The Role of Human Dicer-dsRBD in Processing Small Regulatory RNAs

One of the most exciting recent developments in RNA biology has been the discovery of small non-coding RNAs that affect gene expression through the RNA interference (RNAi) mechanism. Two major classes of RNAs involved in RNAi are small interfering RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNA). Dicer, an RNase III enzyme, plays a central role in the RNAi pathway by cleaving precursors of both of these classes of RNAs to form mature siRNAs and miRNAs, which are then loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). miRNA and siRNA precursors are quite structurally distinct; miRNA precursors are short, imperfect hairpins while siRNA precursors are long, perfect duplexes. Nonetheless, Dicer is able to process both. Dicer, like the majority of RNase III enzymes, contains a dsRNA binding domain (dsRBD), but the data are sparse on the exact role this domain plays in the mechanism of Dicer binding and cleavage. To further explore the role of human Dicer-dsRBD in the RNAi pathway, we determined its binding affinity to various RNAs modeling both miRNA and siRNA precursors. Our study shows that Dicer-dsRBD is an avid binder of dsRNA, but its binding is only minimally influenced by a single-stranded – double-stranded junction caused by large terminal loops observed in miRNA precursors. Thus, the Dicer-dsRBD contributes directly to substrate binding but not to the mechanism of differentiating between pre-miRNA and pre-siRNA. In addition, NMR spin relaxation and MD simulations provide an overview of the role that dynamics contribute to the binding mechanism. We compare this current study with our previous studies of the dsRBDs from Drosha and DGCR8 to give a dynamic profile of dsRBDs in their apo-state and a mechanistic view of dsRNA binding by dsRBDs in general.     

Tim-3 Expression Defines Regulatory T Cells in Human Tumors

Tim-3, a member of the novel Tim (T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain) family, has been reported to negatively regulate the immune responses against viral infection and had implications for autoimmune disease. However, the nature and role of Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells in human tumors remain largely unknown. In the present study, we characterized Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells in 100 specimens from human hepatocellular, cervical, colorectal and ovarian carcinoma patients. Compared with peripheral blood and nontumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, the lymphocytes isolated from the corresponding tumor tissues of hepatocellular, cervical, colorectal and ovarian carcinoma patients contained significantly greater proportion of Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells. The majority of tumor-derived Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells exhibited an impaired capacity to produce IFN-γ and IL-2, but expressed higher levels of CD25, Foxp3, CTLA-4 and GITR than their Tim-3⁻ CD4 T cell counterparts. In contrast, most Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells isolated from the paired nontumor tissues and peripheral blood did not express these molecules. Moreover, tumor-derived Tim-3⁺ CD4 T cells, but not tumor-derived Tim-3⁻ CD4 T cells, significantly suppressed the proliferation of autologous CD8⁺ T cells in vitro. Notably, multi-color immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy demonstrated that Tim-3⁺Foxp3⁺CD4⁺ cells were preferentially distributed in the tumor nest rather than the peritumoral stroma of hepatocellular carcinoma. Together, our data indicate that Tim-3-expressing CD4 T cells in human tumors could represent the functional regulatory T cells which contribute to the formation of the immune-suppressive tumor micromilieu.     

Critical Role for NAD Glycohydrolase in Regulation of Erythropoiesis by Hematopoietic Stem Cells through Control of Intracellular NAD Content

NAD glycohydrolases (NADases) catalyze the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. Although many members of the NADase family, including ADP-ribosyltransferases, have been cloned and characterized, the structure and function of NADases with pure hydrolytic activity remain to be elucidated. Here, we report the structural and functional characterization of a novel NADase from rabbit reticulocytes. The novel NADase is a glycosylated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored cell surface protein exclusively expressed in reticulocytes. shRNA-mediated knockdown of the NADase in bone marrow cells resulted in a reduction of erythroid colony formation and an increase in NAD level. Furthermore, treatment of bone marrow cells with NAD, nicotinamide, or nicotinamide riboside, which induce an increase in NAD content, resulted in a significant decrease in erythroid progenitors. These results indicate that the novel NADase may play a critical role in regulating erythropoiesis of hematopoietic stem cells by modulating intracellular NAD.     

神经元限制性沉默因子对人胰岛素基因转录调控作用的研究

为了研究神经元限制性沉默因子(NRSF)调控神经元及胰岛细胞中神经特异性基因的表达,进一步寻找胰岛细胞中可能存在的其他NRSF调控基因.先用生物信息学手段对相关基因进行了分析.筛选及序列比对发现,人胰岛素核心启动子区有一段与NRSE相似的序列,提示,它可能受NRSF调控.构建了含NRSF基因的慢病毒载体,将其稳定转染于INS-1细胞.构建了3种荧光素酶报告载体:含有人胰岛素启动子-荧光素酶(hInsP-LUC)的慢病毒载体,pGL3-Basic载体和含有2拷贝NRSE样基序-荧光素酶(NRSE-LUC)的报告载体.利用稳定转染及瞬时转染实验观察NRSF对报告载体中荧光素酶活性的影响.利用电泳迁移率变动分析实验观察NRSE样基序与NRSF蛋白的结合情况,并通过竞争结合实验、引入特异性抗体实验证实探针与蛋白质结合的特异性.RT-PCR检测证实,感染空病毒的INS-1细胞不表达NRSF,感染含目的基因慢病毒的INS-1细胞能表达NRSF.将含有hInsP-LUC的慢病毒载体稳定转染于上述2种细胞,荧光素酶活性分析结果显示,NRSF的过表达能明显降低胰岛素启动子的活性.瞬时转染hInsP-LUC报告系统于上述2种细胞,结果也显示NRSF能明显抑制胰岛素启动子-荧光素酶的活性.将含有NRSE-LUC的报告载体瞬时转染于上述2种细胞,结果表明过表达NRSF的INS-1细胞组的荧光素酶相对值比对照组有明显下降.电泳迁移率变动分析实验进一步证实,此NRSE样序列可以与NRSF蛋白特异结合,这种特异结合可以被标准的NRSE序列所竞争.结果表明,人胰岛素启动子中含有NRSE样序列,该序列通过与NRSF蛋白结合从而抑制人胰岛素启动子的转录活性.这一研究工作有助于进一步了解NRSF在胰岛细胞中的调控作用.     

Immunosuppression-Independent Role of Regulatory T Cells against Hypertension-Driven Renal Dysfunctions

Hypertension-associated cardiorenal diseases represent one of the heaviest burdens for current health systems. In addition to hemodynamic damage, recent results have revealed that hematopoietic cells contribute to the development of these diseases by generating proinflammatory and profibrotic environments in the heart and kidney. However, the cell subtypes involved remain poorly characterized. Here we report that CD39⁺ regulatory T (T_REG) cells utilize an immunosuppression-independent mechanism to counteract renal and possibly cardiac damage during angiotensin II (AngII)-dependent hypertension. This mechanism relies on the direct apoptosis of tissue-resident neutrophils by the ecto-ATP diphosphohydrolase activity of CD39. In agreement with this, experimental and genetic alterations in T_REG/T_H cell ratios have a direct impact on tissue-resident neutrophil numbers, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, cardiorenal fibrosis, and, to a lesser extent, arterial pressure elevation during AngII-driven hypertension. These results indicate that T_REG cells constitute a first protective barrier against hypertension-driven tissue fibrosis and, in addition, suggest new therapeutic avenues to prevent hypertension-linked cardiorenal diseases.     

miR-340通过靶向GRP78促进结直肠癌细胞凋亡并抑制其增殖、迁移和侵袭

miR-340能够促进癌细胞的增殖和侵袭,但是在结直肠癌中miR-340如何调控癌症的发生与发展鲜有报道.本研究探究miR-340在结直肠癌细胞中的生物学功能和靶基因调控机制.首先通过RT-qPCR检测不同的结直肠癌细胞株中miR-340的表达水平,再利用过表达和抑制miR-340,分别转染COLO-205细胞,以CC...     

Human Monocytes Differentiate into Dendritic Cells Subsets that Induce Anergic and Regulatory T Cells in Sepsis

Background

Sepsis is a multifactorial pathology with high susceptibility to secondary infections. Innate and adaptive immunity are affected in sepsis, including monocyte deactivation.

Methodology/Principal Findings

To better understand the effects of alterations in monocytes on the regulation of immune responses during sepsis, we analyzed their differentiation in dendritic cell (DC). Cells from septic patients differentiated overwhelmingly into CD1a−negative DC, a population that was only a minor subset in controls and that is so far poorly characterized. Analysis of T cell responses induced with purified CD1a−negative and CD1a+ DC indicated that (i) CD1a−negative DC from both healthy individuals and septic patients fail to induce T cell proliferation, (ii) TGFβ and IL-4 were strongly produced in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) with control CD1a−negative DC; reduced levels were produced with patients DC together with a slight induction of IFNγ, (iii) compared to controls, CD1a+ DC derived from septic patients induced 3-fold more Foxp3+ T cells.

Conclusion/Significance

Our results indicate a strong shift in DC populations derived from septic patients’ monocytes with expanded cell subsets that induce either T cell anergy or proliferation of T cells with regulatory potential. Lower regulatory cytokines induction on a per cell basis by CD1a−negative dendritic cells from patients points however to a down regulation of immune suppressive abilities in these cells.     

UPR在人胆管癌细胞株QBC939中的作用

目的:研究UPR(未折叠蛋白反应,unfolded protein response)在QBC939细胞中的作用,为临床治疗胆管癌提供新思路.方法:低剂量过氧化氢(H2O2、顺铂(DDP)作用于人胆管癌QBC939细胞系,MTT法测定不同处理组细胞生长曲线,western-blot法测定不同处理组IRElα、BiP蛋白表达情况.结果:低剂量过氧化氢诱导QBC939增殖,顺铂抑制QBC939细胞增殖,IREloα、BiP蛋白在过氧化氢组表达强阳性.结论:UPR促进细胞增殖,对细胞起保护作用,降低顺铂的抑制细胞作用.     

影响动物细胞有丝分裂方向的因素应力纤维在纺锤体定位中的作用

细胞的有丝分裂与细胞的增殖、分化及胚胎发育、组织器官形成、损伤组织的修复和疾病的发生有关.各种物理因素、细胞所处的微环境(包括细胞外基质、细胞粘附)等,以及胞内的多种信号因子均能对细胞的有丝分裂方向产生影响.大量文献表明,应力纤维的排列为有丝分裂中心粒分离和定位提供轨道,最终影响纺锤体和有丝分裂的定向.本实验室的micro-pattern和静态单轴拉伸应变实验进一步提示了应力纤维的排布方式是影响有丝分裂方向的重要因素.本文围绕着应力纤维的排布对有丝分裂方向的影响这一研究观点,综述分析了整合素介导的细胞外粘附-黏着斑的组装-应力纤维的排布-有丝分裂纺锤体定向等一系列影响贴壁哺乳动物细胞有丝分裂定向的过程.并根据酵母模型,对哺乳动物细胞有丝分裂定向过程的分子机制进行了介绍;在该过程中肌球蛋白、动力蛋白和kar9等蛋白质起到重要作用.     

几种肿瘤细胞中ezrin基因增强子区转录调控特性的研究

该文采用Western blot技术检测人食管癌EC109细胞、鼻咽癌CNE2细胞和宫颈癌HeLa细胞Ezrin蛋白的表达：采用DNA片段定向克隆技术构建一系列携带ezrin基因增强子区-1541／-706序列的报告基因表达载体,将载体瞬时转染EC109、CNE2和HeLa细胞,检测荧光素酶活性;研究肿瘤细胞中ezrin基因增强子区的转录调控特性。实验结果显示,在被检测的三种肿瘤细胞中,Ezfin蛋白的表达水平没有明显不同。Ec109细胞中,当ezrin基因-1541／-706N段正向位于无启动子的报告基因上游时,表现出类似启动子的转录激活作用：当这一片段反向连接时转录激活作用几乎消失。当-1541／-706片段正向位于ezrin启动子或SV40启动子上游时,显著增强荧光素酶表达;然而,当这一片段反向位于启动子上游以及正向或反向位于启动子控制的报告基因下游时,转录增强作用消失。ezrin基因-1541／-706N段在CNE2和HeLa细胞中的转录调控作用,与其在EC109细胞中的转录调控作用部分相似,但不完全相同。结果表明,ezrin基因增强子区具有转录激活和转录增强双重作用,这种作用具有DNA序列位置和方向依赖性以及细胞特异性。     

Gene Regulatory Programs Conferring Phenotypic Identities to Human NK Cells

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Regulatory T Cells and Human Myeloid Dendritic Cells Promote Tolerance via Programmed Death Ligand-1

Immunotherapy using regulatory T cells (Treg) has been proposed, yet cellular and molecular mechanisms of human Tregs remain incompletely characterized. Here, we demonstrate that human Tregs promote the generation of myeloid dendritic cells (DC) with reduced capacity to stimulate effector T cell responses. In a model of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), allogeneic human DC conditioned with Tregs suppressed human T cell activation and completely abrogated posttransplant lethality. Tregs induced programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression on Treg-conditioned DC; subsequently, Treg-conditioned DC induced PD-L1 expression in vivo on effector T cells. PD-L1 blockade reversed Treg-conditioned DC function in vitro and in vivo, thereby demonstrating that human Tregs can promote immune suppression via DC modulation through PD-L1 up-regulation. This identification of a human Treg downstream cellular effector (DC) and molecular mechanism (PD-L1) will facilitate the rational design of clinical trials to modulate alloreactivity.     

Differential Responses of Human Regulatory T Cells (Treg) and Effector T Cells to Rapamycin

Background

The immunosuppressive drug rapamycin (RAPA) promotes the expansion of CD4⁺ CD25^highFoxp3⁺ regulatory T cells via mechanisms that remain unknown. Here, we studied expansion, IL-2R-γ chain signaling, survival pathways and resistance to apoptosis in human Treg responding to RAPA.

Methodology/Principal Findings

CD4⁺CD25⁺ and CD4⁺CD25^neg T cells were isolated from PBMC of normal controls (n = 21) using AutoMACS. These T cell subsets were cultured in the presence of anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies and 1000 IU/mL IL-2 for 3 to 6 weeks. RAPA (1–100 nM) was added to half of the cultures. After harvest, the cell phenotype, signaling via the PI3K/mTOR and STAT pathways, expression of survival proteins and Annexin V binding were determined and compared to values obtained with freshly-separated CD4⁺CD25^high and CD4⁺CD25^neg T cells. Suppressor function was tested in co-cultures with autologous CFSE-labeled CD4⁺CD25^neg or CD8⁺CD25^neg T-cell responders. The frequency and suppressor activity of Treg were increased after culture of CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells in the presence of 1–100 nM RAPA (p<0.001). RAPA-expanded Treg were largely CD4⁺CD25^highFoxp3⁺ cells and were resistant to apoptosis, while CD4⁺CD25^neg T cells were sensitive. Only Treg upregulated anti-apoptotic and down-regulated pro-apoptotic proteins. Treg expressed higher levels of the PTEN protein than CD4⁺CD25^neg cells. Activated Treg±RAPA preferentially phosphorylated STAT5 and STAT3 and did not utilize the PI3K/mTOR pathway.

Conclusions/Significance

RAPA favors Treg expansion and survival by differentially regulating signaling, proliferation and sensitivity to apoptosis of human effector T cells and Treg after TCR/IL-2 activation.     

The Role of Calcium in Differentiation of Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells to Adipocytes

Differentiation process of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into adipocyte is involved in obesity. Multiple factors such as Ca²⁺ play important roles in different stages of this process. Because of the complicated roles of Ca²⁺ in adipogenesis, the aim of present investigation was to study the influx and efflux of Ca²⁺ into and out of the cells during adipogenesis. Adipose-derived MSCs were used to differentiate into adipocytes. MSCs were exposed to 2.5 mM Ca²⁺ or 1.8 mM Ca²⁺ plus calcium ionophore, A23187, for 3 days. Lipid staining, triglycerides (TG) content, and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity were evaluated to confirm the efficiency of the differentiation. Gene expression of GLUT4, PPARγ2, RAR-α, and calreticulin, as well as the protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2 were determined. Ca²⁺ and in particular Ca²⁺ plus A23187 significantly lowered the efficiency of differentiation accompanied by decrease in intracellular TG deposits, GAPDH activity and alleviation of gene, and protein levels of GLUT4 and PPARγ2. While calreticulin and RAR-α were remarkably upregulated in A23187 group. This study showed the inhibitory effects of calcium in adipogenesis. Additionally, it indicated the greater inhibitory effect of calreticulin and RAR-α in controlling adipogenesis by higher levels of calcium.     

Dendritic Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Atherosclerosis

Although macrophages and other immune system cells, especially T cells, have been shown to play disease-promoting roles in atherosclerosis, less is known about the role of antigen presenting cells. Functional, immune stimulating dendritic cells (DCs) have recently been detected in aortic intima, the site of origin of atherosclerosis. We had compared DCs with macrophages in mice with experimental atherosclerosis, to clearly define cell types by developmental and functional criteria. This review summarizes recent advances in studies of DCs in humans and in mouse models of atherosclerosis, as well as providing a simple strategy to measure regulatory T (Treg) cells in the mouse aorta.     

动物实验中的兽医作用

实验动物是现代医学研究中的重要基础和条件,随着我国实验动物科学的迅速发展和实验动物和动物实验质和量的不断提高,对实验动物兽医的需求越来越大,对实验动物兽医的要求和期望也越来越高,本文简要阐述了兽医在动物实验中的作用.文章就实验动物兽医应该具备的资质、实验动物兽医的基本职责以及实验动物健康与兽医管理等方面进行了讨论,明确了实验动物兽医的各项基本职责及任务.兽医在实验动物的管理以及动物实验的过程中有着非常重要的作用,在动物实验中应充分发挥兽医的作用.     

Characterization of Regulatory Volume Behavior by Fluorescence Quenching in Human Corneal Epithelial Cells

An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying regulatory volume behavior in corneal epithelial cells has been in part hampered by the lack of adequate methodology for characterizing this phenomenon. Accordingly, we developed a novel approach to characterize time-dependent changes in relative cell volume induced by anisosmotic challenges in calcein-loaded SV40-immortalized human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells with a fluorescence microplate analyzer. During a hypertonic challenge, cells shrank rapidly, followed by a temperature-dependent regulatory volume increase (RVI), τ_c = 19 min. In contrast, a hypotonic challenge induced a rapid (τ_c = 2.5 min) regulatory volume decrease (RVD). Temperature decline from 37 to 24°C reduced RVI by 59%, but did not affect RVD. Bumetanide (50 μM), ouabain (1 mM), DIDS (1 mM), EIPA (100 μM), or Na⁺-free solution reduced the RVI by 60, 61, 39, 32, and 69%, respectively. K⁺, Cl⁻ channel and K⁺-Cl⁻ cotransporter (KCC) inhibition obtained with either 4-AP (1 mM), DIDS (1 mM), DIOA (100 μM), high K⁺ (20 mM) or Cl⁻-free solution, suppressed RVD by 42, 47, 34, 52 and 58%, respectively. KCC activity also affects steady-state cell volume, since its inhibition or stimulation induced relative volume alterations under isotonic conditions. Taken together, K⁺ and Cl⁻ channels in parallel with KCC activity are important mediators of RVD, whereas RVI is temperature-dependent and is essentially mediated by the Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ cotransporter (Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻) and the Na⁺-K⁺ pump. Inhibition of K⁺ and Cl⁻ channels and KCC but not Na⁺-K⁺-2Cl⁻ affect steady-state cell volume under isotonic conditions. This is the first report that KCC activity is required for HCE cell volume regulation and maintenance of steady-state cell volume.