抗寒性小麦品种逆境下化学反应及扩散过程的热力学分析

本文以典型的冬性小麦品种及春性品种为对象，利用示踪技术，通过液闪计数据方法，测定了低温胁迫下不同品种膜脂的代谢情况，根据实验的结果，从热力学的角度对低温胁迫下生物脂膜上的化学反应及扩莠过程进行了分析，阐明了植株逆境下各种反应降低的原因，丰富了逆境生理研究的内容。     

氯化钙浸种对玉米幼苗抗逆性的影响及其与谷胱甘肽还原酶的关系

两个抗逆性不同的玉米品种经过CaCl2 浸种处理后 ,能显著提高其幼苗在低温、高温、干旱和盐胁迫下的存活率 ;相反 ,Ca2 螯合剂EGTA浸种处理会降低玉米幼苗在上述逆境胁迫下的存活率 ,表明外源Ca2 处理能增强玉米幼苗对低温、高温、干旱和盐胁迫的多重抗逆性。此外 ,Ca2 浸种处理能使玉米幼苗在多种逆境胁迫下保持相对较高的谷胱甘肽还原酶 (GR)活性 ,而EGTA处理正好相反 ,表明GR可能参与了Ca2 提高的玉米幼苗多重抗逆性的调控     

甘蔗非生物胁迫抗性研究进展

甘蔗是世界上重要的糖料和能源作物,对于我国食糖产业发展具有举足轻重的作用。但是,我国甘蔗种植面积正不断减少,呈现出向高海拔、土壤贫瘠等生产条件差的地方转移的趋势,因此遭受的逆境胁迫程度日益加深,严重影响了甘蔗的生长发育及产量形成。如何解决逆境胁迫下甘蔗的产量问题是目前生产上面临的重要课题。目前最好的解决办法还是培育高抗逆品种,为了给甘蔗抗性品种选育提供参考,本文对甘蔗的各种逆境,如低温、干旱、高盐、重金属等伤害与抗逆性的生理生化机制及甘蔗抗逆相关功能基因的挖掘研究进行了综述,以期系统地了解甘蔗逆境研究现状,并提出了甘蔗抗逆育种需要开展的关键工作,以期为甘蔗抗逆相关研究方向的设定、抗性机理和抗性品种的选育提供借鉴。     

棉花幼苗对不同程度低温逆境的生理响应

以‘新陆早33号'(冷敏感)和‘中棉所50号’(高耐寒)棉花品种为材料,采用人工模拟低温方法,研究不同温度和时间处理下棉花幼苗叶片抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量的响应特征,探讨不同温度胁迫下棉花的抗逆机制.结果显示:(1)随胁迫温度降低、胁迫时间延长,两参试棉花品种幼苗遭受低温伤害的程度逐渐加剧,尤以5℃和0℃处理表现最为明显.(2)经15℃及10℃处理后,植株叶片REC、POD活性、SP和Pro含量总体上随胁迫时间延长而提高,MDA含量、APX活性和SS含量则先升后降,并均于处理24 h时达峰值;而在5℃及0℃处理下,REC和SOD、POD活性以及MDA、SS、SP含量迅速上升,APX活性、Pro含量则呈先升后降的变化趋势.(3)与‘新陆早33号,相比,‘中棉所50号’在各处理水平下均可保持更大的抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量上升幅度.研究表明,在不同程度低温逆境中,棉花幼苗可通过调节抗氧化酶活性和渗透调节物质含量,启动相应抗逆调节方式来维持代谢平衡,增强抗逆性;高耐寒性品种在低温逆境中具有更灵敏、高效的活性氧清除能力和渗透调节响应机制,从而有效抵御低温逆境伤害.     

棉花幼苗叶片光合特性对低温胁迫及恢复处理的响应

为研究低温逆境及恢复处理下棉花幼苗光合特性响应机制, 丰富棉花苗期在不同胁迫水平下的抗寒机制及为应对自然条件下突发的低温冷害提供理论依据, 以‘新陆早33号’ (冷敏感)及‘中棉所50号’ (高耐寒)两个品种为试材, 采用人工模拟低温方法, 研究不同温度和处理时间下棉花幼苗光合气体交换参数、光能转化及传递的表现和恢复能力, 并通过测定胁迫解除后叶片的光合光响应曲线来分析叶片对光环境的适应能力。结果表明, 在较低强度低温逆境(15 ℃或24 h胁迫)中, 叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、气孔限制值、胞间CO₂浓度、最大光化学效率、光适应下最大光化学效率、实际光化学效率、相对电子传递速率变化幅度较小, 且胁迫解除后可恢复正常, 此时叶片光系统II (PSII)光反应中心受损可逆, P_n下降主要因气孔闭合引起。随着胁迫强度增加, 各测试指标变化显著, 且恢复表现较差, 此时叶片PSII光反应中心光能吸收、转化和电子传递受到严重阻碍, P_n下降原因由气孔限制因素转变为非气孔限制因素。低温胁迫导致叶片对光辐射的利用能力下降, 随着胁迫温度降低, 叶片最大净光合速率、表观量子效率及光饱和点快速下降, 光补偿点及暗呼吸速率则呈上升趋势。低温胁迫可导致棉花幼苗叶片对光环境适应能力降低, PSII反应中心对激发能捕获、活跃化学能转化及光合电子传递速率快速下降, CO₂固定能力降低, 最终导致光合能力下降。强耐寒品种则能在低温逆境中保持较高的光能转化、电子传递和弱光利用效率, 亦可通过减少暗呼吸消耗和调整G_s降低幅度和速度来保持较高的光合速率, 提高恢复能力, 增强植株抗逆性。     

胡萝卜低温胁迫转录因子DcICE1基因克隆与非生物逆境响应分析

植物ICE1基因是调控CBF基因表达的上游调控因子,在植物抵抗逆境胁迫中具有重要的作用。该实验以2个胡萝卜品种‘黑田五寸’和‘君川红’为实验材料,分别克隆出DcICE1转录因子基因,并通过荧光定量PCR方法测定了4种不同逆境胁迫下(4℃低温、38℃高温、0.2mol·L-1 NaCl及200g·L-1 PEG)DcICE1基因的表达情况,探讨DcICE1转录因子在植物抵抗非生物胁迫下的功能。序列分析显示,该基因全长1 458bp,编码485个氨基酸。2个胡萝卜品种的DcICE1基因在核苷酸水平上有2个位点的差异,分别为第139位的G/A和第475位的A/G,导致编码的氨基酸在第47位的E/K和第159位的N/D差异,该差异可能与DcICE1转录因子在2个不同品种应对逆境胁迫下的响应不同有关。胡萝卜DcICE1转录因子有一个保守的ICE1功能结构域。实时定量PCR检测DcICE1基因在不同逆境胁迫下的响应表明,低温(4℃)处理能明显地诱导DcICE1基因的表达,但盐(0.2mol·L-1 NaCl)和干旱(200g·L-1 PEG)处理下的诱导效果均不明显。     

非生物逆境胁迫下ZmCIPK10基因表达分析

干旱、高盐、低温、高温等非生物逆境严重影响植物的生长发育,研究参与逆境胁迫应答基因具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。从玉米中克隆了一个CIPK蛋白激酶基因,暂时命名为ZmCIPK10。该基因全长2 730 bp,转录长度2 100 bp,编码438个氨基酸。顺式元件分析发现在基因启动子区域存在ABRE、HSE、TC-rich repeats等推测的逆境顺势元件。荧光实时定量PCR结果表明ZmCIPK10在干旱、低温、盐胁迫下表达量上调,在ABA、高温胁迫下表达量下调。研究结果初步证实ZmCIPK10基因响应非生物逆境胁迫,为ZmCIPK10参与植物逆境信号途径及其功能研究提供理论依据。     

低温逆境对不同核桃品种抗氧化系统及超微结构的影响

为揭示核桃抗寒机理,确定核桃抗寒性鉴定适宜的生化指标,以展叶期抗寒性不同的哈特雷、晋龙1号和晋龙2号3个品种1年生枝条的叶片为材料,测定了1℃低温下抗氧化酶活性及超氧阴离子(O2(-))含量的变化,并采用透射电子显微镜观察低温逆境对抗寒性差异大的哈特雷和晋龙2号叶肉细胞超微结构的影响.结果表明:低温胁迫前后抗寒性强的哈特雷叶片中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性最高,超氧阴离子含量最低,叶肉细胞超微结构较稳定,叶片没有明显冷害症状.抗寒性差的晋龙2号随着低温胁迫时间的延长,3种抗氧化酶活性的下降幅度最大,O2(-)含量始终处于高水平;胁迫72 h时细胞叶绿体普遍膨胀,基粒片层变薄,数目减少,部分叶绿体被膜及质膜清晰度下降,部分顶端小叶叶缘呈水浸状,表现出冷害症状.可见,低温逆境下核桃叶肉细胞超微结构的稳定性与其品种的抗寒性密切相关.SOD、POD活性以及O2(-)含量可作为展叶期核桃抗寒性鉴定的生化指标;低温胁迫下核桃叶片细胞内膜系统的损伤与活性氧积累之间可能存在一定的相互关系.     

逆境胁迫下向日葵的耐受机制

向日葵作为我国五大油料作物之一,具有极高的食用价值和油用价值。向日葵在我国的种植分布集中在东北、西北和华北地区,时常面临着干旱、盐碱、温度和重金属胁迫的问题。主要综述了近年来向日葵面临的几种主要逆境胁迫的最新研究进展,以及在不同逆境胁迫下向日葵的耐受机制,并根据不同逆境胁迫筛选出了相应的抗逆向日葵品种,同时进行了生理差异和基因信息分析。通过阐明向日葵在逆境胁迫下的耐受机制,以期对向日葵高产育种及耐逆育种提供理论依据和指导方向。     

中国粳稻地方品种孕穗期耐冷性评价及聚类分析

用原产于中国18个省的329份粳稻地方品种为材料,分析了自然低温和冷水胁迫下不同省份粳稻地方品种孕穗期耐冷性及主要农艺性状表型差异和聚类特点。结果表明,在自然低温和冷水胁迫下各省份粳稻地方品种的孕穗期耐冷性状及主要农艺性状有明显的差异。在自然低温和冷水胁迫下,天津、四川和台湾品种的结实率及冷水反应指数均较高,表现较强的孕穗期耐冷性和迟钝的冷水反应。云南品种在自然低温下表现为较强的孕穗期耐冷性（结实率）,而在冷水胁迫下播种至抽穗天数和株高的冷水反应指数较高,表现为迟钝的冷水反应。从总体趋势上看,自然低温和冷水胁迫下,除个别省份外,纬度相对较高的北方省份品种的孕穗期耐冷性（结实率）强于纬度相对较低的南方省份品种。此外,在自然低温和冷水胁迫下,各省粳稻地方品种的聚类结果总体上与各省品种的地理位置及其耐冷性有密切的联系,而在冷水胁迫下品种的聚类结果与品种地理位置的关系比自然低温下更为密切。     

Genetic diversity of European cattle breeds highlights the conservation value of traditional unselected breeds with high effective population size

In times of rapid global and unforeseeable environmental changes, there is an urgent need for a sustainable cattle breeding policy, based on a global view. Most of the indigenous breeds are specialized in a particular habitat or production system but are rapidly disappearing. Thus, they represent an important resource to meet present and future breeding objectives. Based on 105 microsatellites, we obtained thorough information on genetic diversity and population structure of 16 cattle breeds that cover a geographical area from the domestication centre near Anatolia, through the Balkan and alpine regions, to the North-West of Europe. Breeds under strict artificial selection and indigenous breeds under traditional breeding schemes were included. The overall results showed that the genetic diversity is widespread in Buša breeds in the Anatolian and Balkan areas, when compared with the alpine and north-western European breeds. Our results reflect long-term evolutionary and short-term breeding events very well. The regular pattern of allele frequency distribution in the entire cattle population studied clearly suggests conservation of rare alleles by conservation of preferably unselected traditional breeds with large effective population sizes. From a global and long-term conservation genetics point of view, the native and highly variable breeds closer to the domestication centre could serve as valuable sources of genes for future needs, not only for cattle but also for other farm animals.     

Within-breed heterozygosity of canine single nucleotide polymorphisms identified by across-breed comparison

Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by DNA sequence comparison across breeds is a strategy for developing genetic markers that are useful for many breeds. However, the heterozygosity of SNPs identified in this way might be severely reduced within breeds by inbreeding or genetic drift in the small effective population size of a breed (population subdivision). The effect of inbreeding and population subdivision on heterozygosity of SNPs in dog breeds has never been investigated in a systematic way. We determined the genotypes of dogs from three divergent breeds for SNPs in four canine genes (ACTC, LMNA, SCGB, and TYMS) identified by across-breed DNA sequence comparison, and compared the genotype frequencies to those expected under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Although population subdivision significantly skewed allele frequencies across breeds for two of the SNPs, the deviations of observed heterozygosities compared with those expected within breeds were minimal. These results indicate that across-breed DNA sequence comparison is a reasonable strategy for identifying SNPs that are useful within many canine breeds.     

Use of geographic information system tools to predict animal breed suitability for different agro-ecological zones

Predicting breed-specific environmental suitability has been problematic in livestock production. Native breeds have low productivity but are thought to be more robust to perform under local conditions than exotic breeds. Attempts to introduce genetically improved exotic breeds are generally unsuccessful, mainly due to the antagonistic environmental conditions. Knowledge of the environmental conditions that are shaping the breed would be needed to determine its suitability to different locations. Here, we present a methodology to predict the suitability of breeds for different agro-ecological zones using Geographic Information Systems tools and predictive habitat distribution models. This methodology was tested on the current distribution of two introduced chicken breeds in Ethiopia: the Koekoek, originally from South Africa, and the Fayoumi, originally from Egypt. Cross-validation results show this methodology to be effective in predicting breed suitability for specific environmental conditions. Furthermore, the model predicts suitable areas of the country where the breeds could be introduced. The specific climatic parameters that explained the potential distribution of each of the breeds were similar to the environment from which the breeds originated. This novel methodology finds application in livestock programs, allowing for a more informed decision when designing breeding programs and introduction programs, and increases our understanding of the role of the environment in livestock productivity.     

Selection on MHC-linked microsatellite loci in sheep populations

Microsatellites within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region have received increasing attention as proxy measures of the level of polymorphism at the Mhc genes themselves. We assessed the diversity of microsatellite loci within or in close proximity of the Mhc genes in several breeds of domestic sheep (Ovis aries) and the wild Mouflon (Ovis orientalis musimon). This was compared to variation at other microsatellite loci scattered throughout the sheep genome. Significantly higher number of alleles were observed at the MHC microsatellites. The sheep breeds studied fell into high- and low-diversity group. This grouping is not related to the agricultural use of the breeds, whether for milk, meat or wool. It is, however, correlated with the geographic origins of the breeds. Southern breeds are genetically more diverse than northern breeds. The observed heterozygosity was in most cases lower than Hardy-Weinberg expectations. The potential impact of selective breeding by man on this is discussed. Neutrality tests indicated that for most of the breeds, the distribution of alleles at the MHC-linked microsatellites are more even than would be expected if the genes were neutral and sampled from populations under drift-mutation equilibrium. Hitchhiking due to tight linkage with alleles at the MHC loci that are under balancing selection is proposed as a possible explanation for this pattern.     

Identification of genomic regions associated with phenotypic variation between dog breeds using selection mapping

The extraordinary phenotypic diversity of dog breeds has been sculpted by a unique population history accompanied by selection for novel and desirable traits. Here we perform a comprehensive analysis using multiple test statistics to identify regions under selection in 509 dogs from 46 diverse breeds using a newly developed high-density genotyping array consisting of >170,000 evenly spaced SNPs. We first identify 44 genomic regions exhibiting extreme differentiation across multiple breeds. Genetic variation in these regions correlates with variation in several phenotypic traits that vary between breeds, and we identify novel associations with both morphological and behavioral traits. We next scan the genome for signatures of selective sweeps in single breeds, characterized by long regions of reduced heterozygosity and fixation of extended haplotypes. These scans identify hundreds of regions, including 22 blocks of homozygosity longer than one megabase in certain breeds. Candidate selection loci are strongly enriched for developmental genes. We chose one highly differentiated region, associated with body size and ear morphology, and characterized it using high-throughput sequencing to provide a list of variants that may directly affect these traits. This study provides a catalogue of genomic regions showing extreme reduction in genetic variation or population differentiation in dogs, including many linked to phenotypic variation. The many blocks of reduced haplotype diversity observed across the genome in dog breeds are the result of both selection and genetic drift, but extended blocks of homozygosity on a megabase scale appear to be best explained by selection. Further elucidation of the variants under selection will help to uncover the genetic basis of complex traits and disease.     

Frequencies of genes for coat colour and horns in Nordic cattle breeds

Gene frequencies of coat colour and horn types were assessed in 22 Nordic cattle breeds in a project aimed at establishing genetic profiles of the breeds under study. The coat colour loci yielding information on genetic variation were: extension, agouti, spotting, brindle, dun dilution and colour sided. The polled locus was assessed for two alleles. A profound variation between breeds was observed in the frequencies of both colour and horn alleles, with the older breeds generally showing greater variation in observed colour, horn types and segregating alleles than the modern breeds. The correspondence between the present genetic distance matrix and previous molecular marker distance matrices was low (r = 0.08 – 0.12). The branching pattern of a neighbour-joining tree disagreed to some extent with the molecular data structure. The current data indicates that 70% of the total genetic variation could be explained by differences between the breeds, suggesting a much greater breed differentiation than typically found at protein and microsatellite loci. The marked differentiation of the cattle breeds and observed disagreements with the results from the previous molecular data in the topology of the phylogenetic trees are most likely a result of selection on phenotypic characters analysed in this study.     

Genetic diversity analysis of six Spanish native cattle breeds using microsatellites

Six native Spanish cattle breeds have been characterized by using 30 microsatellite markers. The studied populations can be divided into three groups: Brown orthoid (Asturian Mountain, Asturian Lowland and the Nord-west Brown Group), Red convex (Pyrenean and Menorquina) and the Iberian bovine (Fighting bull). Allele frequencies were calculated and used for the characterization of the breeds and the study of their genetic relationships. Different genetic distance measures were calculated and used for dendogram construction. The closest populations were those representing Asturian breeds, the most divergent being Menorquina and Fighting Bull. The latter also showed the lowest diversity values (mean number of alleles per locus and heterozygosity). Genetic distances obtained between the other populations under analysis were similar to those reported for different European cattle breeds. This work analyzes the recent origin of these populations and contributes to the knowledge and genetic characterization of European native breeds.     

家鹅线粒体tRNAthr与tRNApro序列与结构分析

本研究采用PCR和DNA测序技术测定了6个中国家鹅品种和2个欧洲鹅品种25个个体线粒体DNA tRNApro（69bp）和tRNAthr（68bp）基因的完整序列,通过对家鹅线粒体基因组的研究,首次报道了家鹅线粒体tRNApro和tRNAthr基因的结构,对鸿雁家鹅、灰雁家鹅、白额雁（Anser albifrons,序列号为AF363031）种间的tRNApro和tRNAthr基因的二级结构及序列的变异特征进行了分析,并通过家鸡（Gallus gallus domesticus,序列号为NC001323）与鸿雁家鹅间tRNApro和tRNAthr基因二级结构的比较,初步进行了鸡形目与雁形目两个目间tRNApro和tRNAthr基因二级结构及序列变异的分析。结果表明：家鹅tRNApro和tRNAthr基因均可折叠成标准的三叶草形二级结构; 2个tRNA基因三叶草结构的氨基酸臂、反密码子环在鸿雁、灰雁和白额雁种间以及鸡形目与雁形目两个目间没有发生变异,具有高度的保守性。本研究的结果将为进一步探讨家鹅线粒体DNA tRNApro和tRNAthr基因序列与结构、功能的关系奠定基础。所测定的基因序列已登录国际GenBank数据库,序列号为AY427800～AY427805和AY427812～AY427814。     

Identification of the rate of chimerism of different tissues with microsatellite markers in chicken chimeras

The goal of our study was to evaluate whether private alleles can be defined in microsatellite markers for the breeds under investigation; to evaluate if these private alleles distinguish chicken chimera when using different tissues; to trace them back to the donor: Green-Legged Partridgelike and recipient: White Leghorn chicken breeds, and further on, to estimate the level of chimerism in each tissue. Private and common alleles were defined for donor and recipient chicken breeds in 3 loci. The rate of chimerism was defined based on private alleles present in liver, heart, breast muscle, femoral muscle and gonads. The highest rate of chimerism was observed in liver. A lower rate of chimersim was observed in gonads, and femoral muscle, and finally the lowest rate of chimerism was observed in breast muscle and heart.     

Signatures of selection? Patterns of microsatellite diversity on a chromosome containing a selected locus

This paper explores patterns of genetic diversity near a locus known to have been under selection. The myostatin gene (GDF-8) has been shown to be associated with double muscling, a phenotype selected for in a number of cattle breeds. We examined population genetic parameters for microsatellite loci at varying distances from GDF-8 in double-muscled (DM) and non-double-muscled (non-DM) cattle breeds in order to assess patterns of diversity. A theoretical analysis was also performed to predict the patterns of diversity expected under different scenarios. We found differences in the patterns of heterozygosity, allele diversity and linkage disequilibrium between DM and non-DM breeds. However, there were some exceptions to the predicted patterns. These are discussed in light of the histories of the breeds and the potential for using microsatellite diversity for mapping trait genes in livestock populations.