海南东寨港红树林土壤微生物初探

红树林是热带、亚热带海岸河口潮间带的木本植物群落。海南琼山市东寨港国家级红树林保护区是我国面积较大 ,种类较多的典型分布区[16 ] ,具有独特的生态 ,经济和旅游价值[1] 。不少学者对该红树林生态系统进行了群落学、物流、能流等方面的研究[2 ,3] ,但对该系统微生物方面的研究还较少见。微生物是生态系统的主要分解者 ,红树林生态系统有较高的生产力和凋落物量 ,微生物在凋落物和有机碎屑的分解转化中有着先锋地位[2 ] ,因此微生物在红树林生态系统的物流和能流中有着重要的推动作用。本文报道了对东寨港红树林区土壤微生物数量的研究 …     

江苏省太湖地区养分循环平衡状况的初步探讨

农业生产的本质是物质循环和能量转化的过程。人类要想合理地利用自然,获得高产、优质、低消耗的农业生态结构,必须进行物质循环和能量转化的研究。关于物质循环的研究国外开展较早。通过农田养分收支平衡的估算,为改进施肥措施和进行合理的作物布局提供了科学依据,取得了较好效果。1976年,在荷兰Amsterdam首次召开了农田生态系统中矿质营养元素循环的国际会议,会上发表了65个国家或地区不同类型农业生态系统中养分循环平衡的文章。这方面的研究工作目前正在不断深入中。     

兴安落叶松人工林生态系统营养元素生物地球化学循环特征

生态系统营养元素的生物地球化学循环是生态系统重要功能过程之一。营养元素循环和动态平衡过程直接影响生产力水平,并直接关系到生态系统的连续与稳定。因此,营养循环     

苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环的系统分析与预测

森林生态系统中的养分循环是该系统的主要功能之一 ,历来为许多研究者所重视[1,4 ,5] 。磷是植物生长发育所不可缺少的重要营养元素 ,它对促进林木生长 ,提高林业生产力具有很大作用。以往有关森林生态系统磷素循环的研究 ,大多忽视了根系凋落归还的作用 ,从而影响循环结果及其相应评价。为此 ,研究了苏南丘陵次生栎林生态系统磷素循环 ,并进行系统分析 ,建立生态系统磷素动态模型 ,预测并分析其变化规律 ,为制定合理的经营管理措施 ,保持林业持续发展提供理论依据。1　自然概况与研究方法1.1　自然概况试验地位于江苏省句容县境内 ,东经119…     

湖北江汉平原农田生态系统Mn的循环及平衡分析

农田生态系统中 ,营养元素循环与平衡的研究已经受到许多学者的广泛关注 ,主要集中于Ｎ ,Ｐ ,Ｋ三要素的研究[1 ,2 ] 。微量元素养分循环的研究虽有一些报道[3 ,4] ,但主要集中于Ｂ和Ｚｎ元素 ,而对Ｍｎ的研究尚未见报道。微量元素Ｍｎ具有植物营养和污染危害双重作用。在我国 ,Ｍｎ肥的应用研究 ,包括肥效、施肥技术、丰缺诊断等已取得较大进展 ,Ｍｎ对环境污染及危害影响研究也取得了一些成果。随着Ｍｎ肥应用面积日益扩大 ,研究其在土壤 植物系统中循环与平衡 ,以维持Ｍｎ肥对作物适量供应 ,促进农田生态系统Ｍｎ肥的良性循环以及控制土…     

广州白云山风景名胜区主要林分类型凋落物的研究

1　引　　言在森林生态系统功能的研究中 ,凋落物是重要的研究对象 ,历来受到重视[1～ 3 ,8] .凋落物是森林生态系统内物质循环的重要环节 ,是实现植物营养元素生物小循环的载体 ,是林地具有自肥功能的根本原因 .它还对森林资源的保护和永续利用以及水源涵养和水土保持有重要意义 .白云山是广州著名的风景名胜区 ,被誉为广州的“肺腑” ,对广州市的环境建设有举足轻重的作用 .由于白云山的林分供休闲游憩 ,不能施用有异味的有机肥和化肥 ,森林凋落物成为林分生长的重要养分来源 .因此 ,研究白云山主要林分类型的凋落物数量、季节动态、养分…     

香溪河库湾春季水华期间悬浮颗粒物粒度动态的初步研究

水体中的悬浮颗粒物是物质在水环境中迁移转化的载体和蓄积库,是营养成分在水相、沉积物相和食物链中循环的重要载体,是河流生态系统物质循环和能量流动的重要组成部分[1—3],很多学者研究了悬浮物的组成、结构和粒度之间的关系,发现其粒度特征对于了解生态系统内部物质和能量循环转化过程具有重要意义[4,5]。三峡水库蓄水后,香溪河下游部分河段成为库区的一部分,相对于河流来说,流速的减小使更多的悬浮颗粒物发生沉降,营养物质富集,易暴发水华[6]。本研究在三峡水库香溪河库湾水华暴发过程中对不同水深的悬浮颗粒物在24h内的动态分布特征进…     

京郊密云县农业生态系统氮素循环的数量特征研究

能量转化和物质循环是农业生态系统最基本的功能特征。1976年荷兰召开的第一次农业生态系统矿质养分循环研讨会标志着从系     

土壤剖面微生物数据可作为温带草原退化的特征指标

正我国温带草原分布广泛,是欧亚大陆温带草原植被类型的重要组成部分,具有重要的生态和经济价值[1],而其退化已成为我国草原牧业和生态可持续发展的主要瓶颈[2]。土壤微生物在土壤形成和演化过程中起着不可替代的作用,是土壤中物质转化和养分循环的驱动力。土壤微生物生物量和土壤微生物胞外酶活性则是土壤生态系统结构和功能演替的特征指示物[3]。目前,对草地退化的研究大部分集中于退化现状及其驱动力,植物群落结构及其稳定性,生物量变化及其土壤肥力水平,而相关的土壤微生物特     

陆地生态系统磷素循环及其影响因素

 磷是生命系统的重要组成成分,其在生态系统内的迁移转化是生态系统结构和功能的决定性因素之一。近20年来,磷在陆地生态系统内的重要性受到越来越多的关注。该文总结了国内外磷循环研究的成果,从磷的来源、在土壤中的存在形态和固定特性、影响因素的复杂性等方面分析了磷素循环的特点;系统阐述了磷在陆地生态系统各库之间及其内部,主要是植被-土壤亚系统内的迁移转化规律及影响因素。陆地生态系统磷素循环主要是系统内部的生物化学循环,由植物自身的遗传特性和土壤的生物、理化性质共同控制,不同控制因素的相对重要性因生态系统类型、时间和空间尺度而异。文章简述了磷循环研究方法的发展及存在的局限性;另外,分析了干旱、半干旱地区磷循环研究的重要性和意义;干旱区生态系统的脆弱性及其植被、土壤特性决定了其磷素循环有其自身的特点及研究的必要性。最后指出了当前陆地生态系统磷循环研究的发展趋势。     

城市居民食物磷素消费变化及其环境负荷——以厦门市为例

城市磷代谢不但关系到居民食品安全,还影响到城市生态系统的环境质量.快速的城市化进程及由此带来的居民生活水平的提高,会改变食物消费的数量、质量和结构,从而对城市磷代谢产生重要影响.分析了1988-2010年厦门市经食物消费进入城市系统的磷素变化动态,在此基础上对人均食物磷消费量与相关社会经济因子进行了Spearman相关分析,并计算了居民食物磷素消费的环境负荷.研究结果表明:(1)随着厦门城市化进程的推进,食物磷素消费总量波动上升;人均食物磷素消费量呈M型变化,两个峰值分别出现在1998年和2003年;高磷含量食物如奶制品、水产品,在人均食物磷素消费量中所占比例剧增,分别由0.3％和6.8％上升至14.9％和15.5％.(2)人均粮食磷素消费量与恩格尔系数、平均家庭人口数呈高度正相关,与人均可支配收入、食物价格指数以及具有大学学历以上人口比重呈高度负相关;而植物油、瓜果、畜禽肉、蛋类、奶类和水产品磷素消费量则与粮食所呈现的相关性相反.(3)随着食物磷素消费总量的增加,磷素的环境负荷总量也呈剧增趋势,尤其进入土壤的磷素量剧烈上升,所占比例由59.7％增至85.1％,这可能与禁磷措施的实行、污水处理率的提高、处理工艺的改进等有关.     

Effects of the internal recycling rate on biological nutrient removal and microbial community structure in a sequential anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor

This study investigated the effects of the internal recycling rate on nutrients removal in a sequential anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor (SAM). Microbial community structure in sludge from the SAM was studied using quinone profile method. Above 98% COD, 68% nitrogen, and 55% phosphorus removal efficiencies were achieved when the internal recycling rate was 2.5 times influent flow. At that rate, the optimum specific nitrate loading rate and COD/NO(3)-N ratio were found to be 2.24 mgNO(3)-N g(-1) MLSS h(-1) and 9.13, respectively. Batch tests demonstrated that anoxic condition suppressed phosphorus release, and that denitrification was also influenced by initial substrate concentration. Denitrification appeared to have some priority over phosphorus release for substrate uptake. Microbial community analysis revealed a predominance of the subclass beta-Proteobacteria. Furthermore, it was found that Rhodocyclus-related bacteria were efficient at phosphorus removal than Actinobacteria.     

On the phosphorus budget of a perennial herbSolidago altissima population

The same methods were used to study the phosphorus budget of aSolidago altissima population on the flood plain of the Tone River as were used for the nitrogen budget studies. The standing crop of phosphorus and the phosphorus flow through the population were determined seasonally and annually. The annual absorption of phosphorus was 2.25 g/m²/year, which is the same as the annual return to the environment. Turnover rates of phosphorus were calculated. Whether expressed seasonally or annually, turnover rates of phosphorus were larger than those of nitrogen. Phosphorus utility, net dry matter productivity of a unit amount of phosphorus absorbed, in this population was 1,060. This was in the range reported on other perennial herb communities. Phosphorus cycling in the population was quantified. Total phosphorus input to organs and the amount of phosphorus recycled in the living plants were 3.67 g/m²/year and 1.42 g/m²/year, respectively. The proportion of recycling to the total movement of phosphorus in the plant was 39%, which was lower than that of nitrogen. Comparing the phosphorus and nitrogen budgets in the population, it was concluded that larger recycling of an element results in a smaller turnover rate of the element in the population.     

Relevance of a perchloric acid extraction scheme to determine mineral and organic phosphorus in swine slurry

To increase the phosphorus recycling potential from swine slurry, mineral phosphorus products which could be used as fertilizers should be obtained and new processes need to be investigated. A routine method is needed to better evaluate the dissolved and solid mineral phosphorus in swine slurry. Cold perchloric acid extraction method previously developed for wastewater or sludge analysis was adapted. Ionic chromatography was used to measure orthophosphate in extracts. Only one extraction step was needed to distinguish between mineral and organic phosphorus in slurry. Reproducibility of the method was high (less than 5% of variation on the measured fractions). Selectivity was assessed by adding several organic and mineral phosphorus sources in the slurry. Cold perchloric extraction followed by ionic chromatography was very selective in quantifying both the mineral and organic forms of phosphorus in swine slurry.     

Biogenic silica and phosphorus accumulation in sediments as indices of eutrophication in the Laurentian Great Lakes

Biogenic silica (BSi), total phosphorus (TP), and biologically available phosphorus (AVP) were measured in short cores from Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. Peaks in BSi concentration and peaks in BSi:TP or BSi:AVP ratios provided stratigraphic signals of water column silica (Si) depletion as a response of increased diatom production to P enrichment and decreased diatom production resulting from silica depletion. By contrast the stratigraphic record of P accumulation provided very weak signals of the historical nutrient enrichment in the water column. These results indicate that system P recycling has a higher rate constant than Si recycling and, as a consequence, that relatively small levels of P enrichment can increase diatom production and sedimentation eventually causing Si depletion and Si-limited diatom production in the water mass.     

Effects of internal recycling time mode and hydraulic retention time on biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor process

This study investigated the effects of internal recycling time mode and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on nutrient removal in the sequencing anoxic/anaerobic membrane bioreactor process. Denitrification and phosphorus release were reciprocally dependent on the anoxic/anaerobic time ratio (Ax/An). As Ax/An increased, nitrogen removal rate increased but phosphorus removal rate decreased. The increasing Ax/An provided the longer denitrification period so that the organic substrate were consumed more for denitrification rather than phosphorus release in the limited condition of readily biodegradable substrate. Decreasing HRT increased both nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency because as HRT decreased, food-to-microorganism loading ratio increased and thus enhanced the biological capacity and activity of denitrifying bacteria. This could be verified from the observation mixed liquor suspended solids concentration and specific denitrification rate. The change of Ax/An and HRT affected phosphorus removal more than nitrogen removal due to the limitation of favourable carbon source for phosphorus accumulating organisms.     

东祁连山高寒草甸不同退化阶段植被/土壤磷素特征及其与生物量的关系

磷素是高寒草地生态系统的重要支持元素,高寒草甸退化导致较为严重的生态和生产问题,同时也引起了生态系统物质循环的变化。为揭示高寒草甸退化中土壤磷素特征及其对植被特征的效应,以东祁连山轻度(LD)、中度(MD)、重度退化(SD)高寒草甸退化阶段为研究对象,以多年围封高寒草甸(FG)为对照,在春季和夏季分别对不同高寒草甸阶段样地不同土层深度土壤全磷、有效磷、微生物量磷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性等磷素特征进行了研究,并对夏季植被地上生物量和磷素含量等植被特征进行了调查。结果表明：东祁连山高寒草甸退化导致植被地上生物量和磷含量急剧下降,重度退化高寒草甸地上生物量干重仅是围封草地的35.93%,退化高寒草甸地上部磷含量仅为围封草地的60%,且不同退化阶段地上部磷含量没有明显差异。退化导致高寒草甸表层土壤的全磷、有效磷含量升高,相比FG,土壤有效磷含量春季LD、MD和SD分别升高了16.67%、36.67%和3.33%,夏季分别升高了4.35%、26.09%和4.35%,且有效磷含量具有夏季低于春季的季节差异性。退化导致土壤微生物量磷含量明显降低,而对碱性磷酸酶活性影响没有明显的规律性,但围封草地夏季碱性...     

Plant–herbivore interactions and ecological stoichiometry: when do herbivores determine plant nutrient limitation?

Recent studies on plant–herbivore indirect interactions via nutrient recycling have led to the hypothesis that herbivores with a low nitrogen: phosphorus ratio, feeding on plants with a higher nitrogen: phosphorus ratio, recycle relatively more nitrogen, driving plants into phosphorus limitation. We demonstrate in this paper that such a hypothesis is valid only under restricted conditions, i.e. the nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of inorganic nutrients supplied to the system must be neither too high nor too low compared with the nitrogen: phosphorus ratio of the whole plant + herbivore biomass. If plants have a greater affinity for phosphorus than for nitrogen, low herbivore nitrogen: phosphorus ratio can even promote nitrogen limitation. These results are qualitatively robust, whether grazing functions are donor-controlled or recipient-controlled. We present a graphical analysis of these conditions based on the Zero Net Growth Isocline method.     

The coupled dynamics of human socio-economic choice and lake water system: the interaction of two sources of nonlinearity

We study a mathematical model for the coupled dynamics of human socio-economic choice and lake water system. In the model, many players choose one of the two options: a cooperative and costly option with low phosphorus discharge, and an economical option with high phosphorus discharge. The choice is affected by an economic cost, a social concern about water pollution, and a conformist tendency. The pollution level in the lake is determined by total phosphorus discharge by the players, the sedimentation and the outflow of phosphorus, and the recycling of phosphorus from the sediment. The model has two sources of nonlinearity: the cooperation level tends to be bistable due to conformist tendency of people (social hysteresis) and pollution level tends to be bistable because phosphorus recycling occurs faster in more eutrophic lakes (ecological hysteresis). The combination of these two sources may cause multiple stable equilibria or oscillations with a long periodicity. Small economic cost and strong social concern about pollution level can decrease the pollution level, but may not be very effective in enhancing the cooperation level. In contrast, strong conformist tendency produces a stable state with a high cooperation level and a low pollution level. We discuss implications of these results to the water quality management.     

农业系统中磷肥残效及磷循环研究 Ⅳ．农业系统磷循环的一个简单模型及其验证

根据辽西易旱区碳酸盐褐土上进行的６年Ｐ肥试验资料,建立和验证了一个简化的农业系统Ｐ循环模型．对４种施Ｐ对策进行长时间尺度的模拟预测表明,６年三次大剂量施Ｐ并辅以每年有机肥还田的施Ｐ模式固土壤有效Ｐ水平和施Ｐ利用率较高而优于其它模式．