西花蓟马对六种蔬菜的选择性及受害蔬菜挥发物化学成分的变化

为了明确西花蓟马雌成虫对蔬菜的选择性及受害后蔬菜挥发物的异同,采用Y-型嗅觉仪测定了西花蓟马雌成虫对6种健康及虫害寄主(甘蓝、莴苣、黄瓜、茄子、芹菜和大蒜)的选择性,同时采用SPME-GC/MS测定了健康及虫害寄主的挥发物。结果表明:西花蓟马对虫害大蒜的选择率只有23.3%,表现出极强的负趋性(P0.01),但在其他虫害寄主与空气之间,西花蓟马对虫害寄主均没有表现出明显的趋性(P0.05);西花蓟马对同一种寄主健康植株与虫害寄主之间的选择没有显著差异(P0.05);在虫害寄主两两之间的选择中,西花蓟马雌成虫在虫害甘蓝与虫害芹菜、虫害甘蓝与虫害大蒜以及虫害莴苣与虫害大蒜之间的选择达到极显著差异(P0.01),在虫害黄瓜与虫害大蒜之间的选择达到显著差异(P0.05);与健康寄主相比,受害寄主植物挥发物种类明显增多,最主要是烃类化合物和含氮化合物的变化,如新合成了氮丙基甲苯酰胺、E-β-罗勒烯、(E,E)-α-法尼烯,并且在虫害寄主中含量较高;芹菜和大蒜中的挥发物变化比较稳定,芹菜中β-月桂烯和二烯丙基二硫化合物含量较高。西花蓟马危害后寄主植物挥发物发生了明显的变化,这些结果将为引诱剂及驱避剂的研发提供依据。     

西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对杀虫剂的交互抗性及机制

噻虫胺是具有内吸和触杀等多种作用方式的新烟碱类杀虫剂,常用于防治入侵害虫西花蓟马。为明确抗性风险,本文研究了西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群对多种杀虫剂的交互抗性及其机制。经过45代筛选,西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生了高水平抗性(56.8倍)。生物测定结果表明: 西花蓟马高抗噻虫胺种群与噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、三氟氯氰菊酯、甲维盐存在中等水平交互抗性(18.6>RR₅₀>11.3),对辛硫磷及灭多威具有低水平交互抗性,与溴虫腈和多杀菌素不存在交互抗性。胡椒基丁醚(PBO)与磷酸三苯酯(TPP)对杀灭西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群(CL)、云南田间种群(YN)和敏感种群(S)均有显著增效作用。西花蓟马抗噻虫胺种群细胞色素P₄₅₀含量(3.6倍)、细胞色素b₅含量(2.9倍)及O-脱甲基酶活性(4.9倍)和羧酸酯酶活性(2.5倍)均显著高于敏感种群,表明多功能氧化酶及羧酸酯酶活性增强是西花蓟马对噻虫胺产生抗性的重要机制。     

棉花抗枯、黄萎病品种苗期耐低钾种质筛选研究

本研究采用蛭石栽培和营养液浇灌的方法,确立棉花品种苗期耐低钾筛选指标,利用这些指标,评价我国88个抗枯、黄萎病棉花品种资源苗期耐低钾能力,并筛选钾素利用率高的优异种质。结果表明,株高、地上部干物重、地下部干物重、总干物重、钾利用率、叶绿素含量在不同钾浓度处理和不同品种之间均存在显著差异,可以作为棉花苗期耐低钾能力的评价指标,而叶面积在不同品种和不同钾浓度处理之间不存在差异。利用筛选出的指标对88个品种进行耐低钾评价,结果供试品种主要被分为耐低钾基因型、耐低钾中间类型和非耐低钾基因型三类,分别包括21个、58个和6个品种。     

不同诱导处理对番茄叶片营养物质含量及防御酶活性的影响

本文研究了番茄在不同时间下受西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis危害(DTF)、机械损伤(MW)、茉莉酸(JA)和水杨酸甲酯(MeSA)外源诱导后,叶片营养物质含量和防御酶活性的变化。结果表明:各种诱导处理24 h和36 h时,番茄叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量不同程度的下降,其中虫害处理36 h时,叶片可溶性蛋白和可溶性糖含量下降最明显;在48 h时除水杨酸甲酯处理外,番茄营养物质含量均显著升高。β-1,3葡聚糖酶(PR-2)活性在虫害、机械损伤和茉莉酸处理24 h和36 h后均升高,其中虫害处理的PR-2活性最高。各种处理均能诱导番茄叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性明显升高,且均随时间的延长持续升高。所有处理24 h时的番茄叶片多酚氧化酶(PPO)均被激发。各种处理均能导致植株的脂氧合酶(LOX)活性升高,但不同处理诱导的LOX活性升高的时间不同。结果表明,番茄能通过改变营养物质含量和防御酶活性对不同诱导处理作出生理应激反应,但反应程度与诱导方式和时间有关。     

水稻品种对白背飞虱的耐虫性反应及稻株营养成分的变化

测定了不同水稻品种对白背飞虱的耐虫性反应及稻株营养成分的变化。结果表明,中抗品种N22、绿源占1号、Mudgo、K89—B5和94D—22具有较高的耐虫性,抗虫品种Ptb33和中组74以抗生性为主,感虫品种秀水11、汕优63和感虫对照品种TN1不具有耐虫性,在白背飞虱为害后,耐虫品种稻株中全N量和可溶性总糖量增加,N／糖比变化率明显下降;而感虫品种的全N量和可溶性总糖量下降,N／糖比变化率明显增加,不同品种受害后体内大多数氨基酸含量均有不同程度的增加,但品种间氨基酸含量减少的种类不同,TN1品种只有丙氨酸含量减少,N22品种除丙氨酸外蛋氨酸和苏氨酸含量也明显减少,Ptb33品种仅精氨酸略有减少。     

小麦不同抗蚜品种（系）中吲哚生物碱的含量变化

1　引　　言生物碱是一类重要的植物次生化合物 ,在植物防御有害生物的入侵过程中发挥着重要作用 .许多生物碱已被证明对蚜虫和其他一些害虫具有较强的毒杀活性 ,成为很有前途的植物杀虫驱虫剂活性成份[5,7,8] .禾本科植物中存在芦竹碱和相关的吲哚生物碱 ,对麦二叉蚜 (Schizaphisgraminum)和禾谷缢管蚜 (Rhopalosiphum padi)有毒杀作用[2 ,9,10 ] ,这种生物碱在大麦苗叶片中 ,随叶龄增加而降低[10 ] .小麦不同抗蚜品种 (系 )上麦长管蚜 (Sitobionavenae)蚜量比值与旗叶吲哚生物碱含量呈一定的负相关 ,而穗部吲哚生物碱含量呈较显著的负相…     

小麦抗蚜品种（系）或材料的抗性遗传测定及筛选

测定了部分小麦品种（系）或材料的丁布（ＤＩＭＢＯＡ）含量及几个和抗蚜性有关的物理性状（叶、叶毛长度和密度,蜡质含量）,同时对这些品种（系）或材料进行抗麦长管蚜（Ｍacrosiophum avenae(F.))鉴定,统计其累计蚜量。结果表明,丁布含量及各物理性状与累计蚜量均成负相关关系,通过多目标综合决策分析,认为１粒小麦（Ｔriticum monococcum)和材料９８－１０－９是比较好的抗性种质资源,生产上广泛推广的千斤早是感蚜的品种。     

高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ca~（2＋），Mg~（2＋）─ATP酶对Ca~（2＋）反应的变化及Mg~（2＋）的作用

本实验观察了正常及高血压大鼠红细胞膜Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶对不同浓度Ｃａ２＋及Ｍｇ２＋的反应。结果表明：（１）在自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）,此酶最适反应的Ｃａ２＋浓度为１０－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;ＷＫＹ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;两肾一环型肾性高血压大鼠（ＲＨＲ）为１０－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠为１０－４ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,Ｃａ２＋高于以上各相应浓度时该酶活性受到抑制;（２）作为该酶激动剂的Ｍｇ２＋有其最适激活浓度,在ＷＫＹ大鼠、ＲＨＲ及Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠均为４．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;（３）高浓度Ｍｇ２＋（３６．０ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）可以逆转高浓度Ｃａ２＋对该酶的抑制作用。以上结果表明,底物Ｃａ２＋浓度的变化对Ｃａ２＋,Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰ酶的催化活性影响极大,该酶活性的促发及维持必须有适宜浓度的Ｍｇ２＋。高血压时此酶对Ｃａ２＋的敏感性增高,且Ｍｇ２＋对酶保护作用更为明显。本结果提示,胞内高浓度Ｃａ２＋不仅是高血压发生的原因之一,并可能与其发展及恶化有关。     

49P（del）点突变提高中性纤维素内切酶EGV热稳定性的初步研究

目的：探讨利用点突变方法改善EGV热稳定性的可能性和有效性。方法：对来源于Melanocarpus albomyces endoglucanase的耐热性纤维素酶maEG进行同源建模和序列比较,删除49位脯氨酸49P（del）进行定点突变,并将得到的突变体在毕氏酵母X33中表达,对表达产物进行酶活性和热稳定性检测。结果：突变酶49P（del）在70℃处理120min,热稳定性比EGV提高了21．6％,且突变酶其他性质与野生型酶基本相似。结论：通过对中性纤维素内切酶EGV的定点突变,提高了该酶的热稳定性,并为进一步研究其结构和功能提供了材料。结果同时表明利用生物信息学和分子模拟技术,缩短表面环区对于酶的热稳定性有一定的作用。     

The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

Abstract 1 Since the late 1970s, the western flower thrips has spread from its original distribution in western North America to become a major worldwide crop pest. 2 A wide range of data sources have been used to map the original distribution in the U.S.A. and Canada, and the progress of the spread in the U.S.A., Canada, Europe, northern Africa and Australia. 3 The possible reasons for the start of the spread are discussed. The most likely reason is that intensive insecticide use in horticulture in the 1970s and 1980s selected an insecticide resistant strain or strains. These then established in glasshouses across North America and spread from there to Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia. 4 The international spread of the western flower thrips occurred predominantly by the movement of horticultural material, such as cuttings, seedlings and potted plants. Within Europe, an outward spread from the original outbreak in the Netherlands is discernible. The speed of spread was 229 ± 20 km/year. 5 The spread has not been restricted to glasshouses. The western flower thrips has established outdoors in areas with milder winters; for example, across the southern U.S.A., southern Europe and Australia. It also overwinters in some regions with colder winters. 6 Polyphagous phytophagous thrips have many factors predisposing them to become worldwide crop pests, particularly in glasshouses. Some other species that might spread in a similar way to the western flower thrips are listed.     

Mechanisms of resistance to spinosad in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Cross‐resistance, resistance mechanisms, and mode of inheritance of spinosad resistance were studied in the western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande). Spinosad (naturalyte insecticide) showed low cross‐resistance to prothiophos (organophosphorus insecticide) and chlorphenapyr (respiratory inhibitor) showed some cross‐resistance to thiocyclam (nereistoxin). The synergists PBO (piperonyl butoxide), DEM (diethyl maleate), and DEF (s, s, s‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate) did not show any synergism on the toxicity of spinosad in the resistant strain (ICS), indicating that metabolic‐mediated detoxification was not responsible for the spinosad resistance, suggesting that spinosad may reduce sensitivity of the target site: the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and GABA receptor. Following reciprocal crosses, dose‐response lines and dominance ratios indicated that spinosad resistance was incompletely dominant and there were no maternal effects. The results of backcross showed that spinosad resistance did not fit a single‐gene hypothesis, suggesting that resistance was influenced by several genes.     

外来入侵害虫——西花蓟马在山东省不同地区主要花卉上的分布

【背景】外来入侵害虫西花蓟马于2003年首次在北京郊区被发现,并逐渐扩散蔓延,目前已在我国局部地区暴发成灾。【方法】于2008～2009年通过定点调查的方法对山东省115个地区258个样点的主要花卉上的蓟马种类进行了分析。【结果】山东省主要花卉上发生的蓟马有11种,包括花蓟马、黄胸蓟马、黄蓟马、西花蓟马、棕榈蓟马、烟蓟马、禾花蓟马、横纹蓟马、腹小头蓟马、黑白纹蓟马、油加律带蓟马等,其优势种为花蓟马。外来入侵害虫西花蓟马在山东省18个地区的花卉上被发现。其中,荣成市区发生最重,占蓟马采集总量的51.86%;德州市区和青岛市区发生次之,分别占蓟马采集总量的34.21%和33.88%;其他地区西花蓟马发生量占采集总量的1.39%～18.75%。【结论与意义】西花蓟马已在山东省定殖并广泛分布,相关部门应做好西花蓟马的预防与控制工作。     

Dehydration yields distinct transcriptional shifts associated with glycogen metabolism and increases feeding in the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis

We examined water balance characteristics and the influence of desiccating conditions on the physiology and behavior of adult western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Western flower thrips are globally invasive and likely to contend with shifts in water availability across their expansive geographic range. Basic water balance characteristics, including water mass and dry mass, were established for adult males and females, revealing a distinct sexual dimorphism wherein females are larger, and males retain a larger percentage of their body mass as water. Males lose relative water mass more quickly and their survival times are shorter compared to females. RNA-seq analysis identified significant enrichment of a multitude of factors including carbohydrate transport and metabolism in dehydrated males and females. This was validated by altered glycogen levels, suggesting a rapid depletion in glycogen during dehydration. The probability of thrips feeding significantly increases when desiccation occurs, potentially to replenish water content and nutrient reserves. Our results establish the fundamental water balance characteristics of adult thrips and indicate that dehydration significantly influences the survivorship and feeding behavior of thrips; all of which being crucial factors that contribute to their capacity as vectors for plant pathogens.     

Effect of spinosad and predatory mites on control of Frankliniella occidentalis in three strawberry cultivars

Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major pest of strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne (Rosaceae). Spinosad is highly efficacious against F. occidentalis, and spinosad is believed to be compatible in an integrated pest management program. This study determined whether F. occidentalis could be controlled with predatory mites [Typhlodromips montdorensis (Schicha), Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) (both Acari: Phytoseiidae), and Hypoaspis miles (Berlese) (Acari: Laelapidae)] and spinosad in strawberry. In the glasshouse, three strawberry cultivars (Camarosa, Camino Real, and Albion) were sprayed once with spinosad at the recommended rate (80 ml 100 l^?1 rate, 0.096 g a.i. l^?1) or with water (control). Thrips adults were released onto plants 24 h after spraying and predatory mites released 6 days later. Spinosad significantly reduced thrips numbers compared with water. All three mite species reduced F. occidentalis numbers, and spinosad had no effect on predatory mites. Though H. miles could not be counted, the numbers of thrips in treatments with H. miles were lower than those in treatments without the mite. Thrips numbers were lowest on Camino Real and highest on Camarosa. These results suggest that the use of Camino Real with spinosad applications followed by releases of predatory mites can significantly reduce thrips numbers.     

寄主植物接种番茄斑萎病毒对西花蓟马种群的影响

【目的】西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是一种入侵我国的重要害虫, 而番茄斑萎病毒是以西花蓟马传播为主的一种极具危害性的世界性病毒, 通过研究西花蓟马与番茄斑萎病毒之间的互作将有助于进一步深入理解西花蓟马以及番茄斑萎病毒的发生与猖獗机制, 同时也将为制定合理、可持续的控制西花蓟马及其传播的植物病毒防控策略提供理论依据。【方法】利用应用特定年龄-龄期及两性生命表方法, 研究了西花蓟马在辣椒3种处理（健康CK、机械损伤MD、机械接种番茄斑萎病毒MI）叶片上的生长发育、存活及种群增长。【结果】健康、机械损伤和机械接毒叶片上的发育历期依次为12.45, 11.97和11.18 d。雌雄成虫寿命和雌虫产卵量在不同处理植株叶片上差异显著(P<0.05), 在机械接毒叶片上寿命最长(雌13.51 d, 雄12.69 d); 繁殖能力最强, 产子代数高达33.01头1龄若虫/雌。健康、机械损伤和机械接毒叶片上西花蓟马内禀增长率分别为-0.009, 0.153和0.190 d-1, 净生殖率依次为0.84, 14.54和21.79。【结论】番茄斑萎病毒诱导寄主植物辣椒反应使西花蓟马发育历期缩短, 成虫寿命延长, 繁殖能力提高, 种群增长加速。     

Biological control of the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in glasshouse sweet peppers with Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). A comparative study between O. niger (Wolff) and O. insidiosus (Say)

In a comparative study for biocontrol of the western flower thrips (WFT) in commercial sweet peppers Orius spp. effectively controlled WFT. The introduced native Orius niger had replaced the introduced imported Orius insidiosus by the end of the growing season.     

温度对西花蓟马生长发育、 繁殖和种群增长的影响

西花蓟马Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)是一种入侵我国的重要害虫, 温度是决定蓟马能否建立稳定种群的最基本因素。为明确温度对西花蓟马种群增长的影响, 本研究在室内观察了西花蓟马在15℃, 20℃, 25℃, 30℃和35℃温度条件下的生长发育、 存活与繁殖能力, 并计算各温度条件下的种群增长参数。结果表明： 在35℃条件下, 西花蓟马不能完成发育, 其他温度条件下西花蓟马从卵孵化至蛹羽化成成虫, 以20℃条件下的存活率最高, 为62.8%。西花蓟马发育速率随温度升高明显加快, 在15℃下, 完成发育需要近30 d; 而在30℃下, 西花蓟马完成发育仅需10 d 左右。西花蓟马成虫寿命随温度的升高而明显缩短, 在15℃下, 平均寿命为36 d, 最长寿命达60 d; 在30℃下, 西花蓟马的平均寿命为10 d。西花蓟马在 15℃, 20℃和25℃条件下的平均繁殖力差异不显著, 分别为37.70, 32.56, 37.80头1龄若虫/雌, 但显著高于30℃条件下的平均繁殖力（9.36头1龄若虫/雌）。西花蓟马的种群增长参数净生殖率(R0)、 内禀增长率(rm), 在25℃时达最高值, 分别为20.10和0.178 d-1, 而在15℃下分别仅为18.67和0.096 d-1。据此得出, 20~25℃是最适宜西花蓟马生长发育和繁殖温度范围, 温度过高或过低都不利于西花蓟马种群增长。西花蓟马的发育起点温度为7.4℃, 充分完成发育所需的有效积温为208.0日·度。不考虑其他阻碍生长发育因素的情况下, 华南、 华中、 华北和东北地区的年发生代数分别为24~26, 16~18, 13~14和1~4代, 西南地区昆明与丽江分别为13~15和8~10代。     

Seasonal abundance of hemipteran predators in relation to western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on weeds in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey

Generalist predators and the prey species Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) were periodically sampled from 64 weed species to determine their numerical interrelationships in three ecologically different locations in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey in 2002–2003. Adult and nymph stages of seven hemipteran predator species were recorded: Deraeocoris pallens Reuter, Geocoris arenarius (Jakovkev), Nabis punctatus Costa, Orius laevigatus Fieber, Orius majusculus (Reuter), Orius niger (Wolff) and Piocoris erythrocephalus (Peletie and Serville). The most common and abundant predator species was O. niger, which was found on 53 weed species in the winter–spring and summer–fall periods; the highest total numbers of O. niger adults per weed species were 139, 275, 266 and 325 on Urtica urens, Sinapis arvensis, Lamium amplexicaule and Mentha aquatica, respectively. Relatively higher numbers of Orius spp. nymphs were detected on the weed species Echium plantagineum, Cichorium intybus, Heliotropium europeum, Mentha aquatica and Polygonum aviculare. Orius spp. were attracted to flowers in significantly higher numbers than to leaves of the investigated weeds. No significant correlation was found between the numbers of Orius spp. and F. occidentalis on the major weed species, except E. plantagineum. These findings suggest that weeds may provide Orius spp. with resources other than prey, such as nectar and pollen, shelter, and breeding sites. The weed species on which relatively higher numbers of Orius adults and nymphs were found may be considered as candidates for studies aiming to include weeds to enhance integrated pest management of F. occidentalis on crops.     

Effect of elevated CO2 on interactions betwe en the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca

We measured the effect of elevated CO₂ on populations of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis and on the amount of leaf damage inflicted by the thrips to one of its host plants, the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca. Plants grown at elevated CO₂ had significantly greater aboveground biomass and C:N ratios, and significantly reduced percentage nitrogen. The number of thrips per plant was not affected by CO₂ treatment, but the density of thrips (numbers per gram aboveground biomass), was significantly reduced at high CO₂. Consumption by thrips, expressed as the amount of damaged leaf area per capita, was significantly greater at high CO₂, and the amount of leaf area damaged by thrips was increased by 33%. However overall leaf area at elevated CO₂ increased by 62%, more than compensating for the increase in thrips consumption. The net outcome was that plants at elevated CO₂ had 3.6 times more undamaged leaf area available for photosynthesis than plants at ambient CO₂, even though they had only 1.6 times the overall amount of leaf area. This study highlights the need for measuring the effects of herbivory at the whole-plant level and also the importance of taking herbivory into account when predicting plant responses to elevated CO₂. Received: 9 January 1996 /Accepted: 30 July 1996