杭州虻纤溶酶的纯化及其生物活性分析

经过７５％硫酸铵沉淀、ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤层析、ＤＥＡＥ Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－２５离子交换层析、Ｂ ｅｎｚａｍｉｄｅ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ４Ｂ亲和层析,从杭州虻（Ｔａｂａｎｕｓ ｈｏｎｇｃｈｏｗｅｎｓｉｓ）腹部匀浆液中分离纯化出分子量约为３６．５ｋＤ的纤溶酶ＴＨＦＥ。经纤维蛋白平板测定表明,ＴＨＦＥ既具有纤溶酶作用,又具有激活纤溶酶原的作用。ＴＨＦＥ能分解纤溶酶原激活剂的生色底既具有纤     

昆虫胁迫下的植物应激反应模式

昆虫胁迫下的植物应激反应模式王海波（复旦大学生命科学学院,上海２００４３３）ＴｈｅＳｔｒｅｓｓＲｅａｃｔｉｏｎＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＰｌａｕｔｔｏＩｎｓｅｃｔ’ｓＰｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ￥ＷａｎｇＨａｉｂｏ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＢｉｏｌｏｇｙ,ＦｕｄａｎＵ－ｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２００４３３）;ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,１９９３,１２（６）：４６－４８．Ｏｎｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｏｆｅｘｐｅｒｉｍｅｎｔｓ,ａｎｅｗｓｅｔｏｆｍｏｄｅｌｓａｂｏｕｔｐｌａｎｔ’ｓｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｖｅｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒｉｎｓｅｃｔｓ’ｐｒｅｓ－ｓｕｒｅｉｓｐｒｏｐｏｓｅｄＴｈｅｍｏｄｅｌｓｃａｎｂｅｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｔｗｏｐａｒｔｓ：ｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｉｎｇｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌａｎｄｓｔｒｅｓｓｒｅａｃ－ｔｉｏｎｍｏｄｅｌ．ＴｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒｐａｒｔｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｐｌａｎｔｈａｓｏｎｅｋｉｎｄｏｆｃｏｎｖｅｒｇｅｎｔｐｈｙｓｉｏＩｏｇｉｃａｌｓｔｒｅｓｓｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎａｄｖｅｒｓｅｓｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｓ,ｎｏｓｐｅｃｉａｌｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｄｉｓｔｉｎｇｕｉｓｈｉｎｇａ     

峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其它昆虫病原真菌I.

采自四川省峨眉山自然保护区的虫草及其相关昆虫病原真菌,其中除有常见的蛹虫草Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｍｉｌｉｔａｒｉｓ（Ｖｕｉｌｌ）,Ｆｒ粉被虫草（ＣｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｐｒｕｉｎｏｓａＰｅｔｃｈ）蝉拟青霉Ｐａｅｃｉｌｏｍｙｃｅｓｃｉｃａｄａｅ（Ｍｉｑｕｅｌ）Ｓａｍｓｏｎ,球孢白僵菌Ｂｅａｕｖｅｒｉａｂａｓｓｉａｎａ（Ｂａｌｓ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ等昆虫病原真菌外,将主要描述峨眉虫草新种（Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓｅｍｅｉｅ     

植物对昆虫的化学防御

植物对昆虫的化学防御康乐（中国科学院动物研究所,北京１０００８０）ＴＨＥＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬＤＥＦＥＮＳＥＳＯＦＦＰＬＡＮＴＳＴＯＰＨＹＴＯＰＨＡＧＯＵＳＩＮＳＥＣＴＳＫａｎｇＬｅ（ＩｎｓｌｉｔｒｔｅｏｆＺｏｏｌｏｇｙ,ＡｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃａＢｅｉ...     

重组人GM—CSF基因在昆虫细胞中的表达

利用苜蓿夜蛾核型多角体病毒（ＡｃＮＰＶ）带β－Ｇａｌａｃｔｏｓｉｄａｓｅ基因标记的非融合蛋白基因转移载体ｐＢｌｕｅＢａｃ将人粒细胞巨噬细胞集落刺激因子（ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ）基因成功地插入病毒ＡｃＮＰＶ的基因组中．ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ基因在感染重组病毒的草地夜蛾（Ｓｐｏｄｏｐｔｅｒａｆｒｕｇｉｐｅｒｄａ）培养细胞Ｓｆ９中得到表达,感染后的Ｓｆ９细胞培养液能刺激人骨髓细胞在体外形成典型的集落,表达水平可达２．７×１０５５ＣＦＵ／ｍｌ。以ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ单抗所作的ＷｅｓｔｅｒｎＢｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ表明,表达的ｈＧＭ－ＣＳＦ对是３种糖基化程度不同的产物,分子量分别约为１５ｋｄ,１８ｋｄ和２０ｋｄ。     

锗对水稻某些生理性状的生态效应研究

锗对水稻某些生理性状的生态效应研究许崇山唐建军（中山大学生命科学学院,广州５１０２７５）（浙江大学生物科学与技术系,杭州３１００２７）ＳｔｕｄｉｅｓｏｆＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｅｃｔｏｆＧｅｒｍａｎｉｕｍＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｏｎＳｏｍｅＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉ...     

低温－常温下水稻幼叶胁变和恢复过程的分析

低温－常温下水稻幼叶胁变和恢复过程的分析李太贵，沈波（中国水稻研究所杭州３１０００６）ＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｏｆｔｈｅＳｔｒａｉｎ－ＲｅｃｏｖｅｒｙＣｏｕｒｓｅｓｉｎＲｉｃｅＳｅｅｄｌｉｎｇｓＵｎｄｅｒＬｏｗ－ＮｏｒｍａｌＴｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￥ＬｉＴａｉ...     

国内外作物种植制度的计算机模型与系统分析的研究动态与现状

国内外作物种植制度的计算机模型与系统分析的研究动态与现状杨京平（浙江农业大学农业生态研究所,杭州３１００２９）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄＳｉｔｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒＭｏｄｅｌｌｉｎｇａｎｄＳｙｓｔｅｍＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎＣｒｏｐ...     

HF对梅树超氧化物歧化酶和纤维素酶活性的影响

ＨＦ对梅树超氧化物歧化酶和纤维素酶活性的影响孟范平吴方正（中南林学院,株洲４１２００６）（浙江农业大学,杭州３１００２９）潘小敏（浙江省余杭市环保监测站,３１１１００）ＥｆｆｅｃｔｏｆＨＦｏｎｔｈｅＡｃｔｉｖｉｔｉｅｓｏｆＳｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅＤｉｓｍ...     

中国亚热带主要稻作制农田生态系统的养分平衡

中国亚热带主要稻作制农田生态系统的养分平衡傅庆林,孟赐福（浙江省农科院土肥所,杭州３１００２１）ＮｕｔｒｉｅｎｔＢａｌａｎｃｅｉｎＦａｒｍｌａｕｄＥｃｏｓｙｓｔｅｍＵｎｄｅｒＭａｊｏｒＲｉｃｅ－ＢａｓｅｄＣｒｏｐｐｉｎｇＳｙｓｔｅｍｓｉｎＳｕｂｔｒｏ...     

SOME EFFECTS OF HOST-PLANT NUTRITION ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF VIRUSES

The amounts of tobacco mosaic virus present in systemically infected tobacco plants varied greatly with the mineral nutrition of the plants and were related to the effects on plant growth. With plants in soil, supplements of phosphorus produced the greatest increases in plant size, in virus concentration of expressed sap, and in total virus per plant; nitrogen increased plant size only when phosphorus was also added, and only then increased virus concentration and total virus per plant. Combined supplements of phosphorus and nitrogen doubled the virus concentration of sap and increased the total virus per plant by factors up to forty. Potassium slightly reduced the virus concentration of sap, though it usually increased plant size and total virus per plant. From all plants, only about one-third of the virus contained in leaves was present in sap. Virus production seemed to occur at the expense of normal plant proteins, and the ratio of virus to other nitrogenous materials was highest in plants receiving a supplement of phosphorus but not of nitrogen.
The effects of host nutrition on the production of virus in inoculated leaves resembled those in systemically infected leaves, but were more variable.
No evidence was obtained, with plants grown in soil or sand, that host nutrition had any consistent effect on the intrinsic infectivity of tobacco mosaic virus.
The concentration of virus in sap from potato plants systemically infected with two strains of potato virus X was not consistently affected by fertilizers; the chief effect of host nutrition on virus production was indirect by altering plant size.     

Performance of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) clones on host plants and synthetic diets mimicking the same plants phloem amino acid composition

The performances of three clones of pea aphids, with different host affiliations, were evaluated on four host plants species and on four artificial diets. The amino acid compositions of the diets mimicked those of the phloem sap of the respective host plants. The total concentration of amino acids was the same in all the diets. The pea aphid clones performance were significantly affected by amino acid composition of the diets in different ways, implying physiological and/or behavioural differences among coexisting pea aphid clones in response to amino acids in artificial diets. The observed differences in performance on diets between clones were not related to host plant affiliations. Thus, even if the variation in amino acid composition in phloem sap among the host plants affects the pea aphid clones when tested on artificial diets, this variation has no observable effect on pea aphid performance on natural host plants.     

Modification of leaf apoplastic pH in relation to stomatal sensitivity to root-sourced abscisic acid signals

The confocal microscope was used to determine the pH of the leaf apoplast and the pH of microvolumes of xylem sap. We quantified variation in leaf apoplast and sap pH in relation to changes in edaphic and atmospheric conditions that impacted on stomatal sensitivity to a root-sourced abscisic acid signal. Several plant species showed significant changes in the pH of both xylem sap and the apoplast of the shoot in response to environmental perturbation. Xylem sap leaving the root was generally more acidic than sap in the midrib and the apoplast of the leaf. Increasing the transpiration rate of both intact plants and detached plant parts resulted in more acidic leaf apoplast pHs. Experiments with inhibitors suggested that protons are removed from xylem sap as it moves up the plant, thereby alkalinizing the sap. The more rapid the transpiration rate and the shorter the time that the sap resided in the xylem/apoplastic pathway, the smaller the impact of proton removal on sap pH. Sap pH of sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Commelina communis did not change significantly as soil dried, while pH of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) sap increased as water availability in the soil declined. Increasing the availability of nitrate to roots also significantly alkalinized the xylem sap of tomato plants. This nitrogen treatment had the effect of enhancing the sensitivity of the stomatal response to soil drying. These responses were interpreted as an effect of nitrate addition on sap pH and closure of stomata via an abscisic acid-based mechanism.     

Patterns of furanocoumarin production and insect herbivory in a population of wild parsnip (Pastinaca sativa L.)

Summary Seasonal changes in the distribution and abundance of furanocoumarins in wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa (Umbelliferae), were examined in a population of plants in Tompkins County, New York. Xanthotoxin, imperatorin and bergapten (linear furanocoumarins) occur in all above-ground parts of the plant; in addition, angelicin and sphondin (angular furanocoumarins) occur in umbels of some individuals. Total furanocoumarin content, as measured by percent dry weight, is greatest in reproductive parts, particularly buds and seeds; variation in concentrations between plants is greatest in vegetative structures (e.g., leaves).Within the plant, the distribution of furanocoumarins is significantly correlated with nitrogen, as opposed to biomass, allocation. In that nitrogen is often a factor limiting the plant growth, furanocoumarins appear to be allocated in proportion to plant tissue value; reproductive structures, obvious contributors to plant fitness, contain over ten times the amount of nitrogen and furanocoumarin contained in vegetative structures such as senescent leaves.Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that generalized insect herbivores tend to feed on plants or plant parts low in furanocoumarin content and, correspondingly, low in nitrogen content. Parsnip specialists, notably Depressaria pastinacella (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), feed exclusively on umbels, plant parts rich in nitrogen and furanocoumarins; furanocoumarin number and content in fact account for over 60% of the variance in number of umbel feeders. These patterns conform with previous determinations of the toxicological properties of furanocoumarins. Nitrogen is known to affect growth rate, fecundity, longevity and survivorship of insect herbivores; by tolerating or detoxifying furanocoumarins, D. pastinacella can consume plant tissues containing significantly greater amounts of nitrogen than tissues consumed by generalist feeders. That the presence of D. pastinacella on individual plants is correlated with the number of furanocoumarins present is consistent with the hypothesis that parsnip specialists use angular furanocoumarins as host recognition cues.     

Phloem sap intricacy and interplay with aphid feeding

Aphididae feed upon the plant sieve elements (SE), where they ingest sugars, nitrogen compounds and other nutrients. For ingestion, aphid stylets penetrate SE, and because of the high hydrostatic pressure in SE, phloem sap exudes out into the stylets. Severing stylets to sample phloem exudates (i.e. stylectomy) has been used extensively for the study of phloem contents. Alternative sampling techniques are spontaneous exudation upon wounding that only works in a few plant species, and the popular EDTA-facilitated exudation technique. These approaches have allowed fundamental advances on the understanding of phloem sap composition and sieve tube physiology, which are surveyed in this review. A more complete picture of metabolites, ions, proteins and RNAs present in phloem sap is now available, which has provided large evidence for the phloem role as a signalling network in addition to its primary role in partitioning of photo-assimilates. Thus, phloem sap sampling methods can have remarkable applications to analyse plant nutrition, physiology and defence responses. Since aphid behaviour is suspected to be affected by phloem sap quality, attempts to manipulate phloem sap content were recently undertaken based on deregulation in mutant plants of genes controlling amino acid or sugar content of phloem sap. This opens up new strategies to control aphid settlement on a plant host.     

植物组织粗汁液中的番木瓜环斑病毒的ELISA检测技术

本研究建立和改进了检测番木瓜和西葫芦组织粗汁液里的番木瓜环斑病毒（ＰＲＶ）的ＤＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法。用不同的ＥＬＩＳＡ方法来检测不同寄主植物粗汁液里的ＰＲＶ,其所用的合适的制备粗汁液的缓冲液是不同的。用ＤＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测西葫芦粗汁液时,以０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ磷酸盐缓冲液（ｐＨ７．５,内含０．１ｍｏｌ／Ｌ乙二胺四乙酸二钠）为宜;而检测番木瓜粗汁液时,则还要加入０．２５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ脲。用Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测时,在上述磷酸盐缓冲液中加入２％聚乙烯吡咯烷铜能提高对西葫芦粗汁液的检测效果。应用合适的制备粗汁液的缓冲液,ＤＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法和Ｄｏｔ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法的灵敏度分别提高到１／４０９６和１／１０２４（稀释度）。本研究还表明,影响ＤＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法的定过测定的主要因素是粗汁液的稀释度和包被液（０．０５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ碳酸盐缓冲液,ｐＨ９．６）的用过。在较高粗汁液稀释度和包被液的用量相同时,粗汁液里的病毒含量与ＤＡＣ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法的ＯＤ４９２ｎｍ值呈真实的线性关系。     

Senescence‐feeders: a new trophic sub‐guild of insect herbivores

Herbivorous insects that have evolved to feed on senescing tissues of plants, or the phloem flowing from those tissues, comprise a distinct sub‐guild of the major trophic guilds, the senescence‐feeders. Some senescence‐feeders have evolved the capacity to accelerate the rate at which the tissues they feed on senesce, thus enhancing the quantity and quality of their food. Other species prolong their access to good food by feeding alternatively on both senescing and flushing tissues. Senescing plant tissues release a poorer quality food more slowly than the rapid inflow to new growth. As a result, senescence‐feeders grow more slowly than equivalent flush‐feeders. Any environmental stress of a plant that hastens its rate of senescence results in faster growth and higher survival of senescence‐feeders. Senescence‐feeders therefore succeed best on damaged or stressed plants and frequently reach outbreak levels on drought‐stressed trees. If the distinctive ecology of senescence‐feeders and the way in which they differ from flush‐feeders in their response to the condition of their host plants are to be recognized and understood, it is important to identify species that belong to this separate trophic sub‐guild. Such understanding is also necessary if attempts to control or manage their attacks on crops and forests are to succeed.     

Effects of sap-feeding insect herbivores on growth and reproduction of woody plants: a meta-analysis of experimental studies

The majority of generalisations concerning plant responses to herbivory are based on studies of natural or simulated defoliation. However, effects caused by insects feeding on plant sap are likely to differ from the effects of folivory. We assessed the general patterns and sources of variation in the effects of sap feeding on growth, photosynthesis, and reproduction of woody plants through a meta-analysis of 272 effect sizes calculated from 52 papers. Sap-feeders significantly reduced growth (−29%), reproduction (−17%), and photosynthesis (−27%); seedlings suffered more than saplings and mature trees. Deciduous and evergreen woody plants did not differ in their abilities to tolerate damage imposed by sap-feeders. Different plant parts, in particular below- and above-ground organs, responded similarly to damage, indicating that sap-feeders did not change the resource allocation in plants. The strongest effects were caused by mesophyll and phloem feeders, and the weakest by xylem feeders. Generalist sap-feeders reduced plant performance to a greater extent than did specialists. Methodology substantially influenced the outcomes of the primary studies; experiments conducted in greenhouses yielded stronger negative effects than field experiments; shorter (<12 months) experiments showed bigger growth reduction in response to sap feeding than longer experiments; natural levels of herbivory caused weaker effects than infestation of experimental plants by sap-feeders. Studies conducted at higher temperatures yielded stronger detrimental effects of sap-feeders on their hosts. We conclude that sap-feeders impose a more severe overall negative impact on plant performance than do defoliators, mostly due to the lower abilities of woody plants to compensate for sap-feeders’ damage in terms of both growth and photosynthesis.     

A meta‐analysis of insect pest behavioral manipulation with plant volatiles

Many insect pests utilize plant volatiles for host location and untangling the mechanisms of this process can provide tools for pest management. Numerous experimental results have been published on the effect of plant volatiles on insect pests. We used a meta‐analysis to summarize this knowledge and to look for patterns. Our goal was to identify herbivore and plant traits that might explain the herbivores’ behavioral response to plant volatiles in field applications. We scored a total of 374 unique plant volatile‐insect herbivore interactions obtained from 34 published studies investigating 50 herbivore pest species. Attractants had a significant effect on insect herbivore abundance but repellents did not; this latter result could be a result of the comparatively small number of field studies that tested plant volatiles as repellents (3%). Females were significantly more attracted to plant volatile baits than males. The diet breadth of herbivores was independent of a behavioral response to plant volatiles, but more case studies show effects of volatiles on chewers, followed by wood‐borers and sap‐feeders. There are more demonstrations of attraction to plant volatiles in Lepidoptera than in Thysanoptera. The method of plant volatile application had a significant effect on herbivore abundance and increasing the number of chemicals in individual baits attracted more herbivores. The magnitude of the response of herbivores to plant volatiles in forest and agricultural habitats was similar. We explore consistent patterns and highlight areas needing research in using plant volatiles to manage insect pests.     

局部根区水分胁迫下氮形态与供给部位对玉米幼苗生长的影响

通过向玉米幼苗分根装置一侧根室的营养液中加入聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)来模拟植物水分胁迫,并设3种供氮形态(硝态氮、铵态氮、两者各占50%的混合氮),且只加入到一侧根室(当氮加入到和PEG同侧时为水氮异区,加入到无PEG一侧时为水氮同区),测定各处理的光合、生理指标,以研究局部根区水分胁迫下氮形态与供给部位对玉米幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:同一氮形态供给下水氮同区植株的光合速率(Pn)、最大净光合速率(Pmax)、光饱和点(LSP)、CO2饱和点(CSP)、叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总含量、根系活力、氮含量和生物量高于水氮异区,光呼吸速率(Rp)、CO2补偿点(CCP)、木质部汁液脱落酸(ABA)浓度、氮利用效率、水分利用效率低于水氮异区;供混合氮和硝态氮的植株Pn、Pmax、LSP、CSP、氮含量和生物量高于供铵态氮的植株,而CCP、Rp、木质部汁液ABA浓度、氮利用效率、水分利用效率变化趋势则相反.可见,同一供氮形态下,水氮同区比水氮异区更利于植物生长,而水氮利用效率在水氮异区下较高;混合氮和硝态氮对植物生长的促进作用优于单一供给铵态氮,但铵态氮更有利于提高水氮利用效率.