广西百色盆地早更新世长蛇岭组植物群的古气候分析*

利用最相似现生种类分析法和叶相特征分析法,对产自广西百色盆地早更新世长蛇岭组植物群进行古气候分析.结果表明这个植物群反映的古气候性质是亚热带—热带过渡带,年均温约24℃,年较差约3℃-5℃.     

基于叶缘分析法定量重建中国始新世植物群的年均温

全球气候在始新世总体上经历了由极热逐渐转冷的过程。植物叶片化石作为地质时期的产物,可以用来反映陆地古气候的这一变化历史。文中采用叶缘分析法首次定量重建中国始新世6个植物群的古年均温。分析结果显示,热鲁植物群（年均温17．3±3．7℃）、依兰植物群A段（年均温18．2±2．9℃）和柳区植物群（年均温22．7±2．3℃）反映了早始新世至中始新世早期气温较高。依兰植物群B段（年均温10．1±3．4℃）、石脑植物群（年均温10．1±3．4℃）、抚顺植物群（年均温5．0±1．4℃）和白鹿塬植物群（年均温9．2±3．1℃）则反映了中始新世后期至晚始新世气温明显下降的过程。植物群的古年均温推测值与植物群物种组合代表的气候类型吻合。研究表明,始新世时期中国与全球的气候变化过程基本一致,即早始新世至中始新世早期气温较高,中始新世后期至到晚始新世气温明显降低。     

基于植物大化石定量重建云南景谷早中新世古气候*

运用叶缘分析法(LMA)、气候叶相分析多变量程序(CLAMP)和共存因子分析法(CA)定量重建云南景谷中新世植物群的古气候。对不同方法的结果进行分析比较和交叉验证,得出景谷古气候主要参数:年均温为16.0±1.3℃、最暖月均温为26.3±1.5℃、最冷月均温为6.2±2.6℃、生长季为8.6±0.7个月、生长季降雨量为1 492±218mm、连续3个最湿月降水为701±139mm和连续3个最干月降水为170±41mm。这些数据反映了景谷中新世气候应属于南-中亚热带气候类型。同时,该植物群含有大量热带植物区系成分,也支持这一结论。另外,景谷地区早中新世温度、降水量季节性差异可能暗示了当时已经出现较弱的季风信号,但强烈的典型季风气候体系在当时可能尚未建立。     

黑龙江依兰早第三纪植物群的古气候分析

对黑龙江依兰煤矿煤层间的大量植物叶痕化石研究表明：依兰植物群有蕨类植物２ 种,裸子植物１０ 种,被子植物５８ 种,分属３４ 科４６属。植物群可分为两个植物组合：一个是下煤层上顶板的矿页岩层化石的组合,称Ａ 段组合,时代为早始新世。植物种类丰富,含有较多常绿阔叶成分,属北亚热带的常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶、针阔叶混生林。通过植物叶相特征分析,其全缘叶比例为３８％ 。用气候诺模图得出其古气候为年均温１３．２℃,年温差２０℃;另一个植物组合是煤系地层之上,即上煤层顶部的油页岩层中的Ｂ段化石组合,时代为早渐新世。植物以落叶成分为主,属暖温带落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混生林。全缘叶比例为３０％ 。古气候年均温为１１℃,年温差２５℃。表明植物区系组成完全不同,显示出气候随时代发生了演变,而使区系逐渐发展到今日的寒温带气候和植被     

《侏罗—白垩纪全球植物群及气候》译书即将出版

国际著名古植物学家B.A.瓦赫拉梅耶夫教授的珍贵遗著——《侏罗—白垩纪全球植物群及气候》(1988,苏联科学出版社出版),前不久已由孙革、张志诚、郑少林合译完毕(张志诚校)。最近正在付印,予计1991年2月下旬由南京大学出版社出版。 这部著作是瓦赫拉梅耶夫教授毕生从事中生代植物群及全球性古植物地理、古气候研究的经典性总结。该书全面总结了世界各地的侏罗—白垩纪植物群(包括大植物及孢粉)及其在全球范围内的发展阶段。在活     

黑龙江依兰始新世植物群的研究

本文报道了黑龙江依兰煤矿早第三系始新统达连河组的上、下两个层位所产的植物化石的区系组成及植物群特征：一个系产于煤层下部的砂页岩中的植物群A,另一个是产于煤层上部油页岩中的植物群B。植物组合共计35科49属52种,其中有蕨类植物2种,裸子植物10种,被子植物40种,其中包括1个新种。对其进行区系成分和叶相分析表明,A段植物群的古植被为北亚热带常绿阔叶和落叶阔叶混生林;B段植物群的古植被为暖温带落叶阔叶林。通过与邻近地区的国内外相应植物群比较及植物群的属种地史分布分析,确定A段植物群的时代为早始新世,B段植物群的时代很可能为晚始新世。两个层位间植物群区系成分的变化,表明始新世我国东北地区发生了较明显的气温下降过程,即古气候发生了由亚热带向暖温带的变化。     

南极乔治王岛燕鸥湖晚第四纪硅藻（Ⅰ）：Coscinodiscales

南极乔治王岛燕鸥湖Ａ孔岩芯长７．７ｍ,其中发现有丰富的淡水及海相硅藻植物群。本文仅涉及该孔海相地层中的Ｃｏｓｃｉｎｏｄｉｓｃａｌｅｓ硅藻植物群的系统分类及其古环境意义。系统描述１４种和２变种（其中１个为新变种）,分属７属,５科,另有１种硅鞭藻。该植物群为南大洋中常见的浅海类型,它们对于指示南大洋水体的波动及古气候变化具有一定意义。     

山东北部地区古新统孢粉组合*

统计了黄县地区龙口组和昌潍地区侯镇组孢粉100余个属种,描述6新种、4个新亚种,1个新联合种.在概述孢粉组合的基础上,重点讨论了该组合所代表的地质时代应属古新世.还阐述了这—孢粉植物群所反映的古气候特征.     

新疆准噶尔盆地克拉美丽地区滴水泉剖面下石炭统孢粉组合

本文研究了新疆准噶尔盆地克拉美丽地区滴水泉剖面滴水泉组化石孢粉,共11属17种;在孢粉组合中以鳞木类植物孢子占主导地位,其地质时代为早石炭世;本文还根据孢粉植物群讨论了古气候,推测当时当地气候可能是潮湿的。     

古韵明珠傍仙湖——深圳仙湖植物园

苏铁类植物是现存最原始的一类裸子植物，也是一群曾与恐龙同时代的古老植物，从而被称为古韵明珠，如今它们已成为濒临灭绝的“活化石”。因此，它们对深入探讨古生态、古气候、古地理以及种子植物起源与演化、种子植物区系的演变等有着重要的科学价值。同时，苏铁类植物还是常见的园林观赏植物和重要的经济与药用植物。     

The relationships of vascular plants

Recent phylogenetic research indicates that vascular plants evolved from bryophyte-like ancestors and that this involved extensive modifications to the life cycle. These conclusions are supported by a range of systematic data, including gene sequences, as well as evidence from comparative morphology and the fossil record. Within vascular plants, there is compelling evidence for two major clades, which have been termed lycophytes (clubmosses) and euphyllophytes (seed plants, ferns, horsetails). The implications of recent phylogenetic work are discussed with reference to life cycle evolution and the interpretation of stratigraphic inconsistencies in the early fossil record of land plants. Life cycles are shown to have passed through an isomorphic phase in the early stages of vascular plant evolution. Thus, the gametophyte generation of all living vascular plants is the product of massive morphological reduction. Phylogenetic research corroborates earlier suggestions of a major representational bias in the early fossil record. Mega-fossils document a sequence of appearance of groups that is at odds with that predicted by cladogram topology. It is argued here that the pattern of appearance and diversification of plant megafossils owes more to changing geological conditions than to rapid biological diversification.     

定量分析第三纪以来环境变化的新方法：—特有种气候分析法

1　全球气候变化研究新动向自 2 0世纪 80年代以来 ,全球气候变化研究至今仍方兴未艾。全球气温波动、大气中温室气体丰度变化、气候格局改变、气候带迁移和降水量增减 ,都影响到社会经济的发展和人类生活质量的提高。各国政府对全球气候变化的研究 ,如气候演变的过程、短期和长期气候变化的预测和自然灾害的防治都给予极大关注和财力支持[1] 。目前全球气候变化的研究正向两个方向发展。1.1　加大全球气候变化研究时间尺度 ,从研究当今气候发展到研究地质历史时期气候变化全球气候变化 ,如大气中ＣＯ2 浓度的变化、温度的升降和降水量的变…     

Climate Analysis of Endemic Species-A Novel Method for Quantitative Analysis of Global Climate Change Since Tertiary

There are many extant endemic plants in China, which were widely distributed in the North Hemisphere during Tertiary. The global cooling during the Tertiary caused a series of narrow distribution regions of the plants. Quaternary glaciation invaded most regions of North America and Eurasia where severe destruction was imposed onto vegetation. However, such destruction was lessened in China largely because of specific topographic and geographical and obviously, a number of other conditions accounted for an unusual refugee camp for the relics of plants in China, among which lots of endemic taxa exist. Recently, Chinese endemic species, such as Metaseqouia, Eucommia , have been employed to conduct multi-disciplinary comprehensive studies so as to analyze Tertiary climate changes quantitatively. Meanwhile, a rigorous method, i.e. climate analysis of endemic species (CAES) has come to maturation. This method is characteristic of some generality because it is supposed to be applicable to the endemic species in other regions of the world. CAES is involved in the following aspects: 1. Conduct multidisciplinary studies on living and fossil species of endemic plants and trace their evolutionary courses. 2. Compare fossil species with living one and clarify which is the nearest living relative (NLR) to fossil counterpart. 3. Fossils and their living counterparts (NLR) are supposed to have similar ecological requirements to meet their life cycles. 4. Investigate the geographic distribution of living and fossil plants within the same taxa and ascertain the dynamic changes of their distributions in geological age. 5. Analyze climate factors in the distribution of specific endemic taxa and obtain the data of climatic characters which are suitable for reconstruction of paleoclimate where fossil counterparts lived. 6. Further study the physio-ecology of living species and determinate paleoclimate where fossil counterparts lived. 7. Integrate analysis of the data from steps 4, 5 and 6, and quantitatively reconstruct the climate where fossil and living plants survive.     

Infrared mapping resolves soft tissue preservation in 50 million year-old reptile skin

Non-destructive Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) mapping of Eocene aged fossil reptile skin shows that biological control on the distribution of endogenous organic components within fossilized soft tissue can be resolved. Mapped organic functional units within this approximately 50 Myr old specimen from the Green River Formation (USA) include amide and sulphur compounds. These compounds are most probably derived from the original beta keratin present in the skin because fossil leaf- and other non-skin-derived organic matter from the same geological formation do not show intense amide or thiol absorption bands. Maps and spectra from the fossil are directly comparable to extant reptile skin. Furthermore, infrared results are corroborated by several additional quantitative methods including Synchrotron Rapid Scanning X-Ray Fluorescence (SRS-XRF) and Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). All results combine to clearly show that the organic compound inventory of the fossil skin is different from the embedding sedimentary matrix and fossil plant material. A new taphonomic model involving ternary complexation between keratin-derived organic molecules, divalent trace metals and silicate surfaces is presented to explain the survival of the observed compounds. X-ray diffraction shows that suitable minerals for complex formation are present. Previously, this study would only have been possible with major destructive sampling. Non-destructive FTIR imaging methods are thus shown to be a valuable tool for understanding the taphonomy of high-fidelity preservation, and furthermore, may provide insight into the biochemistry of extinct organisms.     

定量分析第三纪以来环境变化的新方法——特有种气候分析法

There are many extant endemic plants in China, which were widelydistributed in the North Hemisphere during Tertiary. The global cooling during the Tertiary caused a series of narrow distribution regions of the plants. Quaternary glaciation invaded most regions of North America and Eurasia where severe destruction was imposed onto vegetation. However, such destruction was lessened in China largely because of specific topographic and geographical and obviously, a number of other conditions accounted for an unusual refugee camp for the relics of plants in China, among which lots of endemic taxa exist. Recently, Chinese endemic species, such as Metaseqouia, Eucommia, have been employed to conduct multi-disciplinary comprehensive studies so as to analyze Tertiary climate changes quantitatively. Meanwhile, a rigorous method, i.e. climate analysis of endemic species (CAES) has come to maturation. This method is characteristic of some generality because it is supposed to be applicable to the endemic species in other regions of the world. CAES is involved in the following aspects: 1. Conduct multidisciplinary studies on living and fossil species of endemic plants and trace their evolutionary courses. 2. Compare fossil species with living one and clarify which is the nearest living relative (NLR) to fossil counterpart. 3. Fossils and their living counterparts (NLR) are supposed to have similar ecological requirements to meet their life cycles. 4. Investigate the geographic distribution of living and fossil plants within the same taxa and ascertain the dynamic changes of their distributions in geological age. 5. Analyze climate factors in the distribution of specific endemic taxa and obtain the data of climatic characters which are suitable for reconstruction of paleoclimate where fossil counterparts lived. 6. Further study the physio-ecology of living species and determinate paleoclimate where fossil counterparts lived. 7. Integrate analysis of the data from steps 4, 5 and 6, and quantitatively reconstruct the climate where fossil and living plants survive.     

Biological methods for speciation of heavy metals: different approaches

Heavy metals are found in their different forms in the environment. The distribution, mobility, and toxicity of metals are strongly related to these different forms. This necessitates the exploration of different methods for the remediation and speciation of heavy metals. Some direct and indirect physico-chemical methods such as filtration, chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, electro deposition, and membrane systems have been used for the last four decades. However, it is only in last few years that reliable biological methods have also been used. The biological methods include the use of microorganisms (fungi, algae, bacteria), plants (live or dead) and biopolymers. The use of these methods for the speciation of heavy metals is reviewed here.     

HOW DO GEOLOGICAL SAMPLING BIASES AFFECT STUDIES OF MORPHOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN DEEP TIME? A CASE STUDY OF PTEROSAUR (REPTILIA: ARCHOSAURIA) DISPARITY

A fundamental contribution of paleobiology to macroevolutionary theory has been the illumination of deep time patterns of diversification. However, recent work has suggested that taxonomic diversity counts taken from the fossil record may be strongly biased by uneven spatiotemporal sampling. Although morphological diversity (disparity) is also frequently used to examine evolutionary radiations, no empirical work has yet addressed how disparity might be affected by uneven fossil record sampling. Here, we use pterosaurs (Mesozoic flying reptiles) as an exemplar group to address this problem. We calculate multiple disparity metrics based upon a comprehensive anatomical dataset including a novel phylogenetic correction for missing data, statistically compare these metrics to four geological sampling proxies, and use multiple regression modeling to assess the importance of uneven sampling and exceptional fossil deposits (Lagerstätten). We find that range‐based disparity metrics are strongly affected by uneven fossil record sampling, and should therefore be interpreted cautiously. The robustness of variance‐based metrics to sample size and geological sampling suggests that they can be more confidently interpreted as reflecting true biological signals. In addition, our results highlight the problem of high levels of missing data for disparity analyses, indicating a pressing need for more theoretical and empirical work.     

舌鞘目化石在中国陕西首次发现(昆虫纲)

在世界上发现的舌鞘目化石很稀少,已知仅6科、12属、26种。本文记述了中三叠世舌鞘目昆虫的3个新属种,系铜川昆虫组合的新成员（也是陕西生物群的一种类别）。根据铜川组舌鞘化石和其他昆虫以及动、植物化石的研究结果,铜川组的时代相当于欧洲中三叠世的拉丁尼期（或阶）。根据舌鞘目和其他昆虫化石的性质,作者提出冈瓦纳大陆与欧亚大陆裂离时代可能提前到中三叠世之前完成。     

Leaves of Berberidaceae (Berberis and Mahonia) from Oligocene sediments, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla

From the Oligocene Los Ahuehuetes locality, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, Mexico, five new plant species are described based on their leaf architecture. The presence of brochidodromous or acrodromous venation, and secondary veins forming angular (versus rounded) arcs, are well defined characters in the fossil material that relate it to Berberidaceae. Comparison with the leaves and leaflets of extant and fossil plants allow the recognition of one Mahonia and four Berberis new species. The lack of detailed information on leaf architecture in Berberidaceae limits the evaluation of the taxonomic relationships that can be suggested between fossil and extant plants. However, from a biogeographic point of view the presence of these new fossil plants supports the hypothesis of a North American origin of the Orientalis Groups of Mahonia, to which a lineage of Berberis may be added. Furthermore, two of the new species suggest the dispersal, some time during the Tertiary, of a lineage that today forms the Australis Group of Berberis from low latitude North America to South America. The movement of the Chortis Block is proposed as an alternative to explain the dispersal of a growing list of plants from north to south in the Americas. Only through future geological and palaeobotanical work can this hypothesis be corroborated.