Halorubellus salinus gen. nov., sp. nov. and Halorubellus litoreus sp. nov., novel halophilic archaea isolated from a marine solar saltern

Two extremely halophilic archaeal strains GX3(T) and GX26(T) were isolated from the Gangxi marine solar saltern near the Weihai city of Shandong Province, China. Cells from the two strains were pleomorphic and stained Gram-negative, colonies were red-pigmented. Strains GX3(T) and GX26(T) were able to grow at 25-50 °C (optimum 37 °C), at 1.4-5.1M NaCl (optimum 3.1M), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 7.0) and neither strain required Mg(2+) for growth. Cells lyse in distilled water and the minimal NaCl concentration to prevent cell-lysis was 8% (w/v). The major polar lipids of the two strains were PA (phosphatidic acid), PG (phosphatidylglycerol), PGP-Me (phosphatidylglycerol phosphate methyl ester) and three major glycolipids (GL1, GL2 & GL3) chromatographically identical to S-TGD-1 (sulfated galactosyl mannosy glucosyl diether), S-DGD-1 (sulfated mannosyl glucosyl diether), and DGD-1 (mannosyl glucosyl diether) respectively, an unidentified lipid (GL4) was also detected in strain GX26(T). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain GX3(T) and strain GX26(T) formed a distinct clade with the closest relative, Haladaptatus paucihalophilus (89.9-92.4% and 90.4-92.7, respectively). The rpoB' gene similarities between strains GX3(T) and GX26(T), and between the two strains and the closest relative, Halorussus rarus TBN4(T) are 96.5%, 84.3% and 83.9%, respectively. The DNA G+C contents of strain GX3(T) and strain GX26(T) are 67.3 mol% and 67.2 mol%, respectively. The DNA-DNA hybridization value between strain GX3(T) and strain GX26(T) was 44%. The phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties suggest that strain GX3(T) and strain GX26(T) represent two novel species in a new genus within the family Halobacteriaceae, Halorubellus salinus gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain GX3(T)=CGMCC 1.10384(T)=JCM 17115(T)) and Halorubellus litoreus sp. nov. (type strain GX26(T)=CGMCC 1.10386(T)=JCM 17117(T)).     

Methyloligella halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methyloligella solikamskensis sp. nov., two non-pigmented halotolerant obligately methylotrophic bacteria isolated from the Ural saline environments

Two newly isolated halotolerant obligately methylotrophic bacteria (strains C2^T and SK12^T) with the serine pathway of C₁ assimilation are described. The isolates are strictly aerobic, Gram negative, asporogenous, non-motile rods, forming rosettes, multiplying by binary fission. Mesophilic and neutrophilic, accumulate intracellularly compatible solute ectoine and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate. The novel strains are able to grow at 0 up to 16% NaCl (w/v), optimally at 3–5% NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids are C_18:1ω7c and C_19:0cyc and the prevailing quinone is Q-10. The predominant phospholipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Assimilate NH₄⁺ by glutamate dehydrogenase and via the glutamate cycle (glutamine synthetase and glutamate synthase). The DNA G + C contents of strains C2^T and SK12^T are 60.9 and 60.5 mol% (Tm), respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two new isolates are 99% but below 94% with other members of the Alphaproteobacteria thus indicating that they can be assigned to a novel genus Methyloligella. Rather low level of DNA–DNA relatedness (53%) between the strains C2^T and SK12^T indicates that they represent two separate species of the new genus, for which the names Methyloligella halotolerans gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methyloligella solikamskensis sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Methyloligella halotolerans is C2^T (=VKM B-2706^T = CCUG 61687^T = DSM 25045^T) and the type strain of Methyloligella solikamskensis is SK12^T (=VKM B-2707^T = CCUG 61697^T = DSM 25212^T).     

Emended description of the genus Rhodothalassium Imhoff et al., 1998 and proposal of Rhodothalassiaceae fam. nov. and Rhodothalassiales ord. nov

Five strains (JA325, JA389, JA473, JA563 and JA582) of Gram stain-negative, vibrioid to spiral shaped, phototrophic purple bacteria were isolated from solar salterns of India. All strains contained bacteriochlorophyll-a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series as photosynthetic pigments. C_18:1ω7c, C_18:1ω7c 11-methyl and C_16:0 were the major fatty acids of all strains. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), ornithine lipid (OL), an unidentified phospholipid (PL), and an unidentified aminolipid (AL) were the major polar lipids of all the strains. According to 16S rRNA gene sequences, all strains clustered phylogenetically with the only species of the genus Rhodothalassium (99.8–99.3% sequence similarity) but only strains JA325 and JA563 were distinctly related (60 + 1.5% DNA–DNA hybridization [DDH]) to the type strain Rhodothalassium salexigens DSM 2132^T. However, the genotypic data of strains JA325 and JA563 was not supported because of a large number of phenotypic differences compared to the type strain, therefore, it is proposed that all five newly isolated strains were R. salexigens-like strains. In addition, phylogenetically, the Rhodothalassium clade represented a distinct lineage and formed a deep branch with less than 90% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to other orders of the Alphaproteobacteria, and characteristic phenotypic properties also distinguished these bacteria from other purple non-sulfur bacteria. Therefore, the novel family Rhodothalassiaceae fam. nov. and the novel order Rhodothalassiales ord. nov. are proposed for the distinct phyletic line represented by the genus Rhodothalassium.     

Pseudocitrobacter gen. nov., a novel genus of the Enterobacteriaceae with two new species Pseudocitrobacter faecalis sp. nov., and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. nov,isolated from fecal samples from hospitalized patients in Pakistan

Four isolates of Gram-negative facultatively anaerobic bacteria, three of them producing NDM-1 carbapenemase, were isolated from hospitalized patients and outpatients attending two military hospitals in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, and studied for their taxonomic position. Initially the strains were phenotypically identified as Citrobacter species. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences then showed that the four strains shared >97%, but in no case >98.3%, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to members of the genera Citrobacter, Kluyvera, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Raoultella, but always formed a separate cluster in respective phylogenetic trees. Based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) including partial recN, rpoA, thdF and rpoB gene sequence and respective amino acid sequence analysis it turned out that the strains also here always formed separate clusters. Based on further comparative analyses including DNA–DNA hybridizations, genomic fingerprint analysis using rep- and RAPD-PCRs and physiological tests, it is proposed to classify these four strains into the novel genus Pseudocitrobacter gen. nov. with a new species Pseudocitrobacter faecalis sp. nov. with strain 25 CIT^T (= CCM 8479^T = LMG 27751^T) and Pseudocitrobacter anthropi sp. nov. with strain C138^T (= CCM 8478^T = LMG 27750^T), as the type strains, respectively.     

Duganella phyllosphaerae sp. nov., isolated from the leaf surface of Trifolium repens and proposal to reclassify Duganella violaceinigra into a novel genus as Pseudoduganella violceinigra gen. nov., comb. nov

A bright yellow pigmented bacterium was isolated from the leaf surface of Trifolium repens in Germany. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that this bacterium is most closely related to Duganella zoogloeoides IAM 12670(T), with a similarity of 99.3%, but revealed only a moderate similarity (96.8%) to the second Duganella species, Duganella violaceinigra YIM 31327(T). Strain T54(T) is clearly different from D. zoogloeoides IAM 12670(T) in that DNA-DNA hybridization revealed a similarity value of 46% (reciprocal 42%). Ubiquinone (Q-8) was the respiratory quinone and the predominant polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, three unknown phospholipids and one aminolipid. Strain T54(T) can be distinguished from D. zoogloeoides by the carbon substrate utilization tests of d-trehalose, cis-aconitate, trans-aconitate, glutarate and dl-3-hydroxybutyrate, and 4-hydroxybenzoate in addition to a different polar lipid profile. The name Duganella phyllosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed for this novel species, with the type strain T54(T) (=LMG 25994 = CCM 7824(T)) [corrected]. In addition, it is proposed to reclassify D. violaceinigra into a novel genus Pseudoduganella gen. nov. as the novel species Pseudoduganella violaceinigra comb. nov. because of the low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the other Duganella species (<97%) and striking differences in chemotaxonomic (lipid profiles and fatty acid patterns) and other phenotypic features, including the colony pigmentation.     

Ponticoccus gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel member of the family Propionibacteriaceae from seawater

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain MSW-19^T, was isolated from a seawater sample in Republic of Korea. Cells were aerobic, Gram-positive, non-endospore-forming, and non-motile cocci. Colonies were circular, convex, opaque, and vivid yellow in colour. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences exhibited that the organism formed a distinct clade within the radius encompassing representatives of the family Propionibacteriaceae. The phylogenetic neighbors were the type strains of the genera Friedmanniella, Microlunatus, Micropruina, Propionicicella, and Propionicimonas. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the isolate and members of the family were less than 95.3%. The cell wall peptidoglycan of the organism contained LL-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The isolate contained MK-9(H₄) as the predominant menaquinone, ai-C_15:0 as the major fatty acid and polar lipids including phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and an unknown phospholipid. The G+C content of the DNA was 69.6 mol%. On the basis of the phenotypic and phylogenetic data presented here, the isolate is considered to represent a novel genus and species in the family Propionibacteriaceae, for which the name Ponticoccus gilvus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain MSW-19^T (= KCTC 19476^T= DSM 21351^T).     

Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Rhabditidae), a novel member of the entomopathogenic nematodes

During a recent soil sample survey in Eastern China, a new entomopathogenic nematode species, collected from the Chongming Islands in the southern-eastern area of Shanghai, was discovered. Morphological characteristics of different developmental stages of the nematode combined with molecular data showed that this nematode is a new genus of Rhabditidae, and described as Heterorhabditidoides chongmingensis gen. nov., sp. nov., for that it shares more morphological characteristics with heterorhabditids than with steinernematids. For males, the papillae formula of bursa is 1, 2, 3, 3, with constant papillae number in the terminal group, stoma tubular-shaped and about 1.5 head width; cheilorhabdions cuticularized, esophageal collar present and long, median bulb present. For infective juveniles, EP = 90 (80-105) μm, ES = 104 (92-120) μm, tail length = 111 (89-159) μm, and a = 19.1 (15-21). The percentages of the nucleotides A, T, C and G in the ITS1 regions of the new species are significantly different from those of heterorhabditids and other rhabditids. Molecular phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences data revealed that the new entomopathogenic nematode species forms a monophyletic group, which is a sister group of the clade comprised of some genera of Rhabditidae.     

Hansschlegelia plantiphila gen. nov. sp. nov., a new aerobic restricted facultative methylotrophic bacterium associated with plants

A new genus, Hansschlegelia, and a new species, Hansschlegelia plantiphila, are proposed for three strains of methanol-utilizing bacteria isolated from lilac buds (strain S(1)(T)), linden buds (strain S(2)) and blue spruce needles (strain S(4)), which were selected in winter at -17 degrees C. These bacteria are aerobic, Gram-negative, colorless, non-motile short rods that multiply by binary fission and employ the ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) and the serine pathways for C(1) assimilation. The strains have a limited number of growth substrates and use methanol, methylamine, formate, CO(2)/H(2) and glycerol as carbon and energy sources. Only strain S(1)(T) grows with ethanol and inulin. The strains are neutrophilic and mesophilic, and synthesize phytohormones (auxins and cytokinins) and vitamin B(12). Their major cellular fatty acids are saturated C(16:0), straight-chain, unsaturated C(18:1)(omega)(7) and cyclopropane C(19 cyc) acids. The main ubiquinone is ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The dominant phospholipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin). The DNA G+C content is 68.5+/-0.2 mol%. The strains share almost identical 16S rRNA gene sequences, a high DNA-DNA hybridization value (72-86%) and represent a novel lineage of autotrophic methanol-utilizing bacteria within the Alphaproteobacteria. Collectively, these strains comprise a new genus and species H. plantiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., with strain S(1)(T) (VKM B-2347(T), NCIMB 14035(T)) as the type strain.     

Enhygromyxa salina gen. nov., sp. nov., a slightly halophilic myxobacterium isolated from the coastal areas of Japan

Six isolates of novel marine myxobacteria, designated strains SHK-1T, SMK-1-1, SMK-1-3, SMK-10, SKK-2, and SMP-6, were obtained from various coastal samples (mud, sands and algae) collected around Japan. All of the isolates had Gram-negative rod-shaped cells, motile by gliding and grew aerobically. They showed bacteriolytic action, fruiting body formation, and NaCl requirement for growth with an optimum concentration of 1.0-2.0% (w/v). In addition, divalent cationic components of seawater, such as Mg2+ or Ca2+, were also needed for growth. The major respiratory quinone was MK-7. The G+C content of genomic DNA ranged from 65.6 to 67.4 mol% (by HPLC). The isolates shared almost identical 16S rDNA sequences, and clustered with a recently described marine myxobacterium, Plesiocystis pacifica, as their closest relative on a phylogenetic tree (95.9-96.0% similarity). Physiological and chemotaxonomic differences between the new strains and strains of the genus Plesiocystis justify the proposal of a new genus. Therefore, we propose to classify the six isolates into a new taxon of marine myxobacteria with the name, Enhygromyxa salina gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain is SHK-1(T) (JCM 11769(T) = DSM 15217(T) = AJ 110011(T)).     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Aliihoeflea aestuarii</Emphasis> gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from tidal flat sediment

A novel Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacterium, designated N8^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that N8^T strain is associated with the family Phyllobacteriaceae: two uncultured clones (98.4 and 99.8% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and the genus Mesorhizobium (≤97.0%). The novel strain formed a separate clade with uncultured clones in the phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. Cellular fatty acid profiles predominately comprised C_18:1 ω7c and C_19:0 cyclo ω8c. The major isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone-10 and genomic DNA G+C content is 53.4 mol%. The polyphasic taxonomic study indicates that the novel strain N8^T represents a novel species of the new genus in the family Phyllobacteriaceae, named Aliihoeflea aestuarii. The type strain is N8^T (= KCTC 22052^T= JCM 15118^T= DSM 19536^T).     

Taxonomic studies on the Chlorarachniophyta. II. Generic delimitation of the chlorarachniophytes and description of Gymnochlora stellata gen. et sp. nov. and Lotharella gen. nov.

A new chlorarachniophytan alga, Gymnochlora stellata Ishida et Y. Hara gen. et sp. nov., has been isolated from Anae Island in Guam. It is a green, star-shaped, unicellular, amoeboid organism with several filopodia that do not form a reticulopodial network. Neither zoospores nor walled coccoid cells have been observed throughout the life cycle. The chloroplast ultrastructure is similar to those of described species; however, the pyrenoid matrix, which is invaded by many tubular structures originating from the inner membrane of the chloroplast envelope, is unique. A classification system is proposed for the Chlorarachniophyta. In this system, the ultrastructural features of the pyrenoid and the location of the nucleomorph in the periplastidial compartment are used as generic criteria, while the morphological features of the vegetative cells and life cycle patterns are used for species criteria. The described species, except for Cryptochlora perforans Calderon-Saenz et Schnetter, are also reassessed under the new system, and consequent nomenclatural requirements for the genus Chlorarachnion are dealt with in this paper. The taxonomic rank of a previously described species, Chlorarachnion globosum Ishida et Y. Hara, is elevated and Lotharella globosa (Ishida et Y. Hara) Ishida et Y. Hara gen. nov. et comb. nov. is proposed.     

Ectothiorhodosinus mongolicum gen. nov., sp. nov., a New Purple Bacterium from a Soda Lake in Mongolia

A new nonmotile purple sulfur bacterium (strain M9) was isolated from the steppe soda lake Lake Dzun Uldziin Nur (pH 9.4; mineralization, 3.3%) situated in southeastern Mongolia. Individual cells appear as vibrios 0.3–0.5 × 0.7–1 m in size. The dividing cells often do not separate from each other, forming an almost closed ring. The internal photosynthetic membranes are represented by concentric lamellae lining the cell wall. Photosynthetic pigments are bacteriochlorophyll a and carotenoids of the spirilloxanthin series. The main carotenoid (>96%) is spirilloxanthin. Two typical light-harvesting complexes (LH1 and LH2) are present in the membranes in a 1 : 1 ratio. The bacterium is an anaerobe and facultative photoorganoheterotroph. Photolithoautotrophic growth on sulfide is scarce. Thiosulfate is utilized as an electron donor only in the presence of organic matter. Globules of elemental sulfur are formed as an intermediary product of sulfide and thiosulfate oxidation and are deposited outside the cells. The end product of oxidation is sulfate. In the presence of sulfide and carbonates, acetate, lactate, malate, pyruvate, propionate, succinate, and fumarate are used as additional sources of carbon in anoxygenic photosynthesis. Vitamins are not required. The bacterium is an alkaliphile, the pH optimum is at 8.3–9.1, the pH range is 7.6–10.1. The optimum NaCl concentration in the medium is 1 to 7%; the range is 0.5 to 0.9%. The optimum carbonate content in the medium is 2%; the range is 1 to 10%. The best growth occurs at 30–35°C. The DNA G+C content is 57.5 mol %. According to the results of analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences, the new isolate M9 belongs to the phylogenetic cluster containing representatives of the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae within the class Gammaproteobacteria. In this class, the new isolate forms a new branch, which occupies an intermediate position between the representatives of the genera Ectothiorhodospira and Thiorhodospira. Based on the phenotypic and genetic characteristics, the new purple sulfur bacterium was assigned to a new species of a new genus of the family Ectothiorhodospiraceae, Ectothiorhodosinus mongolicum gen. nov., sp. nov.     

Isolation and characterization of a new type of aerobic,oxalic acid utilizing bacteria,and proposal of Oxalicibacterium flavum gen. nov., sp. nov

A mesophilic, aerobic oxalic acid utilizing yellow-pigmented bacterium has been isolated from litter of oxalate producing plants in the region of Izmir (Turkey). It is motile by means of 1-3 polar flagella. Optimal growth occurred between 25-30 degrees C at pH 6.9. The G+C content of DNA is 62-64 mol % (Tm). Based on its morphological and biochemical features the organism belongs to the genus Pseudomonas, but differs from all the previously described species. The taxonomic relationships among strains described as or previously tentatively assigned to the genus Pseudomonas were investigated using numerical classification, DNA base composition and DNA-DNA hybridization. 16S rDNA sequences were determined for the strain TA17. On the basis of 16S rDNA sequence comparisons, physiological and biochemical characteristics, it is proposed to classify TA17T in a new genus and species for which the name Oxalicibacterium flavum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is TA17T (= NEU98T, = LMG 21571T).     

Thermodesulforhabdus norvegicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium from oil field water

A novel gram-negative, thermophilic, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain A8444, isolated from hot North Sea oil field water, is described. The rod-shaped cells averaged 1 μm in width and 2.5 μm in length. They were motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Growth was observed between 44 and 74°C, with an optimum at 60°C. Spores were not produced. Sulfate and sulfite were used as electron acceptors. Sulfur, thiosulfate, nitrate, fumarate, and pyruvate were not reduced. In the presence of sulfate, growth was observed with acetate, lactate, pyruvate, butyrate, succinate, malate, fumarate, valerate, caproate, heptanoate, octanoate, nonadecanoate, decanoate, tridecanoate, pentadecanoate, palmitate, heptadecanoate, stearate, and ethanol. Pyruvate, lactate, and fumarate did not support fermentative growth. Cytochromes of the c-type were present. Desulfoviridin, desulforubidin, P582, and desulfofuscidin were not present. The G+C content of the DNA was 51 mol%. Sequence analysis of 16S rDNA showed that phylogenetically strain A8444 belongs to the delta subdivision of the Proteobacteria. The closest relatives are Desulfacinum infernum and Syntrophobacter wolinii. Strain A8444 is described as the type strain of the new taxon Thermodesulforhabdus norvegicus gen. nov., sp. nov. Received: 4 May 1995 / Accepted: 11 July 1995     

Candida alocasiicola sp. nov., Candida hainanensis sp. nov., Candida heveicola sp. nov. and Candida musiphila sp. nov., novel anamorphic, ascomycetous yeast species isolated from plants

In a taxonomic study on the ascomycetous yeasts isolated from plant materials collected in tropical forests in Yunnan and Hainan Provinces, southern China, four strains isolated from tree sap (YJ2E(T)) and flowers (YF9E(T), YWZH3C(T) and YYF2A(T)) were revealed to represent four undescribed yeast species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on the large subunit (26S) rRNA gene D1/D2 domain sequences showed that strain YJ2E(T) was located in a clade together with Candida haemulonii and C. pseudohaemulonii. Strain YF9E(T) was most closely related to C. azyma and strain YWZH3C(T) to C. sorbophila and C. spandovensis. Strain YYF2A(T) was clustered in a clade containing small-spored Metschnikowia species and related anamorphic Candida species. The new strains differed from their closely related described species by more than 10% mismatches in the D1/D2 domain. No sexual states were observed for the four strains on various sporulation media. The new species are therefore assigned to the genus Candida and described as Candida alocasiicola sp. nov. (type strain, YF9E(T) = AS 2.3484(T) = CBS 10702(T)), Candida hainanensis sp. nov. (type strain, YYF2A(T) = AS 2.3478(T) = CBS 10696(T)), Candida heveicola sp. nov. (type strain, YJ2E(T) = AS 2.3483(T) = CBS 10701(T)) and Candida musiphila sp. nov. (type strain, YWZH3C(T) = AS 2.3479(T) = CBS 10697(T)).     

Non contiguous-finished genome sequence and description of Senegalemassilia anaerobia gen. nov., sp. nov.

Senegalemassilia anaerobia strain JC110^T sp.nov. is the type strain of Senegalemassilia anaerobia gen. nov., sp. nov., the type species of a new genus within the Coriobacteriaceae family, Senegalemassilia gen. nov. This strain, whose genome is described here, was isolated from the fecal flora of a healthy Senegalese patient. S. anaerobia is a Gram-positive anaerobic coccobacillus. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 2,383,131 bp long genome contains 1,932 protein-coding and 58 RNA genes.     

A New Microsporangial Protostelid,Microglomus paxillus gen. and sp. nov.*

SYNOPSIS. Microglomus paxillus is described as a new genus and species of the subclass Protosteliida (Class Eumyceto-zoa). It has been isolated only once from casuarina bark collected in Oahu, Hawaii. The new organism is characterized by a uninucleate ameboid trophic stage that feeds on bacteria and by sporocarps with spike-like stalks terminated by microspo-rangia containing tetrads of ameboid protoplasts or thin-walled spores. No flagellate cells are produced. The tetrads are typically formed by successive bipartition following conjugate nuclear divisions in the sporogen. The cells of the tetrad are at first binucleate but soon become uninucleate as a result of nuclear degeneration. Variations in the process of sporogenesis are described.     

Nothacrobeles,n. gen., with Descriptions of Four New Species (Nematoda: Cephalobidae)

A new nematode genus, Nothacrobeles, is proposed in the subfamily Acrobelinae. Four new species are described and one new combination made. The five species exhibit a progression from short-to-long, bifurcate, elaborately fringed labial probolae, the longest probolae resembling those of species of Acrobeles.