum grains and sorghum malt

The effect of five chemical preservatives on the micro-organisms associated with sorghum grain and malts was investigated. Sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, nisin, formaldehyde and lime at concentrations up to 500, 100, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, respectively did not adversely affect the malting properties of sorghum grain. Only HCHO and Ca(OH)2, each of which prevented bacteria and mould growth at 500 and 2000 ppm, respectively, were sufficiently effective at maximum practicable concentrations to control microbial contamination during malting.     

Effect of chemical treatments on the micro-organisms associated with malting of sorghum grains and sorghum malt

The effect of five chemical preservatives on the micro-organisms associated with sorghum grain and malts was investigated. Sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, nisin, formaldehyde and lime at concentrations up to 500, 100, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm, respectively did not adversely affect the malting properties of sorghum grain. Only HCHO and Ca(OH)₂, each of which prevented bacteria and mould growth at 500 and 2000 ppm, respectively, were sufficiently effective at maximum practicable concentrations to control microbial contamination during malting.     

PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM AMERICANUM (L.) LEEKE) AND GRAIN SORGHUM (SORGHUM BICOLOR (L.) MOENCH) ULTRASTRUCTURE

Ultrastructural features of pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) caryospses were investigated with thin sections of the dry, mature grain in the transmission electron microscope, and fractured kernels in the scanning electron microscope. The pericarp of those grains is comprised of three distinct layers: epicarp, mesocarp of parenchyma cells, and endocarp of compressed cross and tube cells. Mesocarp cells of grain sorghum contain starch granules embedded in a cytoplasmic matrix. The major constituent of sorghum and millet aleurone cells are aleurone grains (protein bodies) and lipid bodies. Subaleurone cells contain a much higher proportion of protein bodies than starch granules, and the protein bodies are structurally distinct from those in the aleurone. The germ scutellar ultrastructures of the two grains were similar; protein bodies, lipid bodies, epidermal cells and parenchyma cells of the germ are described.     

黄伞深层发酵菌丝体与子实体蛋白质的营养评价

采用国际上通用的营养价值评价方法,全面评价了黄伞深层发酵菌丝体与子实体蛋白质的营养价值。黄伞深层发酵菌丝体蛋白质的氨基酸评分(AAS)、化学评分(CS)、必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)、生物价(BV)、营养指数(NI)和氨基酸比值系数分(SRCAA)分别为82.86、54.96、92.73、89.38、35.42和87.24,均高于子实体。这说明黄伞深层发酵菌丝体是良好的蛋白源。     

作物节木代料香菇与纯木屑代料香菇蛋白质营养比较研究

采用国际通用的蛋白质营养评价方法,对2种作物节木代料和纯木屑代料(CK)香菇子实体蛋白质的营养价值进行了比较研究。结果表明,2种作物节木代料香菇子实体蛋白质的NI指标低于纯木屑代料香菇,而CS、AAS、EAAI、BV、SRCAA等指标均高于纯木屑代料香菇。结论:作物节木代料香菇子实体和纯木屑代料香菇子实体蛋白质均具有较高营养价值,且二者之间无显著差异。     

不同施肥黑土微生物量氮变化特征及相关因素

研究长期施用两种不同量有机肥(M2、M4)和化肥(NPK)的黑土微生物量N在作物生长季的变化特征．结果表明,施用有机肥黑土微生物量N显著高于施用化肥(NPK)和不施肥(CK),微生物量N季节波动小．微生物量N为M4 25．52～239．12mg·kg^-1,M2 10．40～94．31mg·kg^-1．NPK6．27～87．04mg·kg^-1,CK9．15～69．81mg·kg^-1,同一处理最大值与最小值相差7～14倍．M2、NPK处理微生物量N最大值出现在抽雄吐丝期,M4处理最大值出现在拔节期,CK处理最大值出现在播种期;不同处理微生物量N的差异并未因季节变化及玉米生育时期影响而明显改变．微生物量N的动态变化与极少数黑土生物、理化特性指标动态变化显著相关;微生物量N与黑土生物、理化特性,植物氮、磷、钾有极显著的正相关关系,与土壤含水量、籽粒粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关关系．     

Biochemical Studies on Hydrocyanic Acid Potential and Amino Acid in Sorghums

This research is conducted to study the HCN-p of several types of sorghum, as well as their changes in amino acid. The HCN-p of sorghum seedling reached its maximum in 4–6 days after germination. It was found that the first leaf of the seedling has the highest HCN-p. Among the 14 varieties studied, Atlas had the highest HCN-p (1984ppm), whereas NP-22 had the lowest value (479ppm). Light-grown seedlings had higher HCN-p. There was no obvious difference in protein amino acid in sorghum seedlings with .different HCN-p. However, the free amino acid content did vary in the sorghum varieties. The content of free tyrval, pheleu and ileu in etiolated Atlas seedlings was significantly higher than that in NP-22 seedlings. However, under condition of light, the five free amino acids lowers significantly in content in Atlas when compared be NP-22. This proves that Atlas had a more sensitive enzyme system and under presence of light, its free amino acid content was rapidly converted to cyanide.     

HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay of phenylpropanoids in cereals

A new, rapid HPLC-PAD-APCI/MS assay has been developed in order to measure accurately the amount of p-coumaric, E- and Z-ferulic acid and the dehydrodimers of ferulic acid in cereal grain. In the positive ionisation mode, MS patterns gave additional information for the identification of the dimers. The time required and the quantities of solvents employed in the developed analytical method are much lower than those involved in previously available assays of these compounds, thus making the method suitable for the screening of cereal genotypes. Application of the method to accessions of maize, wheat and sorghum showed that E-ferulic was the most abundant phenylpropanoid, whilst the major dimer was 8-O-4' dehydrodimer of ferulic acid followed by the 5-5' and then the 8-5' forms. Maize grains, especially of the Mexican landraces, contained the highest levels of these dimers.     

Correlation between environmental factors, chemical composition, and antioxidative properties of caper species growing wild in Calabria (South Italy)

Twenty samples of two caper species were collected from various natural habitats of Calabria (South Italy). A sample program was designed in order to cover all taxa and morphotypes present in the studied area, trying to correlate ecological conditions, phytochemical content, and biological activities. These species were characterized through the detection, isolation, and capillary GC-GC/MS quantitative evaluation of chemical markers (phytosterols and vitamin E). The antioxidant activity of MeOH caper extracts was assayed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene bleaching tests. The chemical investigation showed a different composition according to the species and the populations. The best free radical (DPPH) scavenging activity was exerted by Capparis orientalis sample C4 (collected near Copanello village, granodiorite sea cliff) and Capparis sicula ssp. sicula sample C5 (collected near Tarsia village, clay soil). Sample C2 (Galatrella Valley, clay soil) showed the highest inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation with more efficacy than propyl gallate, the reference drug.     

不同生态环境与播种期下小麦籽粒品质变异规律的研究

选用 6个不同品质类型小麦品种在 4个生态点进行分期播种试验, 系统分析了不同生态环境下小麦籽粒产量与品质的变异特征及其与主要气候生态因子间的关系。结果表明 :生态点、品种以及地点×品种互作对籽粒产量、千粒重、蛋白质、湿面筋和淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值的影响均达到显著水平 ;不同播种期处理对产量与淀粉含量的影响达到极显著水平, 而播种期×品种互作对千粒重、降落值、淀粉含量及沉降值的效应达到显著水平 ;地点×播种期×品种互作仅对产量、湿面筋、淀粉含量与沉降值有显著的影响。在 4个不同生态点中, 南京点的籽粒蛋白质与湿面筋含量最低, 但淀粉含量最高 ;徐州点的产量和千粒重最大 ;泰安点的蛋白质含量与湿面筋含量最高, 沉降值最小 ;保定点的产量、千粒重最小, 但沉降值最大。不同播种期处理下, 适播与晚播的籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、淀粉含量、沉降值与降落值都显著高于早播, 而早播期的产量和千粒重最大。各小麦品种在不同地点与播种期下产量与品质性状的变异中以降落值的变异系数为最大, 淀粉的变异为最小。开花至成熟期的日均温与淀粉含量呈线性负相关, 与产量、蛋白质和湿面筋含量及降落值呈二次曲线相关关系 ;日温差与产量和千粒重呈二次曲线相关关系, 籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量、沉降值及降落值则随昼温差的增加线性递增 ;开花至成熟期降雨量与产量、千粒重都呈现先升后降的二次曲线相关关系, 而与籽粒蛋白质含量和降落值呈现线性负相关关系 ;籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量与降落值随开花至成熟期的累计日照时数呈现线性正相关关系。     

Production, transportation and milling costs of sweet sorghum as a feedstock for centralized bioethanol production in the upper Midwest

Sweet sorghum has been identified as a possible ethanol feedstock because of its biomass yield and high concentration of readily fermentable sugars. It has found limited use, however, because of poor post-harvest storage characteristics and short harvest window in cooler climates. Previous research (Bennett, A.S., Anex, R.P., 2008. Farm-gate production costs of sweet sorghum as a bioethanol feedstock. Transactions of the ASABE 51(2), 603-613) indicates that fermentable carbohydrates (FC) can be produced at less expense from sweet sorghum than from corn grain. Previous research, however, did not include costs associated with off-farm transportation, storage, or capital costs associated with milling and energy recovery equipment that are required to provide FC suitable for biological conversion. This study includes these additional costs and reevaluates sweet sorghum as a biocommodity feedstock. A total of eight harvest-transport-processing options are modeled, including 4-row self-propelled and 2-row tractor-pulled forage harvesters, two different modes of in-field transport, fresh processing, on-farm ensilage and at-plant ensilage. Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis are used to account for system variability and compare scenarios. Transportation costs are found to be significant ranging from $33 to $71 Mg (-1) FC, with highest costs associated with at-plant ensilage scenarios. Economies of scale benefit larger milling equipment and boiler systems reducing FC costs by more than 50% when increasing annual plant capacity from 37.9 to 379 million liters. Ensiled storage of high moisture sweet sorghum in bunkers can lead to significant losses of FC (>20%) and result in systems with net FC costs well above those of corn-derived FC. Despite relatively high transport costs, seasonal, fresh processed sweet sorghum is found to produce FC at costs competitive with corn grain derived FC.