Effects of Cycloheximide and Light on Leaf Senescence in Maize and Hydrangea

The senescence of maize and hydrangea leaves after detachmentand darkening was studied in terms of the loss of chlorophylland protein. Chlorophyll contents of the detached leaves decreasedin the dark in both plants. Cycloheximide at 0.1 mM effectivelyinhibited the loss of chlorophyll in maize, but did not do soin hydrangea. Continuous irradiation with white light of 4.6Wm^–2 prevented the loss of chlorophyll in hydrangea leaves,while it caused bleaching of maize leaves. Reducing agents suchas ascorbic acid and glutathione did not prevent the bleachingby light. In maize leaves, the amount of protein decreased inthe dark more slowly than that of chlorophyll, and cycloheximideslightly prevented the protein decrease. Continuous light irradiationof 4.6 Wm^–2 delayed the loss of protein more effectivelythan cycloheximide did. (Received January 31, 1981; Accepted May 21, 1981)     

The Metabolism of Oat Leaves during Senescence: IV. The Effects of alphaalpha'-Dipyridyl and other Metal Chelators on Senescence

The senescence of the first leaves of light-grown Avena seedlings when detached and placed in the dark is inhibited by α, α′-dipyridyl and α, α′, α″-tripyridyl at concentrations between 10⁻⁵ and 10⁻⁴ M. Five other chelating agents exert similar inhibiting effects at concentrations 3 to 30 times higher. The senescence of etiolated leaves, as shown by loss of carotenoid and protein, is similarly inhibited. Ethylene-diaminetetraacetate has a similar effect in the dark, though only at 10 mM and above, but in the light it causes bleaching of chlorophyll. It is deduced that an iron-containing system plays an essential part in the initiation of the senescence process.     

残茬覆盖与耕作方式对夏玉米叶片衰老代谢和籽粒产量的影响

对小麦机械收获后残茬覆盖与不覆盖两种条件下免耕、翻耕和播种行深松3种土壤耕作方式的夏玉米开花后叶片衰老生理特性和籽粒产量进行了研究。结果表明,残茬覆盖和深松耕作的玉米叶片SOD和POD活性提高、MAD含量降低、叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量高、降解速度慢,维持了叶片后期较高的生理功能。最终开花后干物质生产量和玉米籽粒产量表现为：覆盖显著高于不覆盖,深松显著高于翻耕和免耕,残茬覆盖与深松结合效果最好。     

器官间关系对叶片衰老的影响

叶片衰老是整个植株生理特性的敏感表现,受根系、茎、生殖器官和其他叶片等器官的影响。器官间关系影响叶片衰老可能是通过竞争体内营养、水分等物质、竞争环境因子、源库关系、激素等信息系统调节等机制实现的。从整株水平上加强叶片衰老的生理机制和控制技术研究,将为生产上控制衰老、减少叶片异常衰老造成的产量和品质损失提供有效的技术途径。     

Profiles of Leaf Senescence During Reproductive Growth of Sunflower and Maize

We investigated the effect of reproductive growth on the profilesof leaf senescence in maize (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthusannuus L.). Leaf senescence after flowering was assessed usingboth structural (leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen and dry matter)and functional (photosynthesis) variables in undisturbed plants(+G) and in plants in which grain set was prevented (-G). Twoweeks after flowering, lack of grain accelerated senescencein maize and delayed senescence in sunflower as indicated byleaf chlorophyll; leaf nitrogen and dry matter were less sensitiveresponse variables. Lack of interaction between reproductivetreatment and leaf position indicates that the senescence signal,whatever its nature, was equally effective throughout the plantin both species. In both species, feedback inhibition of photosynthesiswas first detected 30–35 d after flowering; excess carbohydratein the leaves was therefore an unlikely trigger of acceleratedsenescence in maize. As reproductive development progressed,differences between +G and -G plants were more marked in sunflower,and tended to disappear or reverse in maize. In sunflower, interactionsbetween leaf position and reproductive treatment—attributableto the local effect of grain—were detected around 20–27d after flowering. Copyright 2000 Annals of Botany Company Helianthus annuus, Zea mays, chlorophyll, light, nitrogen, photosynthesis, reproductive growth, senescence, source-sink, SPAD.     

The Effects of Cotyledon Excision on Growth and Leaf Senescence in Soya-bean Plants

One effect of the removal of cotyledons of soya-beans 24 h afterimbibition was to reduce subsequent growth, especially in thefirst 10 weeks after planting. The longevity of treated plantswas increased by 30 days and the onset of leaf senescence delayed,as judged by the time-course of leaf chlorophyll and solubleprotein content, and also by the time-course of net photosynthesisand respiration rates. These effects are similar to those reportedto result from partial defoliation of more mature plants.     

超积累植物的金属配位体及其在植物修复中的应用

综述了超积累植物体内金属配位体（包括植物螯合肽、植物金属硫蛋白、有机酸和氨基酸）的生物合成,参与的植物体内金属的吸收、运输、积累的解毒过程的生理及分子机制,并对金属配位体在植物修复中的应用作了评述。     

Differential Senescence of Maize Hybrids following Ear Removal : II. Selected Leaf

In conjunction with a study of the effects of ear removal on the senescence of whole maize (Zea mays L.) plants, visual symptoms and associated changes in constituent contents and activities of a selected leaf (first leaf above the ear) were determined. Leaves were sampled from field-grown eared and earless Pioneer brand 3382, B73 × Mo17, and Farm Services brand 854 maize hybrids at nine times during the grainfilling period.

Visual symptoms indicated the following sequence and rate of senescence: earless B73 × Mo17 > earless P3382 » eared B73 × Mo17 » eared P3382 ≤ earless FS854 > eared FS854. All earless hybrids showed increases in leaf dry weight and sugar content; however, the increases were transitory for P3382 and B73 × Mo17, but continuous throughout the grain-filling period for FS854, indicative of continued photosynthetic activity of the latter. All earless hybrids exhibited similar and transitory starch accumulation patterns. Thus, FS854 was an exception to the concept that carbohydrate accumulation accelerates leaf senescence. Ear removal resulted in accelerated losses of reduced N, phosphoenolpyruvate and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylases, phosphorus, chlorophyll, nitrate reductase activity, and moisture for P3382 and B73 × Mo17 plants. In contrast, the loss of all components (except phosphorus) was similar for the selected leaf of earless and eared FS854.

Although the loss of nitrate reductase activity, reduced N, and carboxylating enzymes accurately reflected the development of senescence of the selected leaf, the rate of net loss of reduced N and carboxylating enzymes appeared to be regulated. We deduced that the rate of flux of N into the leaf was a factor in regulating the differing rates of senescence observed for the six treatments; however, we cannot rule out the possibility of concurrent influence of growth regulators or other metabolites.

     

外源施加AsA和MeJA对乙烯利诱导水稻叶片衰老的影响

以野生型水稻(Oryza sativa)株系中花11(ZH-11)及其抗坏血酸合成关键酶基因GLDH下调株系(GI-2)为材料,研究了外源抗坏血酸(AsA)与茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)对乙烯利诱导下水稻叶片早衰现象的影响。结果表明,外源AsA提高了水稻GI-2中的抗坏血酸含量、Rubisco含量及叶绿素的含量,减缓了其光合特性参数的下降速率,但对水稻ZH-11没有显著影响。外源MeJA降低了两株系的抗坏血酸、Rubisco及叶绿素含量,加快了叶内光合特性参数的下降速率,且对ZH-11的影响大于GI-2。因此,外源AsA处理能有效缓解乙烯利诱导的水稻叶片早衰现象,使叶片的衰老进程得以延缓,而外源MeJA作用相反。     

Leaf Senescence and GABA Shunt

Leaf senescence is highly regulated and complex developmental process that involves degradation of macromolecules as well as its recycling. Senescence process involves loss of chlorophyll, degradation of proteins, nucleic acid, lipid and mobilization of nutrients through its transport to the growing parts, developing fruits and seeds. Nitrogen is the most important nutrient to be recycled in senescence process. GABA-transaminase (γ-aminobutyric acid) is found to play very important role in nitrogen recycling process through GABA-shunt. Therefore, it is of interest to review the significance of GABA shunt in leaf senescence.     

The Effects of Leaf Age and Senescence on the Distribution of Carbon in Lolium temulentum

Assimilate distribution in leaves of Lolium temulentum was establishedby root absorption of [¹⁴C]sucrose and after exposure to ¹⁴CO₂.Age determined the amount of carbon assimilated, with more labelbeing incorporated during expansion than at maturity. Duringsenescence ¹⁴C assimilation was much lower. Ethanol-solubleextracts from various tissues of root-labelled plants containedmost of the radioactivity chiefly in basic and acidic compounds.The neutral fraction was composed predominantly of sucrose. Sucrose was comparably labelled in leaves from plants fed equalamounts of either [¹⁴C]sucrose, glucose, or fructose and onlytraces of labelled monosaccharides appeared in extracts. Radioactive sucrose was translocated rapidly from mature leaveswhereas, in the expanding leaf, carbon incorporation was directedtowards growth and the greater proportion of label present atligule formation was in ethanol-insoluble material. Induced senescence, of a mature leaf fed during expansion, produceda rapid loss from the pool of insoluble ¹⁴C. This was accompaniedby a reduction in the contents of chlorophyll and soluble proteinand an accumulation of amino acids. The onset of senescencecaused changes in leaf sugar levels which were correlated withincreased rates of respiration.     

Comparison of Whole System of Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation Between Two Maize Hybrids Differing in Leaf Senescence

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance in relation to grain formation and leaf senescence in two different senescent types of maize (Zea mays L.), one stay-green (cv. P3845) and one earlier senescent (cv. Hokkou 55). In comparison with Hokkou 55, P3845 had a higher N concentration (N_c) in the leaves and a higher specific N absorption rate by roots (SAR_N), which indicated that a large amount of N was supplied to the leaves from the roots during maturation. This resulted in a higher photosynthetic rate, which supports saccharide distribution to roots. Thus, stay-green plants maintained a more balanced C and N metabolism between shoots and roots. Moreover, the coefficients of the relationship between the relative growth rate (RGR) and N_c, and between the photon-saturated photo-synthetic rate (P _sat) and N_c were lower in P3845. The P _sat per unit N_c in leaves was lower in the stay-green cultivars, which indicated that high yield was attained by longer green area duration and not by a high P _sat per unit N_c in the leaf. Consequently, a high P_sat caused a high leaf senescence rate because C and N compounds will translocate actively from the leaves.     

植物叶片衰老过程中的基因表达与调控

衰老是一种器官或组织逐步走向功能衰退和死亡的变化过程〔１〕。它除了代表器官或组织生命周期的终结之外,在发育生物学上也有着重要的意义。叶片的衰老是植物的一个重要发育阶段。在这段时期内,植物在成熟叶片内积累的物质,包括大量的氮、碳有机化合物和矿物质,将被分解并运送至植物其它生长旺盛的部分,其中大部分被转移到种子内,为下一代的生长做好准备〔１１〕。对于产生种子的作物,包括绝大多数农作物,这种转移使营养重新分配,对植株保持正常的生长发育与繁殖是十分必要的〔３〕。衰老过程中,叶片细胞在组成成分上有很大的变…     

An Interaction between the Effects of Kinetin and Gibberellin in Retarding Leaf Senescence

The relation hetween the effects of kinetin and gibberellin on retardation of leaf senescence was studied. Leaf discs were incubated for five days in several hormone concentrations, the chlorophyll was extracted and its amount estimated spectrophotometrically. Investigation of leaves from actively growing plants of Taraxacum megalorrhizon and Tropaeolum majus showed that an interaction existed between the effect of both hormones. Leaf age, light intensity and day length had a marked effect on the degree of response to the hormonal treatments, hut the change in response effected by these conditions remained similar for both hormones. Possible interpretations of the interaction observed between the effects of kinetin and gibberellin are discussed.     

烯效唑干拌种对小麦叶片衰老期间有关酶活性的影响

研究不同浓度(0、10、20、40mg·kg-1)烯效唑干拌种对小麦品种川麦30不同叶序(3叶、7叶、旗叶)叶片衰老期间酶活性影响的结果表明,烯效唑干拌种后,不同叶序叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性增强,衰老后期仍维持较高水平;而核糖核酸酶(RNase)活性水平及上升速率则受抑,叶片中丙二醛(MDA)积累量减少,可溶性蛋白质含量下降缓慢.     

植物叶片衰老与氧化胁迫

叶片衰老是叶片生长发育进程中的最后阶段,与活性氧伤害有着密切的关系。介绍了植物叶片衰老过程中活性氧产生及清除系统的变化,讨论了对水分胁迫与氧化胁迫的交叉抗性,并对下一步的研究作出了展望     

Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Oak Leaf Microorganisms

During the growing season, comparisons were made of the leaf surface microflora of (i) two groups of mature oak trees, one in the vicinity of a smelting complex contaminated by heavy metals and the other at a relatively uncontaminated site, and (ii) two groups of oak saplings at the uncontaminated site, one of which was sprayed with zinc, lead, and cadmium to simulate the heavy metal pollution from the smelter without the complicating effects of other pollutants. Total viable counts of bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi (isolated by leaf washing) were generally little affected by the spraying treatment, whereas polluted leaves of mature trees supported fewer bacteria compared with leaves of mature trees at the uncontaminated site. Numbers of pigmented yeasts were lower on polluted oaks and on metal-dosed saplings compared with their respective controls. Polluted leaves of mature trees supported both greater numbers of Aureobasidium pullulans and Cladosporium spp. and a greater percentage of metal-tolerant fungi compared with oak leaves at the uncontaminated site. There were no significant overall differences in the degree of mycelial growth between the two groups of saplings or the mature trees.     

植物叶片衰老与氧化胁迫

叶片衰老是叶片生长发育进程中的最后阶段,与活性氧伤害有着密切的关系。介绍了植物叶片衰老过程中活性氧产生及清除系统的变化,讨论了对水分胁迫与氧化胁迫的交叉抗性,并对下一步的研究作出了展望。