西南远志中一个新的三萜皂苷北大核心CSCD

从西南远志根中分离得到3个齐墩果酸型皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构分别为3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基-(1→3)-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-[β-D-芹糖基-(1→3)]-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-3″,4″,5″-三甲氧基肉桂酰基]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(1)、3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-对甲氧基肉桂酰基]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(2)和3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-[β-D-芹糖基-(1→3)]-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[4-O-(E/Z)-对甲氧基肉桂酰基]-[α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→3)]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(3),其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2和3首次从该植物中分离得到。     

西南远志中一个新的三萜皂苷

从西南远志根中分离得到3个齐墩果酸型皂苷类化合物,根据理化性质和波谱数据鉴定其结构分别为3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基-(1→3)-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-[β-D-芹糖基-(1→3)]-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[β-D-葡萄糖基-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-3″,4″,5″-三甲氧基肉桂酰基]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(1)、3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-对甲氧基肉桂酰基]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(2)和3-O-β-D-葡萄糖基presenegenin 28-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基-(1→4)-β-D-木糖基-(1→4)-[β-D-芹糖基-(1→3)]-α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→2)-[4-O-(E/Z)-对甲氧基肉桂酰基]-[α-L-鼠李糖基-(1→3)]-β-D-岩藻糖基酯(3),其中化合物1为新化合物,化合物2和3首次从该植物中分离得到。     

叶下珠中黄酮类化学成分及其生物活性

利用色谱分离方法与现代波谱分析技术,对叶下珠乙酸乙酯提取物的化学成分进行了系统的研究。从中分离鉴定了14个黄酮类化合物,分别为槲皮素-3-(4"-O-乙酰基)-O-α-L-鼠李糖-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(1)、槲皮素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(2)、槲皮素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(3)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、芸香甙(5)、槲皮素(6)、山柰酚(7)、山柰酚-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(8)、木犀草素(9)、木犀草素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、蒙花苷(11)、山柰酚-3-O-β-芸香糖苷(12)、柚皮苷(13)、橙皮苷(14)。除5~7外的所有化合物均从该植物中首次分离。对分离所得的化合物进行了体外细胞毒和抗氧化活性测试,结果显示化合物6、9和10表现出一定的细胞毒活性,所有化合物均具有不同程度的抗氧化活性。     

屏边三七根茎中的两个新的齐墩果酸皂甙

从屏边三七(Panax stipuleanatus Tsai et Feng)根茎中分离到二个齐墩果烷型新皂甙,命名为屏边三七甙(stipuleanoside)R_1和R_2,其化学结构经光谱分析和化学降解反应,分别确定为齐墩果酸-3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基(1→3)[α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖醛酸甙(1)和齐墩果酸[28-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基]-3-O-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖基(1→3)[α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖基(1→4)]-β-D-葡萄吡喃糖醛酸甙(3)。     

珍珠菜中黄酮及Megastigmane类化学成分研究

对珍珠菜Lysimachia clethroides的化学成分进行研究。应用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20和制备型HPLC等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,并运用现代波谱技术(ESI-MS,1H NMR,13C NMR)进行结构鉴定。从珍珠菜中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为山柰酚(1)、槲皮素(2)、cinchonain Ib(3)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃木糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4)、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(5)、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(6)、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷(7)、芹菜素-6-C-β-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(9)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(10)、blumenol A(11)、(3S,5R,6R,7E,9S)-大柱香波龙-7-烯-3,5,6,9-四醇3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(12)。化合物3~8和11~12为首次从该属植物中分离得到。体外活性测试结果显示化合物1~12均没有明显的细胞毒活性(IC5010μM)。     

毛茛属刺果毛茛化学成分研究

从刺果毛茛Ranunculus muricatus Linn.全草乙醇提取物分离得到17个化合物,通过MS、NMR等方法鉴定为:小毛茛内酯(1)、阿魏酸(2)、对羟基香豆酸(3)、原儿茶酸(4)、咖啡酰基(5)、丹参素(6)、丹参素甲酯(7)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(8)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-α-L-阿拉伯糖-(1→2)-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(9)、山萘酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-咖啡酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3-O-(2’’’-E-阿魏酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(14)、山萘酚-3-O-(2’’’-E-对羟基香豆酰基)-β-D-槐糖-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(15)、芹菜素-8-C-α-L-阿拉伯糖-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(16)、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-β-D-葡萄糖苷(17)。除化合物4外,其他化合物均为首次从刺果毛茛中分离得到。     

古蔺雪胆中的新三萜皂苷

从采自四川汉源县的古蔺雪胆(Hemsleya penxianensis var.gulinensiks)中分到9个三萜皂苷化合物,通过化学反应和光谱方法鉴定了它们的结构。其中7个为已知化合物,分别为齐墩果酸-28-O-β-D-比喃葡萄糖苷(1),3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛基齐墩果酸苷(3),3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛基—齐墩果酸—28-O-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷(4),3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛基—齐墩果酸—28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5),3-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基—(1→3)—β—D-吡喃葡萄糖醛基—齐墩果酸—28—O—β—D—吡喃葡萄糖苷(6),3—O—(6′—丁酯)—β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛基—齐墩果酸—28-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖苷(7),3-O-(6′-丁酯)—β—D吡喃葡萄糖醛基—齐墩果酸—28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)。两个新化合物,即雪胆皂苷A(2)和雪胆皂苷B(9)。     

珍珠菜中黄酮及Megastigmane类化学成分研究北大核心CSCD

对珍珠菜Lysimachia clethroides的化学成分进行研究。应用硅胶、Sephadex LH-20和制备型HPLC等柱色谱技术进行分离纯化,并运用现代波谱技术（ESI-MS,^1H-NMR,^13C NMR）进行结构鉴定。从珍珠菜中分离得到12个化合物,分别鉴定为山柰酚（1）、槲皮素（2）、cinchonain Ib（3）、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃木糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（4）、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（5）、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（6）、芹菜素-6,8-二-C-β-D-吡喃木糖苷（7）、芹菜素-6-C-β-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（8）、芹菜素-6-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖基-8-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（9）、芹菜素-6-C-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖基-8-C-α-L-吡喃阿拉伯糖苷（10）、blumenol A（11）、（3S,5R,6R,7E,9S）-大柱香波龙-7-烯-3,5,6,9-四醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷（12）。化合物3-8和11-12为首次从该属植物中分离得到。体外活性测试结果显示化合物1-12均没有明显的细胞毒活性（IC50〉10 μM）。     

狗脊化学成分及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶生物活性研究北大核心CSCD

采用多种分离方法从狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出7个化合物,经现代波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为3-O-[6’-O-(9Z-二十碳酰)-β-D-葡萄糖酰]-谷甾醇(1)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-α-L-(6’-O-正十六酰基)-葡萄糖苷(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、狗脊酸(4)、胡萝卜苷(5)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(6)和山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙酰基)-鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(7)。其中化合物1的结构还未见报道。乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测试表明化合物4具有一定抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。     

狗脊化学成分及抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶生物活性研究

采用多种分离方法从狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出7个化合物,经现代波谱分析将它们的结构分别鉴定为3-O-[6’-O-(9Z-二十碳酰)-β-D-葡萄糖酰]-谷甾醇(1)、β-谷甾醇-3-O-α-L-(6’-O-正十六酰基)-葡萄糖苷(2)、β-谷甾醇(3)、狗脊酸(4)、胡萝卜苷(5)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(6)和山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙酰基)-鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷(7)。其中化合物1的结构还未见报道。乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性测试表明化合物4具有一定抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶活性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Structural Peculiarities of Na+,K+-ATPase Isozymes from the Calf Brain

Functionally active preparations of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase isozymes from calf brain that contain catalytic subunits of three types (1, 2, and 3) were obtained using two approaches: a selective removal of contaminating proteins by the Jorgensen method and a selective solubilization of the enzyme with subsequent reconstitution of their membrane structure by the Esmann method. The ouabain inhibition constants were determined for the isozymes. The real isozyme composition of the Na⁺ pump from the grey matter containing glial cells and the brain stem containing neurons was determined. The plasma membranes of glial cells were shown to contain mainly Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase of the 11 type and minor amounts of isozymes of the 22(1) and the 31(2) type. The axolemma contains 21 and 31 isozymes. A carbohydrate analysis indicated that 11 enzyme preparations from the brain grey matter substantially differ from the renal enzymes of the same composition in the glycosylation of the 1 isoform. An enhanced sensitivity of the 3 catalytic subunit of Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from neurons to endogenous proteolysis was found. A point of specific proteolysis in the amino acid sequence PNDNR⁴⁹² Y⁴⁹³ was localized (residue numbering is that of the human 3 subunit). This sequence corresponds to one of the regions of the greatest variability in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-subunits, but at the same time, it is characteristic of the 3 isoforms of various species. The presence of the 3 isoform of tubulin (cytoskeletal protein) was found for the first time in the high-molecular-mass Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase 31 isozyme complex isolated from the axolemma of brain stem neurons, and its binding to the 3 catalytic subunit was shown.     

1H and13C-NMR analysis of four pentasaccharides from urine of blood-group A and B,Leb adults. Confirmation of the structure of two new oligosaccharides: Fuc(α1–2)[GalNAc(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc and Fuc(α1–2)[Gal(α1–3)]Gal(β1–3)[Fuc(α1–4)]Glc

The major pentasaccharides Fuc(1-2)[GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-4)[Fuc(1-3)]Glc, which are normally present in the urine of bloodgroup A Le^b and B Le^b healthy subjects, were each found to be contaminated by a minor component when analysed by¹H-NMR. The determination of these structures, Fuc(1-2) [GalNAc(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc and Fuc(1-2) [Gal(1-3)]Gal(1-3)[Fuc(1-4)]Glc, was based on the results of methylation analysis and¹H/¹³C-NMR spectroscopy.Abbreviations HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - GLC gas liquid chromatography - NMR nuclear magnetic resonance - COSY correlation spectroscopy - Gal d-galactopyranose - GalNAc 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-d-galactopyranose - Glc d-glucopyranose - Fuc l-fucopyranose - LNDFH I lacto-N-difucohexaose I (Le^b determinant     

Characterization of SSEA-1 glycolipids from the brain of a patient with fucosidosis

Neutral glycolipids from the brain of a patient with Fucosidosis were analyzed and two complex glycolipids containing five and eight sugars were isolated from the cortical grey matter. These two glycolipids reacted with antibodies recognizing the SSEA-1 [Le^x(X)] carbohydrate determinant. SSEA-1 glycolipids are normally expressed in human embryonic brain but are found in only small amounts in postnatal human brain. The accumulation of the two SSEA-1 glycolipids in Fucosidosis brain thus represents a defect which affects the normal developmentally regulated decrease in postnatal, expression of these glycolipids, and may be a contributing factor in the abnormal brain development associated with the disease. Chemical characterization of the two isolated glycolipids by gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric analyses has identified the two glycolipids as lacto-N-fucopentaosylceramide (III) and difucosyl-neolactonorhexaosylceramide.Abbreviations DCl direct chemical ionization - FAB tastatiom bombardment - GC gas chromatography - GSLs glycosphingolipids - MS mass spectrometry - SSEA-1 stage specific embryonic antigen-1 - TLC thin layer chromatographys     

N-andO-glycosylation of glycoprotein C synthesized by Herpes simplex virus type 1-infected ricin resistant cells

The progeny of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) grown in ricin-resistant 14 cells (Ric^R14) lackingN-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I was released in the extracellular medium at a very low rate. By using a monoclonal antibody immobilized on Sepharose we purified from HSV-1-infected Ric^R14 cells a viral glycoprotein (gC), which carries bothN-andO-linked oligosaccharides. Glycopeptides obtained from [³H]mannoselabeled gC by Pronase digestion were entirely susceptible to endo--N-acetylglucosaminidase H, and the major oligosaccharide released was Man₄GlcNAc. The accumulation of this high-mannose species was related to the enzymic defect of the host cells and to the long retention of the viral glycoprotein within the cells. The extent ofO-glycosylation evaluated in [¹⁴C]glucosamine-labeled gC from Ric^R14 cells as compared to that of gC from wild type cells did not appear to be significantly modified.Abbreviations Con A concanavalin A - BHK cells baby hamster kidney cells - HSV Herpes simplex virus     

The evolution of the Hox cluster: insights from outgroups

Two burgeoning research trends are helping to reconstruct the evolution of the Hox cluster with greater detail and clarity. First, Hox genes are being studied in a broader phylogenetic sampling of taxa: the past year has witnessed important new data from teleost fishes, onychophorans, myriapods, polychaetes, glossiphoniid leeches, ribbon worms, and sea anemones. Second, commonly accepted notions of animal relationships are being challenged by alternative phylogenetic hypotheses that are causing us to rethink the evolutionary relationships of important metazoan lineages, especially arthropods, annelids, nematodes, and platyhelminthes.     

Elucidation of Structure of Lipid A from the Marine Gram-Negative Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis ATCC 14393T

The chemical structure of lipid A, from the marine -proteobacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis 14393, a main product of lipopolysaccharide hydrolysis (1% AcOH), was determined using chemical methods and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A was shown to be -1,6-glucosaminobiose 1,4-diphosphate acylated with two (R)-3-hydroxyalkanoic acid residues at C3 and C3 and amidated with one (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoyl and one (R)-3-dodecanoyloxydodecanoyl residue at N2 and N2, respectively.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.