大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地自然与人工干预下的植被恢复模式初探

针对大兴安岭北坡林区森林植被在不同火烧强度、火烧时间的火烧迹地上的恢复状况进行了调查研究。结果表明,轻度火烧区的植被自然更新恢复良好;中度火烧区的森林植被依靠人工促进更新要比自然更新更早达到预期目标;重度火烧区的森林植被如果完全依靠自然更新,恢复到预期目标会非常缓慢,而通过人工更新则可跨越几个演替阶段,较快接近本地的顶极群落。     

大兴安岭北坡落叶松林火后植被演替过程研究

采用由植被空间序列推断时间系列的方法 ,分析大兴安岭呼中林区近 2 0年来不同火烧迹地植被变化情况。结果表明 ,森林火后初始 ,植物尤其是草本物种迅速增多 ,火烧迹地的植被主要由草本所占据 ,但随着时间的推移 ,草本物种不仅在数量上有明显减少 ,在物种组成上有很大的变化 ,而且盖度也逐渐减少。灌木及乔木物种由于种类较少 ,在种类及组成上演替初期变化不如草本明显 ,但是盖度却逐渐增多。在本地区火后植被次生演替过程中 ,高频物种所占的比例较高且呈上升趋势 ,这明显有悖于Raunkiaer频度定律关于在相对稳定的群落中高频物种所占的比例应相对较低的规律。另外 ,不同火烧迹地间灌木的物种相似度明显高于草本的物种相似度 ,火烧年份相近的火烧迹地上的草本物种相似度要明显高于火烧年份远的草本物种相似度 ,但灌木间的物种相似度却没有出现这种现象 ,没有明显的规律。     

广东鹤山火烧迹地植被恢复后土壤养分含量变化

采用对比分析方法,研究了广东鹤山桉林和灌草坡火烧迹地植被恢复后土壤养分含量的变化.结果表明：火烧3年后,桉林土壤有机碳、全氮、速效钾和pH含量明显降低,土壤有效磷、交换性镁、土壤净氮矿化速率和氨化速率降低,但不显著;火烧灌草坡除土壤交换性钙明显增加外,其他土壤养分均无显著变化.火烧桉林氮矿化速率较低的主要原因是其可利用基质的减少和桉树快速生长吸收大量养分所致,火烧灌草坡土壤养分的恢复速度较快.     

林火迹地森林恢复研究进展

火灾对森林造成不同程度的破坏,火后如何恢复森林是人们面临的关键问题,为了掌握火灾后迹地的变化及演替规律,使森林生态系统向良性发展,国内外专家对此作了大量的研究。本文就国内外的研究进行综述与比较,为完善该领域的研究提出相应的对策,对未来的发展趋势加以展望。     

火烧迹地柽柳灌丛资源岛特征及植被的自然恢复

干旱半干旱地区灌丛资源岛特征及形成机制多有报道,但资源岛土壤对群落稳定性与火烧迹地植被的自然恢复作用尚不明确。以酒泉盐碱地柽柳灌丛地火烧3年后,自然恢复的柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)及其冠下草本群落为研究对象,构建柽柳枯立株体量指数(SSI, Shrub Size Index)和恢复力综合指数,探讨了资源岛特征与植被恢复、冠下草本群落多样性的关系,量化不同大小柽柳灌丛的恢复力稳定性。结果表明:(1)在不同SSI的柽柳枯立株下土壤有机质和含水率明均显高于灌丛间地,形成了明显的资源岛特征。土壤有机质最大值出现在0—10 cm土层,中灌丛的肥力积聚效果最明显。(2)土壤主要以中性盐为主,在0—40 cm土层,灌丛区域土壤可溶性盐低于冠外,呈明显的盐谷特征,中灌丛的盐谷分布最为明显。(3)随着枯立株SSI的增大,柽柳新生枝条的数量及其高度均有所增大,冠下植物的高度、盖度、密度和地上植物量也明显高于灌丛间地,且灌丛越大恢复效果越明显。(4)灌下植物Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou指数随着枯立株SSI的增大均先降后升,多样性...     

重度火烧迹地微地形对土壤微生物特性的影响——以坡度和坡向为例

通过对大兴安岭重度火烧迹地不同坡度和坡向的土壤微生物群落进行调查研究,旨在揭示重度火烧迹地过火6a后森林恢复过程土壤微生物群落的变化规律与影响因素.研究结果表明:平地土壤微生物生物量碳含量(MBC)和土壤微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)均高于坡地,其中MBC/MBN达到差异极显著水平.平地土壤微生物的代谢活性AWCD值、对31种4类碳源(糖类、脂类、氨基酸、代谢物)的利用能力和Shannon-Winner多样性指数(H')均极显著低于坡地.西坡土壤微生物AWCD值和H'高于南坡,但AWCD和H'与土壤养分、pH值、EC无显著相关关系,说明坡向可能与土壤微生物代谢活性和多样性的关系并不密切,反映了两坡向土壤微生物群落结构的相似性.坡度由于影响了土壤养分和水分条件,进而影响了土壤微生物的生物量、群落结构、物种多样性和碳源利用能力.火烧迹地恢复初期平地土壤微生物量碳高于坡地,西坡高于南坡;恢复6a后,土壤微生物量碳的差异己不显著,但土壤微生物群落结构、物种多样性以及代谢特性仍具有显著差异,这可能与地形坡度仍然显著影响土壤水分含量的因素有关.     

林火干扰对北方针叶林林下植被的影响

林下植被在北方针叶林植被群落中的物种多样性最高, 且具有较高的生物量周转率和地上部分净初级生产力, 对北方针叶林生态系统功能起着重要作用。火干扰是决定北方针叶林林下植被结构与功能的一个重要景观过程。该文综述了火干扰是如何通过与地形、火前林冠组成的交互作用而影响环境资源和林下植被的。最近的研究表明: 林下植被能够影响火后树木更新苗的定植、重建速率及森林演替轨迹; 林下植被还会通过影响元素的生物地球化学过程(凋落物降解和养分循环)影响林下环境资源的数量与异质性。因此, 研究火后初期北方针叶林林下植被的动态变化, 对于物种多样性保护和森林管理具有重要意义。     

植被恢复对干热河谷退化土壤改良的影响

土地退化和土壤恶化是我国干热河谷主要环境问题。树种筛选及树种与土壤关键限制因子间的相互作用是生态恢复的基础和前提。对比研究了干热河谷地区植被恢复22年间不同时期(1991、1997、2005和2013年)5种人工林(新银合欢Leucaena leucocephala,苏门答腊金合欢Albizia kalkora,大叶相思Acacia auriculiformis,印楝Azadirachta indica和赤桉Eucalyptus camaldulensis)和1种自然恢复样地中土壤主要物理、化学和微生物性质。结果表明植被恢复处理和取样时间对土壤性质有显著影响。在22a的植被恢复期内,土壤物理性质提高幅度为3.0%—20.2%,远不及土壤微生物和化学性质。通过自然恢复机制改良的退化土壤,其改良率(63.6%)高于印楝(54.9%)、苏门答腊金合欢(54.3%)和赤桉(53.2%)人工林,但改良率不及新银合欢(68.2%)和大叶相思(67.3%)人工林。研究得出造林树种类型决定干热河谷土壤改良进程。与自然恢复相比,人工植被恢复(如造林)并不一定能加速退化土壤改良。新银合欢和大叶相思适合作为改良干热河谷退化土壤的先锋树种,而生态系统自然恢复也可作为改良干热河谷退化土壤的一种适宜方式。     

基于NDVI的不同火烧强度下大兴安岭林火迹地森林景观恢复

利用LANDSAT TM影像,通过分类、提取森林景观类型及NDVI值,在较大尺度上探讨了火烧区火烧强度与森林景观格局、功能恢复的关系。结果表明,火烧区森林总体恢复情况较好。恢复状况与火烧强度具有明显的相关性。火烧强度越高,恢复状况越差。重度火烧区的针叶林景观所占比重低且生长状况较差;沼泽面积高于未火烧对照区,这一现象应引起足够重视,特别是在全球变化气温升高的背景下,应防止寒温带针叶林的退化以及林地沼泽化。在三种主要森林类型(针叶林、阔叶林、针阔叶混交林)中,针阔叶混交林是生长状况最好的,标志着火烧迹地正由演替的初期阶段向中期阶段过渡。     

大兴安岭火烧迹地不同恢复方式碳储量差异

为了探讨不同恢复方式对大兴安岭重度火烧迹地碳储量的影响,以人工恢复(兴安落叶松、樟子松)和天然恢复的林分为研究对象,采用干烧法对乔木层、灌木层、草本层和枯枝落叶层含碳率进行测定.采用全收获法和平均标准木法获得林分各组分生物量估算森林植被的碳储量,分析不同恢复方式下林分各组分碳储量的分配特征.结果表明： 人工恢复和天然恢复的林分灌木层平均含碳率高于乔木层和草本层.兴安落叶松人工林灌木层平均含碳率为45.8%、枯枝落叶层为45.3%、乔木层为44.4%、草本层为33.6%.樟子松人工林灌木层和乔木层平均含碳率高于50%.天然次生林乔木层、灌木层和枯枝落叶层平均含碳率在42%左右.森林植被层中,生物量贡献率从大到小依次为乔木层、灌木层和草本层.兴安落叶松人工林森林植被层和枯枝落叶层生物量总和为123.90 t·hm^-2,远高于樟子松人工林和天然次生林.火烧后人工恢复23年的兴安落叶松人工林森林植被碳储量为50.97 t·hm^-2,其中,乔木层碳储量为49.87 t·hm^-2,占森林植被层总碳储量的97.8%,草本层所占比重仅为0.02%.人工恢复的林分植被层总碳储量高于天然恢复的林分,火烧迹地在这一时段内采用人工恢复的方式较天然恢复碳汇能力更强.     

森林植被的自然火干扰

森林植被的自然火干扰邱扬（山西大学黄土高原研究所,太原０３０００６）ＮａｔｕｒａｌＦｉｒｅＤｉｓｔｕｒｂａｎｃｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔＶｅｇｅｔａｔｉｏｎ．ＱｉｕＹａｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＬｏｅｓＰｌａｔｅａｕ,ＳｈａｎｘｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ,...     

江苏森林自然保护区植被基本特征及其生态学意义

江苏地少人多,历来是我国政治、经济、文化发达的地区。人为因素对自然植被的影响严重。南北过渡的气候条件孕育了三个不同的生物气候带的森林植被类型,在不同生物气候带内建立相应有代表性的森林自然保护区,无论在理论上或生产实际上都有很大的意义。一、自然条件特点及森林自然保护区的布局(一) 自然条件特点江苏位于北纬30°46′—35°02′,东经116°22′—121°55′。全省地势平坦,平原占85%,岗地占10%,低山丘陵占5%,大多     

Spontaneous Vegetation on Overburden Piles in the Coal Basin of Santa Catarina,Brazil

The objective of this work was to select indigenous vegetal species for restoration programs aiming at the regeneration of ombrophilous dense forest. Thirty‐five spoil piles located in the county of Sideropolis, Santa Catarina, that received overburden disposal for 39 years (1950–1989) were selected for study because they exhibited remarkable spontaneous regrowth of trees compared to surrounding spoil piles. Floristic inventory covered the whole area of the 35 piles, whereas survey on phytosociology and natural regeneration studies were conducted in 70 plots distributed along the 35 piles. Floristic inventory recorded 83 species from 28 botanical families. Herbaceous terricolous plants constituted the predominant species (47.0%), followed by shrubs (26.5%), trees (19.3%), and vines (7.2%). Results from surveys on phytosociology and natural regeneration, focused on shrubs and trees, recorded incipient ecological succession. In addition, the most adapted species recorded on the overburden piles, as ranked by index of natural regeneration (RNT) plus importance value index (IVI), were as follows: Clethra scabra (RNT = 23.93%; IVI = 17.28%), Myrsine coriacea (RNT = 20.93%, IVI = 11.26%), Eupatorium intermedium (RNT = 7.56%, IVI = 0.40%), Miconia ligustroides (RNT = 5.84%, IVI = 2.37%), Ossaea amygdaloides (RNT = 3.84%, IVI = 1.30%), Tibouchina sellowiana (RNT = 3.29%, IVI = 1.94%), Eup. inulaefolium (RNT = 2.65%, IVI = 0.80%), and Baccharis dracunculifolia (RNT = 2.28%; IVI = 0.56%). High values of IVI and RNT exhibited by the exotic species Eucalyptus saligna (IVI = 21.73%, RNT = 51.41%) indicated strong competition between exotic and indigenous species. Severe chemical (acidic pH and lack of nutrients) and physical (coarse substrate and slope angle of 40–50°) characteristics displayed by the overburden piles constituted limitations to floristic diversity and size of indigenous trees, indicating the need for substrate reclamation prior to forest restoration.     

干旱区荒漠景观的植被自然更新机制初探

根据实地调在和参阅资料．依山前洪积扇、河流沿岸阶地、沙丘及丘间低地、戈壁、盐沼的景观斑块,初步探讨干旱区植被的自然更新机制。干旱区的高温干燥、温差强烈、风蚀沙埋已成为植物繁衍后代的动力;萌蘖、劈裂、地下茎萌生等多种繁殖方式．使荒漠植物在严酷的条件下实现自然更新,形成以母株为中心的母系居群。地貌形态和种子传播动力决定了群落外形。在干旱区,以种子繁殖的植物之种子成熟期与年内的丰水期相吻合,有利于植被更新．只有在连续2年降水较大时（超过多年平均降水量）,沙丘和丘间地,戈壁植被的自然更新才可能发生;河流沿岸植被的自然更新受地下水影响最明显;湖盆盐碱地植被带有水生植被的痕迹,自然更新相对较难;景观斑块镶嵌分布．形成微环境均异的廊道．有利于植被的自然更新。     

Vegetation Dynamics and Forest Landscape Restoration in the Upper Min River Watershed, Sichuan, China

The Upper Min River (UMR) watershed, with an area of 23,000 km² in the Upper Yangtze basin in Sichuan province, is ecologically and environmentally fragile. This situation is due to natural catastrophes and increasing anthropogenic disturbance. Forest cover has decreased dramatically, especially along the main Min River. Restoration of the vegetation in a watershed needs to consider the natural vegetation distribution and dynamics. In the UMR watershed, 625 sample plots were randomly placed to study the soil types, current vegetation distribution, vegetation dynamics, afforestation, and potential tree species for restoration. We investigated the relationship between vegetation types and soil orders, predicted the percentages of potential tree species for forest landscape restoration using logistic regression, identified priority areas for rapid restoration, and pinpointed areas for forest restoration where low precipitation is a constraint. The results showed that the vegetation types were well correlated with soil orders, and the latter could be used to deduce the potential vegetation for areas of degraded secondary forest. Priority areas for rapid restoration were demonstrated, and the difficult areas with precipitation as a limiting factor for vegetation restoration were specified. Suitable tree species were suggested for restoration on different soil orders at different elevations.     

Assessing Impacts of Hydropattern Restoration of an Overdrained Wetland on Soil Nutrients, Vegetation and Fire

Restoring hydrology to overdrained wetlands can facilitate restoration of degraded ecosystems. In the northern Everglades, the Rotenberger Wildlife Management Area (RWMA) became a rain-driven system as historic overland inflows were redirected. Consequently, the soil experienced severe drying, resulting in frequent muck fires, oxidation and a shift in vegetation composition. In July 2001, the RWMA hydropattern restoration began utilizing discharge from Stormwater Treatment Area 5 (STA-5), a constructed wetland. As a result, predischarge hydroperiods averaging 124 days increased to an average of 183 days. Soil total phosphorus (TP) concentrations in the topsoil layer did not significantly change from predischarge (637 mg/kg) to postdischarge (633 mg/kg) concentrations. Muck fires appear to be the catalyst for rapid alterations in the bioavailability and solubility of P. Prior to muck fires, soil P pools were 88% organic P and 12% inorganic P, shifting to 49% organic P and 51% inorganic P measured after a muck fire. Sawgrass ( Cladium jamaicense , OBL) and Cattail ( Typha domingensis , OBL) cover approximately 75% of the RWMA area as dominant or codominant species. Predischarge vegetation community composition documented obligate (OBL) and facultative wetland (FACW) species, each composing 46% of all species surveyed. Postdischarge vegetation compositions shifted to 59% OBL and 39% FACW species. In addition, there were significant elevations in tissue nutrient concentrations, TP, and total nitrogen, between pre- and postdischarge samples. An adaptive management approach to inflow and outflow operations will be an important part of successful wetland restoration.     

露水河林业局森林多目标经营规划设计

改变单一经营目标的传统森林经营方式,进行森林多目标经营,综合发挥森林的生态、社会与经济功能是我国林业发展的一个新阶段。如何从一个生产单位的角度出发,统筹森林利用和保护相关的社会、经济及环境等各方面,进行多目标规划和决策,是林业研究和实践中的重要命题。以长白山区露水河林业局为例,探讨了森林多目标经营的必要性,设计了森林多目标经营的规划设计体系,从群落生境分析、发展类型设计、林分作业设计以及生命周期经营计划设计等方面对露水河林业局森林多目标经营进行了规划设计,以期为我国开展森林多目标经营提供借鉴和手段支撑。