高冰草中高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的编码基因

通过SDS-PAGE法分析了高冰草(Agropyron elongatum(Host)Nevski)种子麦谷蛋白亚基,发现高冰草的麦谷蛋白亚基种类比普通小麦更加丰富.通过基因组PCR法用高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的特异引物从高冰草核基因组中分离出了7条麦谷蛋白亚基的全编码序列,分别命名为AgeloGl～AgeloG7.其中的5条已进行全序列测定,对AgeloGl和AgeloG4进行了末端测序.尽管其中的4条基因的编码序列(AgeloG4,AgeloG5,AgeloG6和AgeloG7)小于1.8kb,但是对从克隆到的序列推导出的氨基酸序列与已经发表的小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基序列进行对比分析发现,这些亚基与来自小麦的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基具有很高的同源性.并且对信号肽、N-、C-末端的氨基酸序列分析显示,这7条序列编码的亚基皆为y-型亚基.用5条全部测序的编码序列与普通小麦的A、B、D、粗山羊草的D、圆柱山羊草的C、伞穗山羊草的U、黑麦的R染色体的编码高分子量麦谷蛋白的序列进行了聚类分析.表明,AgeloG2与小麦lDy,AgeloG3与小麦1By,AgeloG5、AgeloG6和AgeloG7与小麦1Ay在起源和进化上有较高的相似性.     

高冰草中一种新型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基编码序列的研究

高冰草(Agropyron elongatun)是普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)的近缘禾草,SDS-PAGE显示其所编码的麦谷蛋白亚基的类型较普通小麦更加丰富,是普通小麦品质改良的重要亲本之一。利用基因组PCR的方法从高冰草中克隆到一个新的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因(AgeloG2)全编码序列,同源性分析表明：与普通小麦的1Dy12基因比较在少数位点发生了碱基替换和一处6碱基序列的缺失,同源性为99％;与普通小麦的1Dy10基因比较,该基因亦只有少数碱基的替换和两处18碱基序列的增加及一处6碱基序列的缺失,同源性为98％。从推导的编码序列分析,AgeloG2编码y型HMW—GS。综上分析,AgeloG2是一个新的高分子量麦谷蛋白y-型亚基基因。聚类分析结果显示,无论在基因序列还是推导的氨基酸序列上,小麦1Dy亚基与AgeloG2的同源性都高于与粗山羊来源的y型亚基的同源性。     

簇毛麦中一种新型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因序列的研究

簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)是普通小麦品质改良的重要亲本之一。利用基因组PCR的方法从簇毛麦中克降到一个新的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW—GS)基因(HayviG1)全编码序列,内有2个终止密码,可能是1个假基因。从推导的氨基酸序列同源性分析表明：HayviG1编码1个新的HMW-GS亚基,聚类分析表明与长穗偃麦草的Agelog5以及圆柱山羊草的1Cy具有较近的同源性。     

小伞山羊草高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其基因的鉴定

运用SDS-PAGE和分子克隆技术,对小伞山羊草(Aegilops umbellulata,UU, 2n = 2x = 14)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(1Ux, 1Uy)及其编码基因进行了鉴定.SDS-PAGE分析表明小伞山羊草不同基因型中的1Ux的电泳迁移率接近或慢于普通小麦1Dx2.2亚基的电泳迁移率,1Uy亚基的电泳迁移率一般接近或慢于普通小麦的1Dy类亚基.采用PCR扩增技术获得了1Ux和1Uy亚基编码基因的全长编码区,并对一个1Uy基因的全长编码区进行了全序列测定.对推导的氨基酸序列进行比较发现1Ux和1Uy亚基具有与来自于其他物种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基一致的一级结构,聚类分析显示1Ux和1Uy亚基与D基因组编码的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基在起源和进化上具有较高的相似性.     

小偃麦异附加系TAI-13中来自中间偃麦草的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的分子克隆

通过分析小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)-中间偃麦草(Agropyron intermedium(Host)Beav)异附加系TA1-Ⅰ系列的麦谷蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱和基因组DNA的PCR扩增产物,发现在异附加系TAI-13中附加的中间偃麦草染色体上具有编码高分子量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的位点,属于第一同源群.随后,采用RT-PCR方法,从TAI-13的未成熟子粒中克隆了4个来自中间偃麦草的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因.序列分析表明,13003、13006和13054是包括信号肽编码序列的全长基因,而13514没有信号肽编码序列.根据由核苷酸序列推导的蛋白质分子的N-末端氨基酸序列,这4个基因编码的麦谷蛋白亚基可分为3种类型,即Ai-M型(由基因13514编码,命名为LAi1)、Ai-Q型(由基因13006和13045编码,分别命名为LAi2和LAi3)和Ai-Ⅰ型(由基因13003编码,命名为LAi4).通过与小麦的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分子比较,发现Ai-M和Ai-Q是两种未见报道的新的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基类型,而Ai-Ⅰ型与小麦的Ⅰ型亚基相似.氨基酸序列分析发现,基因13514编码的蛋白质亚基分子LAi1有较长的重复区(26个重复模块)和较多的半胱氨酸残基(9个),推测其可形成3个分子间二硫键,可能对增强面团的强度和粘弹性有正面效应.     

小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因 Dx5 的克隆与生物信息学分析

小麦籽粒中高分子量麦谷蛋白的含量与小麦的品质密切相关。通过Blast检索和生物信息学分析设计小麦高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因Dx5的特异引物,以优质小麦济麦20基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR扩增后测序,获得长度为2 619 bp的序列。生物信息学分析表明其开放阅读框长度为2 520 bp,编码839个氨基酸残基,与GenBank数据库中的Dx5蛋白质一致性最高达到99%,且具有高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基结构域。该序列命名为JMDx5,提交GenBank数据库后被接收,登录号为KJ144185,为后续研究其表达机理及改良小麦品质奠定了基础。     

小偃麦异附加系TAI-13中来自中间偃麦草的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的分子克隆

通过分析小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)-中间偃麦草(Agropyronintermedium(Host)Beav)异附加系TAI-Ⅰ系列的麦谷蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱和基因组DNA的PCR扩增产物,发现在异附加系TAI-13中附加的中间偃麦草染色体上具有编码高分子量和低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因的位点,属于第一同源群。随后,采用RT-PCR方法,从TAI-13的未成熟子粒中克隆了4个来自中间偃麦草的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因。序列分析表明,13003、13006和13054是包括信号肽编码序列的全长基因,而13514没有信号肽编码序列。根据由核苷酸序列推导的蛋白质分子的N-末端氨基酸序列,这4个基因编码的麦谷蛋白亚基可分为3种类型,即Ai-M型(由基因13514编码,命名为LAi1)、Ai-Q型(由基因13006和13045编码,分别命名为LAi2和LAi3)和Ai-I型(由基因13003编码,命名为LAi4)。通过与小麦的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基分子比较,发现Ai-M和Ai-Q是两种未见报道的新的低分子量麦谷蛋白亚基类型,而Ai-I型与小麦的I型亚基相似。氨基酸序列分析发现,基因13514编码的蛋白质亚基分子LAi1有较长的重复区(26个重复模块)和较多的半胱氨酸残基(9个),推测其可形成3个分子间二硫键,可能对增强面团的强度和粘弹性有正面效应。     

小伞山羊草高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基及其基因的鉴定

运用SDS_PAGE和分子克隆技术 ,对小伞山羊草 (Aegilopsumbellulata ,UU ,2n =2x =14)的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基 (1Ux ,1Uy)及其编码基因进行了鉴定。SDS_PAGE分析表明小伞山羊草不同基因型中的 1Ux的电泳迁移率接近或慢于普通小麦 1Dx2 .2亚基的电泳迁移率 ,1Uy亚基的电泳迁移率一般接近或慢于普通小麦的 1Dy类亚基。采用PCR扩增技术获得了 1Ux和 1Uy亚基编码基因的全长编码区 ,并对一个 1Uy基因的全长编码区进行了全序列测定。对推导的氨基酸序列进行比较发现 1Ux和 1Uy亚基具有与来自于其他物种的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基一致的一级结构 ,聚类分析显示 1Ux和 1Uy亚基与D基因组编码的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基在起源和进化上具有较高的相似性。     

类大麦属高分子量谷蛋白基因Kx的序列测定及表达

利用SDS-PAGE检测了2份类大麦属(Crithopsis delileana)材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,并对其中1份材料的x型亚基进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,2份材料具有完全相同的蛋白电泳图谱。在小麦的高分子量区域仅检测到一条蛋白质带,与小麦y型亚基的迁移率接近,但克隆测序表明其为x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基,其编码基因命名为Kx。Kx基因编码区序列长度为2052bp．编码长度为661个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其序列具有典型的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基的特征。Kx基因能在原核表达系统内正确表达,其表达蛋白与来源于种子中的Kx亚基的迁移率完全一致。Kx亚基与小麦属A、B和D,山羊草属C和U以及黑麦属R染色体组编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基氨基酸序列非常相似,但在N和C保守区的氨基酸组成以及重复区长度上与它们存在明显差异。聚类分析可将Kx与Ax1聚类为平行的分支。由此可见,来源于C．delileana的Kx基因为一新的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因。     

类大麦属高分子量谷蛋白基因Kx的序列测定及表达

利用SDS_PAGE检测了2份类大麦属(Crithopsisdelileana)材料的高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成,并对其中1份材料的x型亚基进行了克隆和测序。结果表明,2份材料具有完全相同的蛋白电泳图谱。在小麦的高分子量区域仅检测到一条蛋白质带,与小麦y型亚基的迁移率接近,但克隆测序表明其为x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基,其编码基因命名为Kx。Kx基因编码区序列长度为2 0 5 2bp ,编码长度为6 6 1个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,其序列具有典型的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基的特征。Kx基因能在原核表达系统内正确表达,其表达蛋白与来源于种子中的Kx亚基的迁移率完全一致。Kx亚基与小麦属A、B和D ,山羊草属C和U以及黑麦属R染色体组编码的高分子量谷蛋白亚基氨基酸序列非常相似,但在N和C保守区的氨基酸组成以及重复区长度上与它们存在明显差异。聚类分析可将Kx与Ax1聚类为平行的分支。由此可见,来源于C .delileana的Kx基因为一新的x型高分子量谷蛋白亚基基因。     

High-Molecular-Weight Glutenin Subunit Genesin in Decaploid Agropyron elongatum

Seven genes encoding glutenin subunits that present in Agropyron elongatum (Host) Nevski were cloned by PCR analysis and named AgeloG1 to AgeloG7. The complete open reading frames (ORFs) of the seven genes were amplified with primers special for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunit genes and subsequently cloned and sequenced. Five of them were completely sequenced, and the other two (AgeloG1 and AgeloG4) were sequenced at the two ends only. Comparison of amino acid sequences suggested that the primary structure of the subunits encoded by the seven genes was very similar to that of y-type HMW glutenin subunits published from wheat, though four of them (AgeloG4, AgeloG5, AgeloG6 and AgeloG7) were shorter than 1.8 kb. Phylogenetic analysis of the five completely sequenced genes and those subunit genes of Triticum aestivum L. (AABBDD), Aegilops tauschii Coss. (DD), Aegilops caudata L. (CC), Secale cereale L. (RR) and Aegilops umbellulata Zhuk. (UU) indicated that the AgeloG2 was most closely related to 1Dy; the AgeloG3 was to 1By; the AgeloG5, AgeloG6 and AgeloG7 were to 1Ay.     

Analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species

Considerable progress has been made in understanding the structure, function and genetic regulation of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits in hexaploid wheat. In contrast, less is known about these types of proteins in wheat related species. In this paper, we report the analysis of HMW glutenin subunits and their coding sequences in two diploid Aegilops species, Aegilops umbellulata (UU) and Aegilops caudata (CC). SDS-PAGE analysis demonstrated that, for each of the four Ae. umbellulata accessions, there were two HMW glutenin subunits (designated here as 1Ux and 1Uy) with electrophoretic mobilities comparable to those of the x- and y-type subunits encoded by the Glu-D1 locus, respectively. In our previous study involving multiple accessions of Ae. caudata, two HMW glutenin subunits (designated as 1Cx and 1Cy) with electrophoretic mobilities similar to those of the subunits controlled by the Glu-D1 locus were also detected. These results indicate that the U genome of Ae. umbellulata and the C genome of Ae. caudata encode HMW glutenin subunits that may be structurally similar to those specified by the D genome. The complete open reading frames (ORFs) coding for x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits in the two diploid species were cloned and sequenced. Analysis of deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the primary structures of the x- and y-type HMW glutenin subunits of the two Aegilops species were similar to those of previously published HMW glutenin subunits. Bacterial expression of modified ORFs, in which the coding sequence for the signal peptide was removed, gave rise to proteins with electrophoretic mobilities identical to those of HMW glutenin subunits extracted from seeds, indicating that upon seed maturation the signal peptide is removed from the HMW glutenin subunit in the two species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 1Ux and 1Cx subunits were most closely related to the 1Dx type subunit encoded by the Glu-D1 locus. The 1Uy subunit possessed a higher level of homology to the 1Dy-type subunit compared with the 1Cy subunit. In conclusion, our study suggests that the Glu-U1 locus of Ae. umbellulata and the Glu-C1 locus of Ae. caudata specify the expression of HMW glutenin subunits in a manner similar to the Glu-D1 locus. Consequently, HMW glutenin subunits from the two diploid species may have potential value in improving the processing properties of hexaploid wheat varieties.     

长穗偃麦草中E和E1基因组高分子量麦谷蛋白基因启动子部分序列的进化分析

通过PCR克隆的方法,获得了分别来自二倍体长穗偃麦草的E基因组和四倍体长穗偃麦草的E_1基因组的4个高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因启动子的部分序列。序列分析表明,它们之间的同源性较高,两个x型亚基启动子序列之间只有1个碱基的差异,而两个y型亚基启动子序列完全相同,x和y型亚基启动子序列之间的长度和部分碱基位点都有差异。推测四倍体长穗偃麦草中的E_1基因组可能起源于二倍体的E基因组。与来自小麦族的A、B、D和G基因组部分亚基基因的启动子序列比较表明,小麦族的这一区域在进化上是相当保守的,不同基因组来源的序列同源性都在90％以上。经过对这些序列的聚类分析,表明长穗偃麦草的y型HMW-GS基因与其他亚基基因的进化关系较远,而x型亚基基因与一个来自小麦1B染色体的亚基基因关系最近。     

Identification of chromosome arms influencing expression of the HMW glutenins in wheat

The high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin genes, located on the group 1L chromosome arms, are a major determinant for baking quality in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). In addition, the HMW glutenin genes provide a valuable model system for studying the evolution and regulation of orthologous and paralogous genes in polyploid species. The goal of this study was to identify loci that modify the expression of the HMW glutenins, and to map them to specific chromosome arms. Comparisons were made between endosperms with zero versus three (or three versus six) doses for each of the 42 chromosome arms of wheat. SDS-PAGE and scanning densitometry were used to quantify the protein expression levels of the four HMW glutenin genes in cv. Chinese Spring, for each of the dosage comparisons. Fifteen chromosome arms were found to have significant effects on Glu-B1-1, excluding the structural gene dosage effect: eight positive effects on 1AL, 2AS, 2BL, 2DS, 5DS, 6AL, 6DL, and 7AL and seven negative effects on 1BS, 1DS, 1DL, 4DL, 6BS, 6DS, and 7AS. Nineteen chromosome arms had significant effects on Glu-B1-2, excluding the structural gene dosage effect: eight positive effects on 1AL, 2AS, 2BS, 3AL, 4BL, 6DS, 7BL and 7DS and 11 negative effects on 1AS, 1BS, 1DS, 1DL, 2AL, 2BL, 3DS, 4BS, 4DL, 5BL, and 6BS. Twenty chromosome arms had significant effects on Glu-D1-1, excluding the structural gene dosage effect: 11 positive effects on 1AL, 1BL, 2BS, 2DS, 5BS, 5DS, 6AL, 6DS, 6DL, 7AL, and 7BL and nine negative effects on 1AS, 1BS, 1DS, 2BL, 4DL, 5BL, 5DL, 6BL, and 7DS. Twenty-five chromosome arms had significant effects on Glu-D1-2, excluding the structural gene dosage effect: 17 positive effects on 1BL, 2AS, 2BS, 2DS, 2DL, 3AS, 3AL, 3BS, 5AS, 5BS, 5DL, 6AL, 6DL, 7AL, 7BS, 7BL, and 7DL and eight negative effects on 1DS, 4DL, 5AL, 5BL, 6BS, 6BL, 6DS and 7DS. Of the 164 gene-chromosome arm tests performed, about 52% (85/164) showed no significant effects, and 48% (79/164) showed significant effects, excluding the structural gene dosage effects. Of the significant effects, 56% (44/79) were positive effects, and 44% (35/79) were negative effects. Comparisons of dosage effects on orthologous loci (both x-type or both y-type HMW glutenins) showed that orthologous HMW glutenin genes are largely influenced by the same regulatory systems. Less correlation was found for comparisons between paralogous genes, although considerable conservation was observed at this level as well. These observations suggest that after polyploidization, many of the duplicated orthologous regulatory loci were inactivated by mutation, thus consolidating control over the HMW glutenin genes. Possible candidates for orthologous regulatory genes were identified in maize and barley. This study represents the first comprehensive search of the wheat genome for regulators of the HMW glutenins.     

Characterization of the HMW glutenin subunits from Aegilops searsii and identification of a novel variant HMW glutenin subunit

High molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits are conserved seed storage proteins in wheat and related species. Here we describe a more detailed characterization of the HMW glutenin subunits from Aegilops searsii, which is diploid and contains the S^s genome related to the S genome of Aegilops speltoides and the A, B and D genomes of hexaploid wheat. SDS-PAGE experiments revealed two subunits (one x and one y) for each of the nine Ae. searsii accessions analyzed, indicating that the HMW glutenin subunit gene locus of Ae. searsii is similar to the Glu-1 locus found in wheat in containing both x and y genes. The primary structure of the four molecularly cloned subunits (from two Ae. searsii accessions) was highly similar to that of the previously reported x and y subunits. However, in one accession (IG49077), the last 159 residues of the x subunit (1S^sx49077), which contained the sequence element GHCPTSPQQ, were identical to those of the y subunit (1S^sy49077) from the same accession. Consequently, 1S^sx49077 contains an extra cysteine residue located at the C-terminal part of its repetitive domain, which is novel compared to the x-type subunits reported so far. Based on this and previous studies, the structure and expression of the Glu-1 locus in Ae. searsii is discussed. A hypothesis on the genetic mechanism generating the coding sequence for the novel 1S^sx49077 subunit is presented.     

Multiplex PCR identification of wheat HMW glutenin subunit genes by allele-specific markers

Wheat bread-making quality is closely correlated with composition and quantity of gluten proteins, in particular with high-molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits encoded by the Glu-1 genes. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed to identify the allele composition of HMW glutenin complex Glu-1 loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1) in common wheat genotypes. The study of multiplex PCR to obtain a well-balanced set of amplicons involved examination of various combinations of selected primer sets and/or thermal cycling conditions. One to three simultaneously amplified DNA fragments of HMW glutenin Glu-1 genes were separated by agarose slab-gel electrophoresis and differences between Ax1, Ax2* and Axnull genes of Glu-A1 loci, Bx6, Bx7 and Bx17 of Glu-B1, and Dx2, Dx5 and Dy10 genes of Glu-D1 loci were revealed. A complete agreement was found in identification of HMW glutenin subunits by both multiplex PCR analysis and SDS-PAGE for seventy-six Polish cultivars/strains of both spring and winter common wheat. Rapid identification of molecular markers of Glu-1 alleles by multiplex PCR can be an efficient alternative to the standard separation procedure for early selection of useful wheat genotypes with good bread-making quality.