山西太岳山白桦种群结构和空间分布格局

白桦(Betula platyphylla)林是山西太岳山地区的常见植被类型之一。根据太岳山白桦林不同林龄结构设置3个典型样地,采用空间差异代替时间变化的方法,运用点格局和分形分析(计盒维数、信息维数和关联维数),对太岳山白桦种群结构以及不同发育阶段种群空间分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明:太岳山白桦种群径级结构呈典型的"纺锤"型,属于衰退型种群;在0~25 m内白桦种群以幼树、中龄树为主时呈聚集分布,而成熟树占多数时呈随机分布,即随着种群年龄的增加,呈现聚集分布向随机分布的转变;白桦种群空间占据程度为中龄林成熟林近熟林;白桦种群格局强度尺度变化程度为近熟林中龄林成熟林;白桦种群个体空间关联程度为中龄林成熟林近熟林。种群径级结构分析、点格局分析和分形分析结果一致,揭示了地带性顶极群落破坏后兴起的次生先锋群落的空间分布格局。     

白桦种群的稳定性与火干扰关系的研究

从种群生态学和干扰生态学的角度出发,在火史重建的基础上,采用种群世代划分的方法,研究了大兴安岭北部白桦群的稳定性与火干扰的关系,结果表明：白桦种群的耐火力与自我恢复力都较差,主要依靠很强的火后恢复力维持其稳定性,种群耐火力与长期火状况密切相关,表现为：低频类〈中频类〈高频类。高强类〈中强类〈低强类。火后恢复力与自我恢复力和最近一次火烧强度及距今时间密切相关,火后恢复力与自我恢复力都以低强类〉高强类     

北京东灵山地区白桦种群生活史特征与空间分布格局

白桦(Betula platyphylla)群落是北京东灵山地区主要的群落类型之一。该文从生命表特征、年龄结构、存活曲线以及种群和不同龄期个体群空间分布格局4个方面,研究了北京东灵山地区白桦种群的生活史动态特征与空间分布规律。研究结果表明:北京东灵山地区白桦种群在其生长过程中,当胸径达到20 cm左右时(即第Ⅴ龄级时),由于种内不同个体间为争夺空间与阳光,将遭遇一次死亡高峰,随后将进入一个平稳的生长期,最后在第Ⅵ龄级之后,死亡率再次逐渐升高;北京东灵山地区白桦种群属于衰退型种群;白桦种群的存活曲线基本接近Ⅰ型(曲线凸型),虽幼苗存活率较低,但整体上白桦种群对环境具有较强的适应能力;在种间竞争较小的情况下,白桦种群呈聚集分布,而种间竞争激烈时种群分布趋于随机;生物因素和环境因素是影响白桦种群空间分布格局的两个主要原因,表现在不同的环境条件下,白桦种群不同年龄级的个体群呈现出集群分布或随机分布,处于不同发育阶段的个体群,其空间分布格局是随时间变化的。     

兴安落叶松原始林年龄结构动态的研究

对受不同程度干扰的兴安落叶松原始林年龄结构的研究表明,一代林年龄结构动态的特点是初期种群密度增大,年龄变幅加大,后期因自然稀疏而年龄变幅减小。多代林是不同世代的一代林的斑块镶嵌,上层老年世代年龄变差小,中层的中年或成年世代变差大,下层幼年世代变差亦较小。白桦与落叶松在良好立地上混生时,初期因白桦定居早,其平均年龄比落叶松大5—15年,50—70年后,落叶松的平均年龄因部分白桦死去而变得较大。     

小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林主要种群及林隙形成木的空间格局

调查了小兴安岭谷地云冷杉林1.5 hm²(100 m×150 m)固定样地内的物种组成和径级结构,用点格局方法分析样地内主要种群的空间格局和空间关联性以及林隙形成木的空间格局.结果表明： 样地内胸径≥2 cm的乔木有13种,种群密度差异大,重要值在前4位的为臭冷杉、红皮云杉、白桦和花楷槭.种群的径级结构近似倒“J”形.臭冷杉和红皮云杉空间分布相似,随空间尺度的变化趋势为聚集 随机 均匀分布.白桦在≤40 m尺度为聚集分布,>40 m尺度变为随机分布,而花楷槭在整个研究尺度上均为聚集分布.除白桦和花楷槭两者间在整个研究尺度上均为负相关以外,其余种群间均为小尺度上正相关、大尺度上负相关.臭冷杉和白桦种群间正相关的显著性强,其他种群间正相关性普遍较弱.样地内林隙形成木的空间格局表现为中小尺度聚集分布,随尺度增大趋于随机分布.掘根形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局呈单峰型分布,随机、聚集和均匀3种分布均有出现.折干形成的林隙形成木的空间点格局分布整体波动不大,小尺度上在随机和聚集分布间交替出现,到大尺度则归于随机分布.两者间的空间关联性分析表明,≤32 m尺度为显著正相关,>32 m尺度为不显著的负相关.     

乌拉山自然保护区白桦种群的年龄结构和点格局分析

白桦群落是乌拉山森林植被的主要类型之一,在高海拔阴坡、半阴坡以纯林形式分布.根据乌拉山自然保护区白桦林不同林龄结构设置3个典型样地,采用种群径级结构代替年龄结构、点格局分析(Ripley's K-Function)方法探讨了乌拉山白桦种群年龄结构、空间分布规律和种群动态.结果表明:(1)乌拉山自然保护区白桦种群径级结构呈典型的“金字塔”型,种群自然更新良好,属增长型种群;(2)由于种内不同个体间为争夺空间和资源,种群在第Ⅲ、Ⅳ径级死亡率较高,自疏作用明显;(3)白桦种群的存活曲线接近于Deevey Ⅰ型曲线;(4)在研究尺度内白桦种群以幼树、中龄树为主时呈聚集分布,而成龄树或老龄树占多数时呈随机分布,即随着种群年龄的增加,其分布格局逐渐由集群分布向随机分布转变.乌拉山白桦种群在小于1.5m的尺度呈聚集分布,即具有2株以上个体“丛生”现象.在环境条件相似的情况下,白桦种群自身的生物、生态学特性是影响其分布格局的最主要因素.     

珍稀濒危植物桫椤种群结构与动态研究

采用空间序列代替时间变化的方法,对7个地段中的桫椤种群大小结构进行分析,运用C、K、m^*、m^*/m和Iδ5种聚集度指标测定不同地段内桫椤种群的空间分布格局及其动态,并根据植株个体点位图,考察桫椤种群在不同取样尺度上的空间分布格局.结果表明,不同地段中的桫椤种群结构存在增长型、稳定型、成熟型和衰退型4种类型;不同地段中的桫椤种群空间分布格局有所差异,表现为集群分布或随机分布;在桫椤种群生长过程中,分布格局从集群型向随机型转变;种群扩散型指数Iδ随取样尺度的增大而减小.     

山西太岳山森林演替过程中建群种的动态特征和种间关系

为解释太岳山白桦(Betula platyphylla)林向华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii)林演替的生态过程,该研究以不同演替阶段的调查样地数据为基础,通过空间代替时间构建演替的时间序列,即从白桦林演替至白桦+华北落叶松混交林再到华北落叶松林的过程;采用点格局分析法和Monte-Carlo拟合检验对演替过程中白桦和华北落叶松种群的分布格局及其相互关系进行研究。结果表明:(1)山西太岳山白桦种群龄级结构呈"纺锤"型,种群呈衰退的趋势;白桦种群逐渐被华北落叶松(龄级结构呈"金字塔"的增长型)种群所取代。(2)从白桦林演替至华北落叶松林的过程中,白桦种群由集群分布趋向于随机分布,驱动力主要是华北落叶松侵入扩散而形成的种间排斥;华北落叶松集群尺度逐步增大,驱动力主要是种群拓殖和种内竞争。(3)白桦和华北落叶松二者的种间关系,在白桦林阶段无显著相关,在混交林阶段由于排斥呈现显著负相关关系,华北落叶松林阶段二者无明显相关,二者种间关系的变化主要来自于群落剩余资源驱动下的种内种间竞争。     

滇杨种群遗传多样性与遗传结构

滇杨(Populus yunnanensis)是我国西南地区的特有树种, 具有速生、易无性繁殖、适应性强等优良特性, 是典型的南方型杨属树种。研究滇杨遗传多样性及种群结构对其种质资源的收集、保存和利用具有重要的意义。本研究从我国滇杨主要分布区云南和四川共采集了6个种群, 包括云南的昭通(ZT)、会泽(HZ)、嵩明(SM)、洱源(EY)、拉市海(LS)以及四川的美姑(MG), 共64个个体, 利用34对SSR分子标记和3对cpDNA叶绿体标记开展遗传多样性与遗传结构研究。SSR引物共检测到154个等位基因, 平均等位基因数为4.529, 观测杂合度(Ho)与期望杂合度(He)分别为0.552和0.472, 遗传分化系数(Fst)平均值为0.238, 多态性信息含量指数(PIC)平均值为0.421, 基因流(Nm)为0.806。滇杨的遗传结构分析(DAPC)与遗传距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)、UPGMA聚类分析均将6个种群划分为3个亚类: 第І亚类包括昭通种群、会泽种群和嵩明种群的4个个体, 第ІІ亚类包括嵩明种群的6个个体以及洱源种群和拉市海种群, 第III亚类为美姑种群; 嵩明种群包含第І和第ІІ两个亚类的混合遗传成分。3个cpDNA联合序列中共检测到35个变异位点, 分为13个单倍型, 其中单倍型H5在种群中分布最为广泛, 其余的单倍型均为种群特有的单倍型。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明种群内的遗传变异大于种群间变异。研究表明滇杨不同种群的遗传分化具有地域性, 可选择就地保护; 昭通种群遗传多样性最高, 且包含7种叶绿体单倍型, 单倍型类型最多, 应优先保护。     

长白山东坡白桦-长白落叶松林优势种群结构与动态特征

白桦(Betula platyphylla)-长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)林是长白山东坡火山爆发后形成的次生林,也是暗针叶林演替系列的重要阶段,研究其优势种群的数量增长和消亡对揭示群落演替过程机理有重要意义。以长白山地区白桦-长白落叶松林优势种群为研究对象,于2020年进行标准地调查获取数据,采用径级代替龄级的方法,通过编制静态生命表,绘制存活曲线和生存分析函数曲线,计算数量动态指数,并引用谱分析和时间序列模型预测,研究了长白山东坡白桦和长白落叶松种群的年龄结构和数量动态特征。结果显示：1)白桦种群径级结构呈典型的倒“J”型分布,Ⅰ龄级个体数量占比高达52.56%;长白落叶松种群结构呈近似钟形。2)种群动态量化分析显示,白桦种群和长白落叶松种群的动态变化指数V_pi均大于0,说明种群均为增长型,但后者V′_pi趋近于0,说明受外界干扰时,长白落叶松种群更倾向于稳定型。3)白桦和长白落叶松种群个体死亡率和消失率曲线变化趋势基本一致,存活曲线均为Deevey-Ⅱ型。4)生存分析发现,白桦种群前期(Ⅰ—Ⅳ龄级)锐减,中期(Ⅳ—Ⅶ龄级)稳定...     

黑龙江省大兴安岭林区火烧迹地森林更新及其影响因子

林火干扰是大兴安岭森林更新的影响因子之一,研究火烧迹地森林更新的影响因子(立地条件、火前植被、火干扰特征)对理解生态系统的结构、功能和火后演替轨迹具有重要意义。选取呼中及新林林业局55个代表性火烧样地,利用增强回归树分析法分析了火烧迹地森林更新的影响因素。结果表明:(1)立地条件是影响针、阔叶树更新苗密度的主要因素;海拔对针叶树更新苗密度的影响最大;坡度对阔叶树更新苗密度影响最大;(2)距上次火烧时间对针叶树更新苗比重影响最大,其次是林型;(3)中度林火干扰后森林更新状况好于轻度和重度火烧迹地。根据火烧迹地森林更新调查分析可知:林型影响火后演替模式,火前为针叶树或阔叶树纯林,火后易发生自我更新(火后树种更新组成与火前林型相同),而针阔混交林在火干扰影响下易于发生序列演替(火后初期以早期演替树种更新为主)。     

Effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forests and vegetation burn severity on short-term post-fire vegetation density and regeneration in Samcheok,Korea

This study investigated the combined effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration at an early stage in Samcheok, Korea. To measure the spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forests, spatial pattern metrics at a landscape level and class level were adopted, and a regression tree analysis for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration was used to avoid spatial autocorrelation. Two regression tree models were estimated for post-fire vegetation density and post-fire vegetation regeneration with the same independent variable sets, including heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity. The estimated model suggested that the percentage of Japanese red pine and burn severity were the most significant variables for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration, respectively. The compositional and spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forest and burn severity, as well as the degree of burn severity, was found to have significant impacts on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration. Overall, more rapid vegetation regeneration can be expected in more severely burned areas. However, this rapid vegetation regeneration at an early stage is due mostly to perennials and shrubs, not to the sprouting or regrowth of trees. The study results strongly indicated that a susceptible forest cover type and its spatial patterns directly influence the heterogeneity of burn severity and early vegetation density and regeneration. Hence, the management of susceptible forest cover types is particularly critical for establishing more fire-resilient forests and for post-fire forest restoration.     

Forest responses to the large-scale east coast fires in Korea

The east coast forest fires of April 2000 were Koreas largest recorded fires. This, along with the fact that they took place in the region most frequently affected by fire, attracted a great deal of attention. Due to the variations in wind, topography and pre-fire forest stands, a heterogeneous landscape mosaic of burn severity was created across the region. It turned out to be an excellent opportunity to study various landscape-scale impacts of fires on forest dynamics. Therefore, we investigated stands in the 23794ha of burned forest region, in terms of burn severity, vegetation regeneration and forested landscape change as a measure of community stability. Using the geographic information system technique, we analyzed the differential severity and post-fire recovery of pre-fire forest types of different stand age both at stand and species level. Analysis showed that pre-fire vegetation was composed of mainly pine (Pinus densiflora) stands that occupied 70% of the whole forested area, while pine-hardwood and hardwood stands occupied only 28% and 3%, respectively. In addition, two-thirds of all stands were less than 30-years-old. Pine stands were the most severely burned, while conversely pine-hardwood and hardwood stands were less vulnerable. This implied that pine forests had fire-prone characteristics. Vegetation recovery went the opposite way; that is, the regenerating vegetation cover was 71% at pre-fire hardwood stands, and 65% and 53% at pine-hardwood and pine stands, respectively. However, these recovery rates were strikingly fast, considering that investigation took place about 3months after the fires. Fire did not initiate successional processes, but tended to accelerate the predicted successional changes by releasing pre-fire understory species that survived the fires and regenerated by sprouting. The dominant pre-fire tree species (P. densiflora) was susceptible to fire and not resilient enough to reestablish in competition with oak species. Contrary to pines, the abilities of oak species, mainly Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis, to survive fires and to resprout vigorously made them dominant at most post-fire stands. These shifts in species abundance caused drastic changes to the landscape: from pine-dominated to oak-dominated stands without any notable change in species composition. The patterns in forest regeneration that we observed in Korea may be representative of forest responses to any long-term repeated disturbances, including fire.     

Fire characteristics and environmental conditions shape plant communities via regeneration strategy

Climate change is altering disturbance regimes outside historical norms, which can impact biodiversity by selecting for plants with particular traits. The relative impact of disturbance characteristics on plant traits and community structure may be mediated by environmental gradients. We aimed to understand how wildfire impacted understory plant communities and plant regeneration strategies along gradients of environmental conditions and wildfire characteristics in boreal forests. We established 207 plots (60 m²) in recently burned stands and 133 plots in mature stands with no recent fire history in comparable gradients of stand type, site moisture (drainage) and soil organic layer (SOL) depth in two ecozones in Canada's Northwest Territories. At each plot, we recorded all vascular plant taxa in the understory and measured the regeneration strategy (seeder, resprouter, survivor) in burned plots, along with seedbed conditions (mineral soil and bryophyte cover). Dispersal, longevity and growth form traits were determined for each taxon. Fire characteristics measured included proportion of pre-fire SOL combusted (fire severity), date of burn (fire seasonality) and pre-fire stand age (time following fire). Results showed understory community composition was altered by fire. However, burned and mature stands had similar plant communities in wet sites with deep SOL. In the burned plots, regeneration strategies were determined by fire severity, drainage and pre- and post-fire SOL depth. Resprouters were more common in wet sites with deeper SOL and lower fire severity, while seeders were associated with drier sites with thinner SOL and greater fire severity. This led to drier burned stands being compositionally different from their mature counterparts and seedbed conditions were important. Our study highlights the importance of environment–wildfire interactions in shaping plant regeneration strategies and patterns of understory plant community structure across landscapes, and the overriding importance of SOL depth and site drainage in mediating fire severity, plant regeneration and community structure.     

Mid-term successional patterns after fire of mixed pine–oak forests in NE Spain

This study analyzes the factors affecting the current variability in density and age and size structure of mixed pine–oak forests of Pinus nigra and Quercus faginea in Central Catalonia (NE Spain), 37 years after a wildfire. The objective is to determine whether different post-disturbance responses may be obtained from the same pre-fire community and which factors can determine these different potential responses. The two factors analyzed were the distance to the unburned forest and site conditions (represented in this case by different aspects). The response of pines and oaks was different to the pattern expected for the Mediterranean Basin. Oaks resprouted immediately from stools already present before the fire and dominated during the first years, independent of both disturbance and site conditions. Pines established later, and their response depended on both factors: pine density decreased sharply from the forest edge to the burned area, and the number of pines was also higher in the more mesic than in the more xeric conditions. The age structure analysis for pines and oaks in the different aspects also revealed site-dependent rates of succession manifested by initial differences in post-fire establishment. In mesic plots, the establishment of pines occurred quite early, while in xeric plots, pine recruitment was delayed several years. These different patterns of post-fire recovery have led to pine dominance in more mesic sites and codominance of pines and oaks in more xeric ones, suggesting that different mid-term post-fire patterns can be identified for the same pre-fire forest type, depending on variations in environmental conditions.     

Influence of fire severity on stand development of Araucaria araucana–Nothofagus pumilio stands in the Andean cordillera of south‐central Chile

Fire is the prevalent disturbance in the Araucaria–Nothofagus forested landscape in south‐central Chile. Although both surface and stand‐replacing fires are known to characterize these ecosystems, the variability of fire severity in shaping forest structure has not previously been investigated in Araucaria–Nothofagus forests. Age structures of 16 stands, in which the ages of approximately 650 trees were determined, indicate that variability in fire severity and frequency is key to explaining the mosaic of forest patches across the Araucaria–Nothofagus landscape. High levels of tree mortality in moderate‐ to high‐severity fires followed by new establishment of Nothofagus pumilio typically result in stands characterized by one or two cohorts of this species. Large Araucaria trees are highly resistant to fire, and this species typically survives moderate‐ to high‐severity fires either as dispersed individuals or as small groups of multi‐aged trees. Small post‐fire cohorts of Araucaria may establish, depending on seed availability and the effects of subsequent fires. Araucaria's great longevity (often >700 years) and resistance to fire allow some individuals to survive fires that kill and then trigger new Nothofagus cohorts. Even in relatively mesic habitats, where fires are less frequent, the oldest Araucaria–Nothofagus pumilio stands originated after high‐severity fires. Overall, stand development patterns of subalpine Araucaria–N. pumilio forests are largely controlled by moderate‐ to high‐severity fires, and therefore tree regeneration dynamics is strongly dominated by a catastrophic regeneration mode.     

Spatially explicit fire-climate history of the boreal forest-tundra (Eastern Canada) over the last 2000 years

Across the boreal forest, fire is the main disturbance factor and driver of ecosystem changes. In this study, we reconstructed a long-term, spatially explicit fire history of a forest-tundra region in northeastern Canada. We hypothesized that current occupation of similar topographic and edaphic sites by tundra and forest was the consequence of cumulative regression with time of forest cover due to compounding fire and climate disturbances. All fires were mapped and dated per 100 year intervals over the last 2,000 years using several fire dating techniques. Past fire occurrences and post-fire regeneration at the northern forest limit indicate 70% reduction of forest cover since 1800 yr BP and nearly complete cessation of forest regeneration since 900 yr BP. Regression of forest cover was particularly important between 1500s-1700s and possibly since 900 yr BP. Although fire frequency was very low over the last 100 years, each fire event was followed by drastic removal of spruce cover. Contrary to widespread belief of northward boreal forest expansion due to recent warming, lack of post-fire recovery during the last centuries, in comparison with active tree regeneration more than 1,000 years ago, indicates that the current climate does not favour such expansion.     

Ecological effects of changes in fire regimes in Pinus ponderosa ecosystems in the Colorado Front Range

Question: What is the relative importance of low‐ and high‐severity fires in shaping forest structure across the range of Pinus ponderosa in northern Colorado? Location: Colorado Front Range, USA. Methods: To assess severities of historic fires, 24 sites were sampled across an elevation range of 1800 to 2800 m for fire scars, tree establishment dates, tree mortality, and changes in tree‐ring growth. Results: Below 1950 m, the high number of fire scars, scarcity of large post‐fire cohorts, and lack of synchronous tree mortality or growth releases, indicate that historic fires were of low severity. In contrast, above 2200 m, fire severity was greater but frequency of widespread fires was substantially less. At 18 sites above 1950 m, 34 to 80% of the live trees date from establishment associated with the last moderate‐ to high‐severity fire. In these 18 sites, only 2 to 52% of the living trees pre‐date these fires suggesting that fire severities prior to any effects of fire suppression were sufficient to kill many trees. Conclusions: These findings for the P. ponderosa zone above ca. 2200 m (i.e. most of the zone) contradict the widespread perception that fire exclusion, at least at the stand scale of tens to hundreds of hectares, has resulted in unnaturally high stand densities or in an atypical abundance of shade‐tolerant species. At relatively mesic sites (e.g. higher elevation, north‐facing), the historic fire regime consisted of a variable‐severity regime, but forest structure was shaped primarily by severe fires rather than by surface fires.     

云南松混交林火烧迹地更新早期草本层物种多样性的空间格局

云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林是我国西南地区最为广布的针叶林。火烧是云南松林常见的一种自然(或人为)干扰, 但对云南松林火后更新群落的物种多样性特征很少研究。该研究以云南禄丰县勤丰镇2013年“4.13”火灾后云南松混交林火烧迹地更新早期群落草本层为研究对象, 设置了47条1000 m²样带进行群落和环境因子调查, 探讨火烧后更新早期群落草本层的物种构成与丰富度的空间格局及其影响因素。结果表明: 火后更新草本层按物种构成可分为4个群落类型; 草本层物种丰富度受地形和火前群落冠层的影响显著, 与立木生物量和地形坡度正相关, 而与坡位和海拔负相关, 但与火烧强度没有显著的相关性。样带内草本群落β多样性与火前立木胸面积及火烧强度显著正相关, 而与海拔和坡位负相关。总体上, 生境地形特征、火前冠层和火烧强度构成了火烧后早期群落草本层物种构成与丰富度变化的主要控制因子。此外, 一年生和多年生草本物种的更新格局及其对环境的响应存在显著差异。