小麦籽粒干物质积累的动态QTL定位

以波兰小麦品系‘XN555’与普通小麦品系‘中13’杂交产生的99个F10重组自交系(RILs)为材料,构建了包含241个SSR分子标记的A、B染色体组14个连锁群的遗传图谱,并采用Logistic方程拟合籽粒灌浆过程,对粒重增长的缓慢增长期、快速增长期和平稳期进行千粒重条件QTL和非条件QTL定位分析。结果显示:(1)在小麦A、B染色体组上共检测到5个非条件QTL和5个条件QTL。(2)在小麦粒重缓慢增长期和快速增长期各有2个非条件QTL,平稳期有1个非条件QTL,它们分别位于2B、3A、3B和7A染色体上,单个QTL可解释表型变异的9.66%～15.18%。(3)在小麦粒重快速增长期检测到1个条件QTL,平稳期检测到4个条件QTL,涉及1A、2B、5B和7B染色体,单个QTL可解释表型变异的13.01%～29.27%。(4)于2B染色体Xbarc361～Xwmc422标记区间距Xbarc361标记0.05cM处,在粒重快速增长期同时检测到一个条件QTL和非条件QTL,且在平稳期检测到一个非条件QTL。研究表明,小麦不同灌浆时期粒重增长相关QTL的数量和遗传效应各不同,同一QTL在不同灌浆时期的遗传效应也不同,即QTL的表达具有时序选择性。     

Nymphoides peltata (Gmel.) Kuntze, Myriophyllum spicatum L. and Ceratophyllum demersum L. biomass dynamics in Lake Provala (the Vojvodina Province, Serbia)

Sixty-five plant species have been found in Lake Provala (the Vojvodina Province, Serbia) and its riparian zone. Among them, three hydrophytes were dominant: Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum spicatum and Ceratophyllum demersum. As interactions between different ecological factors, especially light, temperature and nutrient level, are of prime importance for productivity of macrophytes, we analyzed the main physical and chemical indicators of water quality in the studied location. In the vegetation period of the year 2000, the dominant hydrophytes were analyzed for biomass production dynamics in the studied aquatic ecosystem, including fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW) and ash free dry weight (AFDW). The studied plant species achieved maximum biomass production in June, with statistical differences among the species at the significance level of α = 0.05.     

Activities of Carbonic Anhydrase and Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase,and Dry Mass Accumulation in Brassica juncea following Defoliation

The effect of 30 % defoliation of shaded leaves in lower layers of plant was studied on activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPC), leaf dry mass per unit leaf area, and plant dry mass of mustard (Brassica juncea). Removal of 30 % of leaves resulted in increased CA and RuBPC activities of leaves, and leaf and plant dry masses.     

Specific leaf area in barley: individual leaves versus whole plants

We have explored the relationships between specific leaf area calculated for a whole plant and its individual leaves. Barley was grown in hydroponics in controlled environment cabinets. Plants were harvested on the basis of physiological age (defined as the number of days after full expansion of leaves on the main stem) and the area and weight of whole, fully expanded, leaves measured and specific leaf area (SLA) of individual leaves or whole plants calculated. Specific leaf area calculated for individual leaves (SLA_L) varied with leaf position and with leaf age after full expansion whereas SLA calculated for whole plants (SLA_P) varied with plant age. The same conclusions were reached whether the results were based on total dry weight or dry weight minus soluble carbohydrates ('structural weight'). Transferring plants to shade on the day of full expansion of the third leaf on the main stem increased the SLA_P, and also SLA_L of leaves 3 and 4 on the main stem (leaf 4 being the younger leaf of the two), because of a decrease in the 'structural weight' of these leaves. However SLA_L of leaf 2 (which was older than leaf 3) was not affected by shading; the effect was confined to leaves developing in the new conditions.     

Seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton biomass in Lake Xolotlán (Managua)

Seasonal fluctuations of zooplankton biomass (dry weight) were determined during a year in two localities of Lake Xolotlán (Managua). Biomass estimations of the most common species of rotifers, cladocerans and copepods were made. The maximal zooplankton biomass was observed in February–April (dry season) in coincidence with the period of highest phytoplankton abundance. Copepods contributed with 78% and 84% to the mean zooplankton biomass at points 1 and 7, respectively. Cladocera biomass was lowest during most of the year, and it was probably controlled by fish predation. Development of rotifer biomass was more intense during the rainy season, when detritus particles were more abundant. Daily fluctuations of zooplankton biomass were not pronounced.     

机插秧水稻物质生产与养分积累特性研究

为明确机插水稻的物质生产与养分积累特性,该研究以早季和晚季水稻常规品种(珍桂矮和新香粘)为材料进行大田试验,设置机插秧(行距30 cm×株距12 cm)、手插秧(行距30 cm×株距12 cm)、手抛秧(27.75万蔸·hm~(-2))三种栽培方式。在水稻抽穗期测定各处理叶面积指数,在分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期分别测定各处理干物质积累量,氮、磷、钾养分积累量及成熟期稻谷产量。结果表明:在同一单位面积栽植密度条件下,早晚两季、机插秧水稻在抽穗期的叶面积指数与手插秧水稻、手抛秧水稻间并无显著差异,机插秧水稻成熟期干物质,氮、磷、钾养分积累量等方面与手插秧、手抛秧水稻无显著差异,但其前期积累的干物质及养分积累量较少,后期积累量较大。早晚两季机插秧水稻、手插秧水稻和手抛秧水稻的产量分别是7.73、7.62、6.70 t·hm~(-2)和5.91、5.97、5.90 t·hm~(-2),都未表现出显著差异。这表明机插秧水稻的产量潜力、干物质和养分积累潜力与手插秧、手抛秧水稻的差异较小,但其物质积累过程与手插秧、手抛秧水稻存在明显差异。     

A low-cost psychrometer for field measurements of atmospheric humidity

A design for an aspirated wet and dry bulb psychrometer, suitable for continuous field measurement of atmospheric humidity, is described. The psychrometer is simple and cheap to make, with a material cost of UK £40 per unit. It is mainly constructed from ready-made plastic plumbing parts, thus avoiding the need for expensive workshop facilities. The wet and dry bulb temperature sensors are suitable for direct connection to a solid-state data-logger. During extensive field use, it has proved reliable and easy to maintain. The accuracy of the device was assessed by intercomparison with an Assman psychrometer, a standard instrument for measuring atmospheric humidity. The test was conducted under high ambient saturation deficits (4.08 ± 1.22 kPa) and shortwave radiation fluxes in Niger, West Africa. Reasonable agreement between the two instruments was observed, with the low-cost psychrometer giving a mean saturation deficit 0.12 ± 0.25 kPa higher than the Assman.     

甜高粱开花后干物质积累与分布的研究

甜高粱从开花期到成熟期间,穗部干物质积累总量的80％－85％的物质来自植株在此时期绿叶面积的光合作用。在同样的栽培条件下,甜高粱干物质积累量随穗部籽粒成熟状态而逐渐增加。其历程是,开花期低于乳熟期,乳熟期低于成熟期。单株干物质积累与分布呈S形曲线,穗部高于上茎,上茎低于中茎,中茎高于下茎。     

人工模拟水热条件下苦豆子2种群硬实破除研究

以生长于内蒙古额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗2个种群的苦豆子为材料,根据其种子在自然条件下的2种存在方式:埋藏于土壤中和停留于土壤表面,模拟湿热和干热2种条件,并设置阿拉善干旱荒漠区可能出现的温度条件探讨自然条件下苦豆子硬实的破除机理.结果表明:苦豆子两种群硬实的破除对环境因子(温度、变温、湿度)的响应不同,高温(50～60℃)是两种群硬实破除都需要的条件,而单一的高温处理只能显著破除额济纳旗种群苦豆子的硬实;高温(60℃)和湿度(沙水质量比100:5)的结合可显著破除两种群苦豆子硬实,使额济纳旗和阿拉善左旗的苦豆子硬实丧失率分别达91%和87%;不同种皮颜色和种脐厚度的显著差异可能是引起两种群苦豆子硬实破除对环境因子响应不同的原因.     

重庆市近郊大气无机氮、硫沉降特征及其来源分析

以重庆市近郊中梁山槽谷为研究区,利用气象站和沉降仪获取2017年5月-2018年4月的大气无机氮、硫沉降数据和降水δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-和δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-、δ¹⁸O-SO₄^2-数据,通过离子浓度比值、同位素值和气团后向轨迹探讨了研究区大气中氮、硫沉降变化特征及其来源。结果表明：（1）大气DIN总沉降量为19.99 kg/hm²,干、湿沉降量分别占11%和89%;大气S总沉降量为32.62 kg/hm²,干、湿沉降量分别占13%和87%。大气氮、硫湿沉降量与降水量均呈正相关（n=12,P < 0.01）,氮、硫干湿沉降量具有明显的季节差异。（2）降水NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N比值介于0.45-2.2之间,雨季（5-10月）NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N>1,旱季（11-次年4月）NH₄⁺-N/NO₃^--N<1,表明雨季氮主要来源于农业源,旱季来源于工业和交通源;降水NO₃^-/SO₄^2-比值介于0.1-1.25之间,平均值为0.63,表明硫来源以固定污染源（燃煤）为主。（3）大气降水δ¹⁵N-NO₃^-、δ¹⁸O-NO₃^-值分别为-3.8‰-3.9‰（平均值为0.4‰±2.6‰）和58.7‰-98.7‰（平均值为76.1‰±14.3‰）,夏季偏负,冬季偏正;降水δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-和δ¹⁸O-SO₄^2-变化范围分别为1.3‰-3.2‰（平均值为2.3‰±1‰）和5.3‰-8.5‰（平均值为7.1‰±1.6‰）,大气降水中NO₃^-和SO₄^2-主要来源于当地的化石燃料燃烧,同时受到周边污染物的远距离传输影响。（4）气团后向轨迹表明影响研究区氮、硫干湿沉降来源的主要因素是东亚季风,北东-南西走向的川东平行岭谷大地貌格局加剧了季风的影响。     

Mean individual dry weight and length-weight regressions of some zooplankton of Lake Kariba

Individual dry weights of various crustacean zooplankton in Lake Kariba were determined. All the zooplankters were collected from pelagic waters. Regression equations relating dry weight to body length were computed for those species or groups in which size classes could be separated: Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, and copepod copepodites and adults. The mean individual dry weights obtained for most of these zooplankters are similar to those reported in other studies.     

山西北部农村区域大气活性氮沉降特征

利用DELTA系统、被动采样器和雨量器在山西省北部生态脆弱区朔州的一个监测点通过一整年的监测试验,研究了该地区农村区域大气氮素干湿沉降的月际变化。结果表明:2011年该地区大气氮素湿沉降为12.43kgN hm~(-2)a~(-1),远低于华北平原大气氮素混合沉降的平均值28.0kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1),降水中铵态氮、硝态氮和有机氮平均分别为1.24 mg N/L、1.27 mg N/L、1.26mg N/L。大气氮素湿沉降的年内分布不均,60%的沉降集中在降水较丰沛的4-10月份。试验区干沉降以氧化态氮(HNO_3NO_2和pNO_3~-)的沉降为主,氧化态氮的干沉降量是还原态氮(NH_3和pNH_4~+)的1.37倍,大气氮素干沉降总量为35.43 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。总体来看,作为典型的干旱区,该地区氮的干沉降是湿沉降的3倍,氮素干湿沉降总量达到47.86kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1)。此外,硝态氮和铵态氮在雨水中呈线性相关,而在PM_(10)颗粒物中乘幂正相关;雨水中总碳和总氮呈线性正相关,而PM_(10)颗粒物中二者呈二次多项式关系。鉴于朔州地区古城镇较高的氮沉降数量,应该对该地区输入农田的氮素环境养分引起足够重视。     

流溪河水库丰水年与枯水年营养盐动态的比较分析

流溪河水库是一座位于北回归线上的大型山谷型水库,典型的热带-亚热带过渡区水体。为了解该水库的营养盐动态特征,于2008-2009年对水库的营养盐状况和环境因子进行了逐月监测,分析了其丰水年(2008)和枯水年(2009)营养盐动态的动态特征和影响因素。两年的降雨量分别为2660mm和1583mm,降雨主要集中在季风期(4-9月)。丰水期初期(4-5月)是全年营养盐浓度最高的时期,该时期丰水年与枯水年的营养盐空间分布相似:营养盐浓度沿入库河流至水库大坝方向递减,地表径流带来的外源输入是这个期间营养盐变化的主要因素。河流区的营养盐主要受地表径流带来的外源输入的影响,湖泊区营养盐主要受水位变化导致的内源输入的影响。较大的降雨量差异导致两年不同的营养盐季节动态,丰水年有着更高的营养盐水平,更小的DIN/TN与DIP/TP值。河流区较高的营养盐水平会带来湖泊区较高的TN浓度,但不会导致湖泊区更高的TP浓度。     

我国雷州半岛典型农田大气氮沉降

近一个半世纪以来,粮食和能源需求导致活性氮创造的急剧增加,从而导致各种活性氮的排放及其沉降的增加。氮沉降引起土壤酸化,水体富营养化,及敏感生态系统植物多样性的丧失等不良生态效应。因此定量不同生态系统氮沉降量对于确定该地区生态系统安全及氮循环有重要意义。南方地区氮沉降已有较多研究,主要集中于湿沉降的研究,选取雷州半岛地区典型农田综合研究了大气氮素的干湿沉降。结果表明:大气活性氮浓度NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4和pNO-3浓度分别为5.62、0.88、3.16、3.30、2.02μg N/m3。采用欧洲氮沉降监测网的氮干沉降速率估算了大气氮干沉降量为17.6 kg N hm-2a-1。大气降雨NO-3-N浓度为(0.86±0.36)mg N/L,NH+4-N浓度为(1.11±0.68)mg N/L,大气降雨无机氮含量冬季最高,夏季最低。大气无机氮年湿沉降总量为25.3 kg N/hm2。湿沉降NH+4-N和NO-3-N,干沉降NH3、HNO3、NO2、pNH+4、pNO-3分别占沉降量的30.8%、28.0%、23.7%、5.4%、2.8%、3.9%、5.4%。湿沉降NH+4和干沉降NH3在氮沉降中占主导地位显示氮肥施用导致的NH3挥发对大气活性氮浓度及氮沉降的显著贡献。鉴于研究可观的氮沉降量(总沉降量42.9 kg N hm-2a-1),其向农田的养分的输入不容忽视;氮沉降对该地区水体,自然生态系统的环境影响需要受到重视。     

Mathematical estimations of hyper-ammonia producing ruminal bacteria and evidence for bacterial antagonism that decreases ruminal ammonia production(1)

Bacteria capable of denitrification are spread among phylogenetically diverse groups. In the present investigation, molecular methods (amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) and partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing) were used to determine the genetic diversity of culturable denitrifying soil bacteria. The purpose of this work was to study the microbial density and diversity of denitrifying communities isolated from two luvisols and a rendosol. The denitrifying bacterial density was significantly higher in the two luvisols (3x10(6) and 4x10(6) bacteria g(-1) dry soil) than in the rendosol (4x10(5) bacteria g(-1) dry soil). Denitrifying isolates from soils were grouped according to the similarity of their restriction patterns into 26 ARDRA types. Interestingly ARDRA analysis suggests that some denitrifying isolates are specific to a soil type while others seem to be geographically widespread. The number of individual isolates found in each ARDRA type appeared to be highly variable between the two sampling dates but some denitrifying types were capable of persisting in soil. The tree obtained from the partial sequences revealed five major branches exhibiting highest identity to the following genera: (i) Burkholderia-Ralstonia, (ii) Pseudomonas, (iii) Xanthomonas-Frateuria, (iv) Bacillus and (v) Streptomyces. Our 16S rDNA-based analysis clearly reveals broad diversity exceeding that previously described in the literature.     

Alfalfa,Medicago sativa L., in highly weathered,acid soils

Summary Seedlings of a broad based population of alfalfa, (Medicago sativa L.), were visually selected for 2 generations (cycles) in an acid Cecil soil (pH=4.8). Simultaneously, 2 generations of selections were made in a limed Cecil soil (pH=6.2) amended with phosphorus. When tested in acid soil (pH=4.8) with added P, the cycle 2 acid selections yielded significantly more top yield than either the limed selections or the original seed. When grown in the limed soil (pH=6.2) without added P, the acid selections yielded significantly less. There were no significant differences among selections in other soil conditions (pH=4.8, no P added and pH=6.2, P added). Root weight and length and nodule fresh weight correlated well with top yield in all treatments. The yield of the 10 parent varieties and polycrossed seed of their cycle 1 acid and cycle 1 limed selections were compared under two soil conditions (acid and limed). The results of this test indicate that some varieties were more responsive to acid soil selection than other. Overall, none of the 10 varieties showed any decreases in total top yield due to one cycle of selection in either the acid or limed soil conditions.     

Stimulation of plant growth by low concentration of napropamide

This study demonstrates that the pre-emergence herbicide napropamide will enhance plant growth when applied at very low concentrations. Stimulation of shoot elongation, fresh weight, and dry weight was observed when seeds of wheat, corn, raddish, and soybean were soaked in very dilute solutions of napropamide for 6 hr. Biomass synthesis by Red Kidney bean was dramatically increased by 10 m napropamide, a 24.3% increase in fresh weight and a 76% increase in dry weight being observed. It is apparent that napropamide should be listed with those herbicides that have exhibited growth regulator properties.