鲍曼不动杆菌菌毛在细菌生物膜形成中的作用

目的通过观察鲍曼不动杆菌菌毛,了解菌毛结构在生物被膜形成过程中的作用。方法以ICU的医院感染患者的腹腔手术后引流液、痰及呼吸机导管内壁附着物等为材料分离鉴定细菌,制备细菌的电镜标本,通过超微结构观察鲍曼不动杆菌菌体表面的菌毛与生物被膜形成的相关性。结果新分离的鲍曼不动杆菌菌体表面存在菌毛,菌毛与生物膜形成过程中的粘附有关。结论菌毛粘附是生物被膜形成的原因之一。     

细菌显微追踪技术在生物被膜中的应用

细菌生物被膜是粘附于物体表面的由细菌细胞及其胞外物质组成的复杂膜样物聚集体,具有很强的耐药性和免疫逃逸能力。生物被膜内细菌的代谢活性、运动状态等与浮游细菌有明显区别。近年来,先进的显微成像技术结合新型图像处理方法,在研究细菌的运动、生理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文围绕生物被膜,概述了细菌显微追踪技术在其研究中的应用。主要从细菌的运动方式和生物被膜形成过程的调控两方面出发,介绍了在单细胞水平上利用该技术研究生物被膜的进展,包括细菌的游泳、蹭行、群集运动和多种信号通路调控下生物被膜的形成过程等,并展望了该技术在生物被膜其他相关研究领域的应用前景。     

生物被膜的物理特性及其表征

生物被膜涉及到人类生产生活的方方面面。生物被膜的形成有时是有益的,可用于生物降解、生物催化等;但同时也造成了诸多不利的影响,医疗领域中的感染性疾病、工业生产中的生物污损等均与生物被膜的形成有关。生物被膜形成过程中的物理性质决定着生物被膜的形态结构以及机械稳定性,对它在应对外界环境刺激并得以生存具有重要的意义。本文介绍了生物被膜形成初期和发展过程中的物理性质以及相应的表征手段。其中,细菌的表面粘附由细菌的近界面运动行为及细菌与表面的相互作用决定,并对生物被膜的初期形成起关键的作用。此外,机械性能测试发现成熟的生物被膜可看作具备粘弹性的聚合物。     

细菌在油水界面粘附的理论、特性及应用

细菌在油水界面粘附主要应用于烷烃污染的环境修复、石油开采与加工、食品加工等方面,其研究已经引起各界的广泛关注。本文基于XDLVO理论阐述细菌在油水界面的粘附机理;总结细菌表面特性、油相及水相性质对细菌粘附的影响;介绍细菌粘附作用在微生物驱油、生物乳化与破乳以及烷烃降解方面的应用,并对今后的研究方向提出展望。     

葡萄糖类似物甲基葡萄糖对表皮葡萄球菌生物被膜形成的影响及调节机制的研究

生物被膜(Biofilm)是条件致病菌表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusepidermidis)的主要致病因素,生物被膜的形成依赖多糖PIA的合成,PIA合成与细菌糖代谢相关。通过研究葡萄糖类似物甲基葡萄糖(MethylDglucoside,MG)对生物被膜的形成及相关基因表达的影响,考察生物被膜形成的调控机制并寻找抑制生物被膜形成的方法。甲基葡萄糖能抑制97337株生物被膜的形成,而且不同浓度的甲基葡萄糖对生物膜作用不同。甲基葡萄糖对97337株生物被膜形成的早期的粘附有较强的抑制作用;不同浓度的甲基葡萄糖处理后对ica和AtlE基因的mRNA表达水平影响不大,但能诱导agr基因的表达,这与甲基葡萄糖处理不同时间后的结果一致;而且甲基葡萄糖处理后97337的表面相关蛋白的组成明显改变。甲基葡萄糖对生物膜的抑制并不直接由于它对生长的抑制,它对细菌生长和生物被膜形成的抑制与其在细菌糖代谢中的竞争性相关;甲基葡萄糖能通过调控agr基因的表达改变细菌表面从而抑制97337的早期粘附和生物被膜的形成,但没有通过调控icaADBC、icaR的表达抑制生物膜的形成,可能与其对合成PIA相关糖基转移酶的竞争性抑制相关。     

水体富营养化过程中氧含量变化问题探讨

随着经济的进一步发展 ,大量含氧、磷肥料的生产和使用、食品加工、畜产品加工等造成的工业废水和大量城市生活废水 ,特别是含磷洗涤剂产生的污水未经处理即行排放 ,使海水、湖水中富含氮、磷等植物营养物质 ,称为水体富营养化。在富营养化的水体中 ,由于有了充足的养料保证 ,藻类等浮游植物一有适宜条件即大量繁殖。此时鱼类等生物的消费能力 (以藻类为食 )赶不上藻类的繁殖速度 ,水中藻类越长越多 ,它使水中氮含量减少 ,导致水中的鱼类等生物大量死亡。在教学过程中 ,发现有许多学生错误认为藻类疯长 ,应该是光合作用增强 ,产生氧气量增多…     

防污涂料的毒性及其对海洋环境的污染

在船舰、浮标、浮码头、输水管道等水下设施表面附着各种动植物,其中常见的有藤壶、贻贝、海蛸、牡蛎、苔藓虫等动物以及石菁、浒苔、裙带菜、水云等定生藻类。生物附着的过程是生物群落逐渐演替的过程。当物体浸入海水后,首先附着上去的是细菌,它们的繁殖速度很快,往往在几天内就能形成肉眼可见的菌层,以后附着的是硅藻和一些原生动     

光合细菌对水产养殖水质和水生生物的影响

研究光合细菌对水产养殖水体的水质,如化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH₄⁺-N)、溶解氧(DO)、pH等指标,及对水生生物,如藻类植物和细菌的种群组成的影响。结果表明:鲤鱼养殖水中投放一定量的光合细菌,能明显去除水中有机物和NH₄⁺-N,增加DO的含量,稳定pH值。光合细菌对水中藻类也有明显影响,0.50%、1%剂量组中藻类明显增加,其中硅藻在所有藻类中所占比例可达26%以上,绿藻所占比例达60%左右,而以蓝藻为主的杂藻则下降到10%左右。光合细菌对有害菌有一定的抑制作用,使得弧菌属、气单胞菌属等致病菌所占比例显著降低。     

细菌表面展示技术研究新进展

细菌表面展示是将靶标蛋白质表达于细菌表面以更好地实现其功能的一种技术,它在重组细菌疫苗、生物燃料电池、全细胞催化剂和生物修复等多个领域均有广泛的应用.随着相关技术的发展,表面展示系统的各种性能被不断地改良,同时新的表面展示系统也陆续被开发和应用,使该技术得到持续的丰富和发展.本文重点关注近年研究得较多的细菌表面展示系统,主要对各类细菌表面展示系统的开发、改造和修饰,以及该技术在生物修复和生物传感器方面的应用作一综述.     

双歧杆菌的定植机制及其作用的研究进展

定植可被定义为微生物在身体特定部位长久存在而在正常情况下并不导致健康宿主病变,不同于感染,因为后者是指微生物在体内长期停留而有引起病变的可能.胃肠道是人体细菌定植最多的地方,胃肠道的细菌定植是一复杂的有多因素决定的过程,其特征是环境、食物、微生物和宿主相关因素动态作用的结果。双歧杆菌是人体肠道最重要的生理性细菌,对宿主发挥生物屏障、营养、免疫、抗肿瘤和改善人体代谢等多种生理作用。但是双歧杆菌定植于肠黏膜上皮细胞上是它发挥上述生理作用的前提,故有关双歧杆菌定植的研究正日益受到人们的关注。决定双歧杆菌能否在肠道中定植的条件有：一是双歧杆菌必须先与肠道细胞发生作用而粘附于肠道细胞上;二是粘附后的双歧杆菌进一步改变肠道环境而实现对肠道细胞的稳定粘附（定植）。     

Encounters with marine bacteria

Various aspects of the social life of bacteria are exposed here, in the light of recently published discoveries on the adaptive mechanisms of bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, and on their importance at all ecological levels. There is now a need for studying models such as macrophytic algae and their associated microbial flora in order to integrate observations on simple laboratory models into the spatio-temporal perspective afforded by evolutionarily stable biocenoses.     

Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measured to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion

The relationship between physiochemical surface parameters and adhesion of bacterial cells to negatively charged polystyrene was studied. Cell surface hydrophobicity and electrokinetic potential were determined by contact angle measurement and electrophoresis, respectively. Both parameters influence cell adhesion. The effect of the electrokinetic potential increases with decreasing hydrophobicity. Cell surface characteristics determining adhesion are influenced by growth conditions. At high growth rates, bacterial cells tend to become more hydrophobic. This fact can be of ecological significance for controlling the spread of bacteria throughout the environment.     

Electrophoretic mobility and hydrophobicity as a measured to predict the initial steps of bacterial adhesion.

The relationship between physiochemical surface parameters and adhesion of bacterial cells to negatively charged polystyrene was studied. Cell surface hydrophobicity and electrokinetic potential were determined by contact angle measurement and electrophoresis, respectively. Both parameters influence cell adhesion. The effect of the electrokinetic potential increases with decreasing hydrophobicity. Cell surface characteristics determining adhesion are influenced by growth conditions. At high growth rates, bacterial cells tend to become more hydrophobic. This fact can be of ecological significance for controlling the spread of bacteria throughout the environment.     

赤潮过程中“藻-菌”关系研究进展

微生物对促进海洋物质循环,维持水生环境的生态平衡具有重要作用。在赤潮事件中,基于微生物(尤其是细菌)的多样性和重要性,它们与藻类之间的相互关系成为了研究的热点。过去20年里,人们从不同角度对"藻-菌"间的关系进行了探索,包括物理学过程、生物学过程、环境过程以及化学过程。就化学过程而言,它作为一种较早出现的技术,在以往的研究中带给人们许多认识藻菌关系的方法。随着学科的渗透,化学法有了拓展与延伸,为人们认识藻菌关系带来了新的契机。从化学生态学领域来梳理"藻-菌"关系中涉及的现象和行为,包括菌对藻的有益面、菌对藻的有害面、以及藻类应答细菌行为的化学途径;并从信号语言(群体感应、化感作用)的角度来阐释两者之间的互生或克生关系。通过文献综述的方式来解读藻菌关系的互作过程和机理,为认识赤潮的发生和防控方法提供借鉴。     

The Ecological Perspective of Microbial Communities in Two Pairs of Competitive Hawaiian Native and Invasive Macroalgae

Marine macroalgae are known to harbor large populations of microbial symbionts, and yet, microbe symbiosis in invasive macroalgae remains largely unknown. In this study, we applied molecular methods to study microbial communities associated with two invasive algae Acanthophora spicifera and Gracilaria salicornia and the two native algae Gracilaria coronopifolia and Laurencia nidifica at spatial and temporal scales in Hawaiian coral reef ecosystems. Bacterial communities of both the invasive and native macroalgae displayed little spatial and temporal variations, suggesting consistent and stable bacterial associations with these macroalgae. Results of this study identified three types of bacterial populations: nonspecific (present in both algal and water samples); algae-specific (found in all algal species); and species-specific (only found in individual species). The bacterial diversity of invasive algae was lower than that of their native counterparts at phylum and species levels. Notably, the vast majority (71 %) of bacterial communities associated with the invasive algae G. salicornia were representatives of Cyanobacteria, suggesting a potential ecological significance of symbiotic Cyanobacteria.     

Effect of bacterial biofilms formed on fouling-release coatings from natural seawater and Cobetia marina,on the adhesion of two marine algae

Previous studies have shown that bacterial biofilms formed from natural seawater (NSW) enhance the settlement of spores of the green alga Ulva linza, while single-species biofilms may enhance or reduce settlement, or have no effect at all. However, the effect of biofilms on the adhesion strength of algae, and how that may be influenced by coating/surface properties, is not known. In this study, the effect of biofilms formed from natural seawater and the marine bacterium Cobetia marina, on the settlement and the adhesion strength of spores and sporelings of the macroalga U. linza and the diatom Navicula incerta, was evaluated on Intersleek® 700, Intersleek® 900, poly(dimethylsiloxane) and glass. The settlement and adhesion strength of these algae were strongly influenced by biofilms and their nature. Biofilms formed from NSW enhanced the settlement (attachment) of both algae on all the surfaces while the effect of biofilms formed from C. marina varied with the coating type. The adhesion strength of spores and sporelings of U. linza and diatoms was reduced on all the surfaces biofilmed with C. marina, while adhesion strength on biofilms formed from NSW was dependent on the alga (and on its stage of development in the case of U. linza), and coating type. The results illustrate the complexity of the relationships between fouling algae and bacterial biofilms and suggest the need for caution to avoid over-generalisation.     

A critical review of soil algae as a crucial soil biological component of high ecological and economic significance

Aero-terrestrial algae are ecologically and economically valuable bioresources contributing to carbon sequestration, sustenance of soil health, and fertility. Compared to aquatic algae, the literature on subaerial algae is minimal, including studies of distinctive habitats such as forest soils, agricultural fields, deserts, polar regions, specific subaerial zones, artificial structures, and tropical soils. The primary goal here was to identify the gaps and scope of research on such algae. Accordingly, the literature was analyzed per sub-themes, such as the “nature of current research data on terrestrial algae,” “methodological approaches,” “diversity,” “environmental relationships,” “ecological roles,” and “economic significance.” The review showed there is a high diversity of algae in soils, especially members belonging to the Cyanophyta (Cyanobacteria) and Chlorophyta. Algal distributions in terrestrial environments depend on the microhabitat conditions, and many species of soil algae are sensitive to specific soil conditions. The ecological significance of soil algae includes primary production, the release of biochemical stimulants and plant growth promoters into soils, nitrogen fixation, solubilization of minerals, and the enhancement and maintenance of soil fertility. Since aero-terrestrial habitats are generally stressed environments, algae of such environments can be rich in rare metabolites and natural products. For example, epilithic soil algae use wet adhesive molecules to fix them firmly on the substratum. Exploring the ecological roles and economic utility of soil and other subaerial algae could be helpful for the development of algae-based industries and for achieving sustainable soil management.     

Adhesion of Dissimilatory Fe(III)-Reducing Bacteria to Fe(III) Minerals

The metabolism of dissimilatory iron-reducing bacteria (DIRB) may provide a means of remediating contaminated subsurface soils. The factors controlling the rate and extent of bacterial F(III) mineral reduction are poorly understood. Recent research suggests that molecular-scale interactions between DIRB cells and Fe(III) mineral particles play an important role in this process. One of these interactions, cell adhesion to Fe(III) mineral particles, appears to be a complex process that is, at least in part, mediated by a variety of surface proteins. This study examined the hypothesis that the flagellum serves as an adhesin to different Fe(III) minerals that range in their surface area and degree of crystallinity. Deflagellated cells of the DIRB Shewanella algae BrY showed a reduced ability to adhere to hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) relative to flagellated cells. Flagellated cells were also more hydrophobic than deflagellated cells. This was significant because hydrophobic interactions have been previously shown to dominate S. algae cell adhesion to Fe(III) minerals. Pre-incubating HFO, goethite, or hematite with purified flagella inhibited the adhesion of S. algae BrY cells to these minerals. Transposon mutagenesis was used to generate a flagellum-deficient mutant designated S. algae strain NF. There was a significant difference in the rate and extent of S. algae NF adhesion to HFO, goethite, and hematite relative to that of S. algae BrY. Amiloride, a specific inhibitor of Na + -driven flagellar motors, inhibited S. algae BrY motility but did not affect the adhesion of S. algae BrY to HFO. S.algae NF reduced HFO at the same rate as S. algae BrY. Collectively, the results of this study support the hypothesis that the flagellum of S. algae functions as a specific Fe(III) mineral adhesin. However, these results suggest that flagellum-mediated adhesion is not requisite for Fe(III) mineral reduction.     

Bacterial Tracking of Motile Algae Assisted by Algal Cell’s Vorticity Field

Previously published experimental work by other authors has shown that certain motile marine bacteria are able to track free-swimming algae by executing a zigzag path and steering toward the algae at each turn. Here, we propose that the apparent steering behaviour could be a hydrodynamic effect, whereby an algal cell’s vorticity and strain-rate fields rotate a pursuing bacterial cell in the appropriate direction. Using simplified models for the bacterial and algal cells, we numerically compute the trajectory of a bacterial cell and demonstrate the plausibility of this hypothesis.     

荒漠生物结皮中藻类和苔藓植物研究进展

藻类和苔藓植物是荒漠植被演替过程中常见的两类先锋植物,同时也是生物结皮中生物量最大的2个类群。该文综述了近年来干旱半干旱荒漠地区生物结皮中藻类和苔藓两大类植物区系及其生态作用的研究进展,重点介绍藻类结皮、苔藓结皮的生态作用以及二者之间存在的生态学关系。在此基础上对荒漠生物结皮中藻类与苔藓植物的研究前景进行了展望,指出荒漠生物结皮中藻类与苔藓共生机理的探讨是未来的研究重点,这对进一步探明生物结皮中藻类和苔藓植物之间的相互作用,揭示它们的生态学关系具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。