云南中山湿性常绿阔叶林中降雨对养分淋溶的影响

 作者在云南哀牢山生态站对中山湿性常绿阔叶林进行了定位研究,根据1990～1992年所取得的观测资料,对林外大气降雨,林内雨及树干茎流的养分浓度,养分季节变化及养分贡献进行了分析和讨论,探讨了大气降雨对养分淋溶的影响。结果表明：N、P、K、Ca、Mg浓度在林外降雨、林内降雨及树干流中有很大的差异。其养分浓度和养分输入均为雨季>干季,且养分浓度除林外降雨中N浓度外,均表现树干茎流>林内雨>林外降雨。此外,对降雨和淋溶作用对林地养分物质输入的贡献也进行了分析和讨论。     

湿地松人工林中降雨对养分物质的淋溶影响

降雨的水质在通过森林后会发生十分大的变化。本文选择了亚热带湿地松人工林,通过分别实测降雨过程中林外降雨、林内降雨及树干流的变化,及其相应的水质变化,分析了湿地松人工林地内雨量再分配的特点,在此基础上阐述了通过降雨过程湿地松人工林地内营养元素的输入及循环过程的特点。 分析结果表明,林外降雨、林内降雨及树干流的P、N、Ca、Mg、Na、K等浓度有很大的差异。与水分运动相对应,各种元素以点源或面源的形式进入流域,从而构成了两个过程与速度均不同的循环。此外,也讨论了降雨与树表面淋溶作用对林地物质输入的贡献。     

在杉木林和马尾松林中雨水的养分淋溶作用

本试验地是在杉木林和马尾松林中,主要对降雨和径流水中所含各种养分物质进行测定。结果表明:降雨的养分含量与降雨量存在着半对数函数关系。降雨输入林地的养分量显著地大于径流输出的养分量。林内雨和树干茎流淋溶的养分量占养分还原总量的48—53％。林内雨和树干淋溶的K、Mg、N养分物质量超过凋落物归还养分量。     

贵州省喀斯特地区原始林水化学特征

降水是森林生态系统的一个主要的养分输入源,观测并分析降水化学对于准确地估算森林生态系统养分循环的养分元素浓度与量显得极为重要。对贵州省茂兰国家自然保护区原始林森林群落2007年9月-2008年8月的降水进行定位观测与分析。结果表明:(1)在林外雨、林内雨、树干流和溪流水中,除了Na+之外,pH值与大部分的养分元素的浓度表现出明显的季节变化,冬季与早春浓度较高,夏季浓度较低。这与各季节的降雨量不同而导致浓度稀释或者浓缩有关。(2)大气降雨通过林冠的过程中,养分元素的浓度出现了较大的变化,林内雨与树干流中的浓度基本高于大气降雨;养分元素变化中,浓度差异较大的元素是K+、Mg2+和Ca2+,K+在林内雨和树干流的浓度分别是大气降雨的14倍和21倍;Mg2+浓度分别为大气降雨的12倍和9倍;Ca2+浓度分别为大气降雨的4倍和3倍,这与大气降雨通过林冠,与树体的养分交换以及树体养分的溶脱有关。(3)通过林内雨,树干流输入样地较多的养分元素是K+和Ca2+,分别是35.8kg.hm-.2a-1和31.5kg.hm-.2a-1;通过溪流水输出的元素中,较多的是Ca2+和Mg2+,分别是-547.4kg.hm-.2a-1和-144.5kg.hm-.2a-1;其次是SO24-,而Na++K++NH4+-N总量不足阳离子总量的1%,Cl-+NO3-总量不足阴离子总量的1%。这可能与母岩风化是碳酸岩类岩石风化有关。(4)年养分的垂直移动量特征显示,土壤0cm到土壤5cm的养分元素量变化较明显,无机态N量的变化可能跟微生物的氮固定、无机化或者植被的吸收有关。(5)研究地的年间养分元素量收支分别为N2.9kg.hm-.2a-1;K25.2kg.hm-.2a-1;Ca-547.4kg.hm-.2a-1;Mg-144.5kg.hm-.2a-1;Na-4.0kg.hm-.2a-1;Cl2.5kg.hm-.2a-1和SO24-S-5.9kg.hm-2.a-1。在年间养分的输入与输出中,无机态N跟K+显示正收支,Ca2+、Mg2+为负收支,而Na+、Cl-相对较稳定。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明:(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水穿透雨树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2)大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P0.05)。(3)季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TNK+Ca2+Mg2+TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干流的养分特征研究

对鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林大气降雨、穿透雨和树干茎流中的5种养分元素K、Ca、Mg、N、P进行了测定,结合水量分配规律,研究了森林降雨过程中养分在水相中的含量变化特征和输入规律。结果表明：(1)所有离子浓度均为大气降水<穿透雨<树干流,且增幅较大,而平均浓度以K+和总氮(TN)含量最高;总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(HPO42-)、总有机磷(TOP)含量均最低。(2) 大气降雨中的离子平均浓度中以总有机氮(TON)的变异系数最大,为1.282;最小的是NO3-(0.502);穿透雨中变异系数最大的是TOP(2.357);最小的是TN(0.621)。树干流中各养分元素浓度与树种的相关性不显著(P>0.05)。(3) 季风常绿阔叶林树干流和穿透雨各养分对森林土壤的年输入量为TN>K+>Ca2+>Mg2+>TP,树干流和穿透雨对森林土壤层Ca2+的输入大于凋落物分解输入。因此,大气降雨是养分从林冠层转移到土壤层的重要因素。     

神农架地区次生林主要树种林冠雨的氮磷营养特征

林冠水文过程对大气降雨氮磷营养特征的影响,对于森林生态系统营养物质循环、森林演替和生物多样性维持具有重要意义。在神农架地区次生林中选择了8个优势树种,定期收集、测定了林外降雨及各树种穿透雨、树干茎流的氮磷浓度和pH值,分析了该地区的湿氮、磷沉降强度以及种特异性的茎流、穿透雨氮、磷浓度和pH值的影响。结果表明:该地区生长季节的湿氮、湿磷沉降强度分别为11.89 kg N·hm-2·a-1和1.98 kg P·hm-2·a-1,其中,硝酸盐氮占全氮的40.75%,亚硝酸盐氮占15.19%,铵态氮占44.08%;降雨偏酸性,全年pH平均值为5.84;8个树种穿透雨和树干茎流的氮、磷年均浓度显著高于大气降雨,表现出较强的淋溶作用,同时,各树种林内雨氮、磷特征存在显著的月度差异和种间差异,尤其是原生树种巴山冷杉的硝酸盐氮、铵态氮、总氮及P浓度均较高,而引进树种华山松和阔叶树种的浓度则较低;8个树种的茎流和穿透雨的pH值分别介于5.42~6.82和6.23~6.83,均略高于大气降雨;在种组水平,引进树种的pH值显著低于原生树种,但氮、磷浓度在两组间不显著。因此,该地区次生林演替过程中林分变化对林内雨氮磷营养特征的影响值得进一步关注。     

森林植被变化（采伐）对小流域水文化学循环过程的影响

森林不仅调节流域的水文循环过程而且对流域的生物化学循环过程也产生重要的影响.森林流域通过林冠层截留、地被物层过滤、土壤入渗以及河岸植被缓冲带等环节,对降雨径流中的泥沙、有机物、污染物质进行有效的过滤、吸收和净化,从而达到改善水质的目的.回顾了国内外森林植被变化对小流域水文化学循环的影响研究,尤其是森林经营活动如采伐等对流域的河流水温、悬移质泥沙含量、溶解养分等方面的影响.多数研究认为森林采伐方式不同河流水温受影响程度不同;溶解养分与森林采伐的方式、地点及采伐流域的类型密切相关.特别指出河岸植被缓冲带在森林流域水质保护中的重要性,它的存在可以维持河流水温、有效防止和降低地表径流中携带的泥沙、污染物、有机质等进入河流,从而达到保护水质的目的.目前,我国在森林植被变化对流域水文化学循环影响领域的研究还主要侧重于森林减少泥沙效应方面,在森林的水质保护效应方面,多数的报道都集中在森林生态系统各要素(如林冠、地被物、森林土壤等)对大气降水化学物质输入的影响,而对小流域尺度森林植被变化(如采伐)对水文化学循环影响方面的研究开展得还很少.     

北京西山地区油松林水文过程中营养元素迁移特征

对北京西山地区31a油松林降水化学进行定位监测与分析.结果表明：（1）大气降水流经油松林过程中,其营养元素（除Na^＋外）的浓度出现梯度变化：树干茎流高于穿透雨高于大气降水,并且有明显的月际变化,表明从林冠、树干淋洗大量的营养元素,林冠和树干中养分元素迁移是森林生态系统养分循环重要的组成部分.（2）营养元素变化中,浓度差异变化较大的元素是NO3^--N和K^＋,NO3^--N在穿透雨和树干茎流的浓度分别是大气降水的4.4倍、9.9倍,它们中的K^＋浓度分别为大气降水的4.1倍和8.1倍.（3）降水经过油松林,养分淋溶总量为54.12kg hm^-2,淋溶量较多的元素是Ca和K,淋溶强度最大的元素是K^＋.（4）北京西山地区大气降水输入林地的养分66.38kg hm^-2,较多的元素是Ca、N.降水经过油松林输入林地养分总量为120.50kg hm^-2,Ca元素最高,为61.22kg hm^-2,其次是N元素（NH4^＋-N＋N3^--N）,为31.34kg hm^-2,K元素为16.49kg hm^-2,Mg元素为8.11kg hm^-2,Na元素最少,为3.34kg hm^-2.     

鼎湖山酸沉降背景下主要森林类型水化学特征初步研究

雨水的水质在通过森林后会发生变化．如果雨水是酸性的,这种变化会更加明显．通过一年多时间在鼎湖山主要森林类型采样分析发现,鼎湖山大气降水pH值低,酸雨频率高;阔叶林穿透雨pH值比大气降水高,树干径流和地表水pH值比大气降水低,土壤自然酸化非常严重;混交林穿透雨和地表水酸度比大气降水低,树干径流酸度则大于大气降水;针叶林穿透雨和树干径流都有进一步酸化趋势,但地表水pH值比大气降水高．3种林型比较,阔叶林林冠缓冲能力最强,针叶林土壤缓冲能力最大．3种林型,林内降水和地表水养分N、P、K、Ca、Mg和Na含量除N外都明显高于大气降水．各林型树干径流对养分富集能力强于穿透水,养分在大气降水中的浓度低于在地表水中的浓度．针叶林林内降水比混交林和阔叶林养分含量高,但地表水中养分浓度比后两者低．从地表水的养分浓度看,阔叶林和混交林养分亏损更为严重．     

秦岭天然次生油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应

为了研究秦岭典型地带性植物油松林冠层降雨再分配特征及延滞效应,选择陕西宁陕县秦岭森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站55龄天然次生油松林,从2006-2008年(5-10月份)对林外降水、穿透降雨和树干茎流进行定位观测。利用其中100次实测数据进行分析研究,结果表明:总降雨量为1576.4 mm,穿透降雨量为982.9 mm,树干茎流量为69.5 mm,冠层截留量为524. 0mm,分别占总降雨量的62.4%、4.4%和33.2%。降雨分配与降雨量级密切相关,降雨量级增大,穿透降雨率和茎流率呈增大趋势,截留率呈降低趋势,变化幅度分别为46.6%-68.9%、0.8%-9.2%、53.4%-22.0%。穿透降雨量、树干茎流量和林冠截留量与林外降雨量之间的关系分别为:TF=0.6548P-0.4937,R²＝0.9596;SF=-0.2796+0.0452P+0.0005P²,R²＝0.8179;I=0.5958P^0.8175,R²＝0.8064。降雨事件发生后,穿透降雨和树干茎流出现的时间与降雨发生的时间并不同步,均表现出一定的延滞性,随着降雨量级增大,滞后时间表现出逐渐缩短的趋势((78.5±8.8)-(16.0±0.0) min,(111.0±33.0)-(41.2±0.0) min)。降雨终止时,特别是当降雨量>10.0 mm,穿透降雨终止时间也存在一定的延滞性((3.2±2.6)-(12.0±0.0) min)。但树干茎流终止时间先于降雨终止时间,降雨量级越小,树干茎流终止时间愈早((-58.3±21.5)-(-9.8±0.0) min)。     

鼎湖山马尾松林降水再分配对养分动态影响

在鼎湖山马尾松林中 ,降水到达森林重新分配后 ,pH值的大小变化顺序为 :茎流 >径流 >穿透雨 >降水 ,且它们均呈酸性。与 pH值变化基本上相类似 ,养分元素浓度在各过程中均以茎流最高 ,降水最低。不同元素比较 ,其大小次序为 :Ca>N >Mg>P。Ca、P和Mg三种元素浓度在各过程中的月变化较明显 ,但pH值和N元素浓度的月际变化不强。该生态系统养分元素呈积累状态 ,大气降水的养分输入为 (kg·hm 2 ·a 1) :2 0 .62 9(N)、1 .0 1 5 (P)、46.3 3 2 (Ca)、3 .5 0 8(Mg) ;输出为 (kg·hm 2 ·a 1) :7.1 2 0 (N)、0 .63 2 (P)、2 3 .640 (Ca)、2 .1 3 3 (Mg)。此外 ,还对该生态系统生物地球化学循环特征进行了讨论。     

Rainfall input, throughfall and stemflow of nutrients in a central African rain forest dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees

Incident rainfall is a major source of nutrient input to a forest ecosystem and the consequent throughfall and stemflow contribute to nutrient cycling. These rain-based fluxes were measured over 12 mo in two forest types in Korup National Park, Cameroon, one with low (LEM) and one with high (HEM) ectomycorrhizal abundances of trees. Throughfall was 96.6 and 92.4% of the incident annual rainfall (5370 mm) in LEM and HEM forests respectively; stemflow was correspondingly 1.5 and 2.2%. Architectural analysis showed that ln(funneling ratio) declined linearly with increasing ln(basal area) of trees. Mean annual inputs of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in incident rainfall were 1.50, 1.07, 7.77, 5.25 and 9.27 kg ha^–1, and total rain-based inputs to the forest floor were 5.0, 3.2, 123.4, 14.4 and 37.7 kg ha^–1 respectively. The value for K is high for tropical forests and that for N is low. Nitrogen showed a significantly lower loading of throughfall and stemflow in HEM than in LEM forest, this being associated in the HEM forest with a greater abundance of epiphytic bryophytes which may absorb more N. Incident rainfall provided c. 35% of the gross input of P to the forest floor (i.e., rain-based plus small litter inputs), a surprisingly high contribution given the sandy P-poor soils. At the start of the wet season leaching of K from the canopy was particularly high. Calcium in the rain was also highest at this time, most likely due to washing off of dry-deposited Harmattan dusts. It is proposed that throughfall has an important 'priming' function in the rapid decomposition of litter and mineralization of P at the start of the wet season. The contribution of P inputted from the atmosphere appears to be significant when compared to the rates of P mineralization from leaf litter.     

Rainfall partitioning into throughfall and stemflow and associated nutrient fluxes: land use impacts in a lower montane tropical region of Panama

Land-use change alters catchment hydrology by influencing the quality and quantity of partitioned rainfall. We compared rainfall partitioning (throughfall, stemflow and interception) and nutrient concentrations in rainfall, throughfall and stemflow in three land-use types [primary forest (PF), secondary forest (SF) and agriculture (A)] in Panama. Measurements of throughfall were highly variable which may have masked seasonal and land use differences but it was clear that throughfall at agricultural sites made up a larger proportion of gross precipitation than at forest sites. Of incident precipitation, 94% became throughfall in agriculture sites while 83 and 81% of gross precipitation became throughfall in PF and SF, respectively. The size of the precipitation event was the main driver of variation in throughfall and stemflow. Consistent patterns in nutrient cycling were also difficult to identify. Vegetation has a vital role in delivering nutrients as throughfall deposition of K was often larger than precipitation deposition. A canopy budget model indicated that canopy exchange was often more dominant than dry deposition. Throughfall was generally enriched with nutrients, especially K and Mg, with enrichment factors of up to 17 and 5 for K and Mg, respectively, in PF. In contrast, Ca was sometimes taken up by the canopy. Values of nutrient deposition were high (with up to 15, 3, 30 and 15 kg ha^?1 month^?1 in stand deposition of Ca, Mg, K and Na, respectively in PF), possibly due to the slash-and-burn agricultural practices in the area or marine inputs. Throughfall and stemflow are vital sources of nutrients in these ecosystems.     

Nutrient content of incident rainfall,throughfall and stemflow in a Nigerian secondary lowland rainforest

Abstract. Nutrient content of rainfall, throughfall and stemflow was studied over one year in the open and under the crowns of three tree species in a secondary rain forest at Ile‐Ife, Nigeria. Throughfall and stemflow comprised 78.8 % and 5.2 % respectively; 16.0 % of the incident rainfall was intercepted by the forest canopy. The concentrations of various nutrient elements in throughfall and stemflow were higher than those of incident rainfall. In throughfall and stemflow potassium concentration was highest and that of ammonium nitrogen was the lowest. Only calcium and sodium concentrations showed significant monthly variation in incident rainfall. Ca, Mg, K. Cu and P showed significant monthly variation in throughfall and stemflow. The concentrations of the elements were highest during the heavy‐rain months (May‐September). High concentrations of some of the elements were recorded also in November, the last rain month and the beginning of the dry season. The concentration of these elements in stemflow and throughfall was affected by tree species. The highest quantity of each element was deposited in the forest via throughfall followed by incident precipitation and the lowest via stemflow. The tree species affected the quantities of these elements by the volume of their stemflow and throughfall and the concentration of the various elements herein. Total nutrient concentration was much higher than available (dissolved) nutrient concentration. This was very pronounced with micronutrients.     

祁连山青海云杉林冠生态水文效应及其影响因素

以位于祁连山中段大野口关滩森林站的青海云杉林为研究对象,利用2008年观测期间(6月12日至10月8日)34场降雨的大气降雨量、穿透雨量和树干茎流量观测资料,对青海云杉林的降雨再分配特征及其影响因素进行综合分析。结果表明:青海云杉林的总穿透雨量、截留量和干流量分别为212.6、64.5 mm和3.4 mm,分别占大气降雨量的75.8%、23.0%和1.2%;穿透雨在林内具有较大的空间变异性,其变异程度随降雨量的增大而减小,叶面积指数和冠层郁闭度在一定程度上也影响穿透雨的空间分布,且降雨量越小其影响效果越明显;青海云杉林的总干流量为3.4 mm,平均干流率为0.58%,雨前林冠的湿润程度对树干流的产生有很大影响,导致当降雨量为5.6 mm时就开始产生树干茎流;青海云杉林冠截留率的大小主要取决于降雨量,且随着降雨量的增大先减小并逐渐趋于稳定,林冠截留量总体上随冠层郁闭度和叶面积指数的增大而增大,但当观测点位于树冠边缘或多个树冠重叠处时出现负截留现象。所以,就特定林分而言,冠层结构特征对于其林冠生态水文效应起着重要的作用。