Evaluation of sewage sludge, septic waste and sludge compost applications to corn and forage: yields and N, P and K content of crops and soils

This paper presents the data from two years of experiments concerned with the application of aerobically-digested sewage sludge, anaerobic lagoon septic sludge, sewage sludge compost or fertilizer to soils for grass forage and feed corn (Zea mays L.) production at two different sites 45 km from Truro, Nova Scotia. Crop yields, plant tissue and Mehlich-1 extractable soil nutrients were evaluated; 15 elements were analyzed in the plant tissue and nine elements in the soil extracts. This paper describes the results of crop yields, plant N, P and K content and Mehlich-1 extractable P and K. The research demonstrated the fertilizer produced higher yields of grass forage than the sludge and the compost but equivalent to the sludge in corn yields. Forage and corn N, P and K contents, however, varied with treatment, crop and year, while the compost-amended soils were highest in extractable nutrients. Both sludges and the compost, therefore, could be effective sources of N, P and K for crop production. Compared to the conventional fertilizer, the nutrient availability from the organic amendments (especially N and P) was considerably lower than the 50% assumed at the start of the experiment; the sludges however, provided higher nutrient availability than the compost.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Effect of magnesium deficiency on enterocyte Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Se content

In previous studies based on indirect procedures, we reported that Mg deficit increased the bioavailability of a number of elements such as calcium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese and decreased selenium absorption. The present study was designed to verify these findings by direct methods. We investigated the effect of dietary magnesium deficiency on enterocyte Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Se concentrations. Male Wistar rats were fed a Mg-deficient diet (129 mg Mg/kg food) for 70 days. Whole enterocytes from the upper jejunum were isolated and Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and Se were determined. The results were compared with findings in a control group that was pair-fed with an identical diet except that it covered this species's nutritional requirements for Mg (480 mg Mg/kg food). The Mg-deficient diet significantly increased enterocyte content of Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn; however, we found no significant changes in the Se content of these cells. These data support the results obtained by indirect methods.     

Diabetic state-induced modification of Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn content of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscles

The metal content of diaphragm, gastrocnemius, ventricle, and bladder muscles in genetically obese diabetic KK-CAy and alloxan-diabetic ddY mice was compared with that in prediabetic KK-CAy and normal ddY mice, because the muscles of the diabetic KK-CAy mice had morphological abnormalities, such as atrophy, disappearance of Z-band, disturbed myofibrils and swollen sarcoplasmic reticulum. The amounts of calcium (Ca) in gastrocnemius, ventricle and bladder muscles from the prediabetic KK-CAy mice were significantly 7.7, 98.3, and 36.9% greater, respectively, than those in normal ddY mice. In contrast, the magnesium (Mg) content of the diaphragm, the gastrocnemius, and the ventricle in the prediabetic mice was 8.6, 7.4, and 4.3% lower, respectively, than in the ddY mice. The iron (Fe) content of the diaphragm, gastrocnemius, and ventricle muscles in the prediabetic mice was 29.2, 43.6, and 44.6% greater, respectively, than in the ddY mice. The Ca content in the gastrocnemius muscles of the diabetic KK-CAy mice and the alloxan-diabetic mice was 19.8 and 11.7% higher, respectively, than in the prediabetic and normal mice. The Ca content of the ventricle muscle was increased only in the alloxan-mice. The gastrocnemius Mg was also 9.0 and 5.5% greater in the KK-CAy and the alloxan-mice. The Fe content of the diaphragm and the gastrocnemius muscles from the KK-CAy mice was 27.3 and 23.2% greater, respectively, than in the prediabetic mice. The zinc (Zn) content of the gastrocnemius and the bladder was 16.4 and 18.0% higher, but the ventricle Zn was 13.4% lower, respectively, than in the prediabetic control. The changes in metal content induced by the diabetic state may be related to the morphological abnormalities.     

The distribution of four trace elements (Fe,Mn, Cu,Zn) in forage and the relation to scrapie in Iceland

Background  

Previous studies indicated that the iron (Fe)/manganese (Mn) ratio in forage of sheep was significantly higher on scrapie-afflicted farms than on farms in other scrapie categories. This study was conducted to examine whether Fe and Mn in forage of sheep varied in general according to the scrapie status of different areas in the country. Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were also included because of a possible relation to scrapie.     

Aluminum,Fe, Ca,Mg, K,Mn, Cu,Zn and P in above- and belowground biomass. I.Abies amabilis andTsuga mertensiana

In a mature mixed subalpine stand ofTsuga mertensiana andAbies amabilis, significantly higher Al levels were found in foliage, branch and root tissues ofT. mertensiana.Tsuga mertensiana had significant increases in Al, Ca and Mn levels with increasing foliage age. In current foliage,T. mertensiana had lower levels of Ca, similar levels of Mg and P, and higher levels of Mn thanA. amabilis. Both tree species had Cu and Fe present at higher levels in branch than foliage tissues. Fine roots had the highest concentrations of Al, Fe and Cu but the lowest Ca and Mn concentrations of all tissues analyzed. In the roots of both species, phloem tissues always had significantly higher Al levels than xylem. Fine roots (< 1 and 1–2 mm) ofT. mertensiana had higher Al levels than were found inA. amabilis. Roots greater than 2 mm in diameter exhibited no significant differences in Al levels in phloem or xylem tissue betweenA. amabilis andT. mertensiana. The two species show a clear difference in their ability to accumulate specific elements from the soil.     

Studies of Zn, Mg, Cu, Ca and Fe in cadmium poisoned toads before and after treatment with EDTA

Zn, Mg, Cu, Ca and Fe were determined spectrophotometrically in liver, kidneys, muscle, spleen and blood of Bufo regularis after a single i.m. injection of 6.2 mg Cd/kg (which represents the 96 hr LD50) alone or in combination with 40 mg EDTA/kg (the minimal EDTA concentration causing 100% survival over that period). Cadmium administration caused recognizable effects on the essential metals levels in different tissues and organs. In the majority of the tissues and organs studied, zinc and copper concentrations returned to their normal ranges in animals that received both cadmium and EDTA. In contrast, magnesium, calcium and iron contents not only returned back to their control values but also exceeded them.     

Effects of municipal waste compost and sewage sludge on proton binding behavior of humic acids from Portuguese sandy and clay loam soils

The effects of amendment with municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and sewage sludge (SS) on acid-base properties of soil humic acids (HAs) were investigated. For this purpose, HAs were isolated from MSWC and SS and two different Portuguese soils, one sandy and the other clay loam, either unamended or amended with MSWC or SS at a rate of 60 t ha(-1), and analysed by potentiometric titrations at various ionic strengths (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.3M) over the pH range from 3.5 to 10.5. All titration data were fitted with the NICA-Donnan model and the variations of model parameters between the various HA samples were discussed. The HAs from MSWC and SS had lower acidic functional group contents and higher proton binding affinities than the control soil HAs. Amending soils with MSWC and SS determined a decrease of acidic functional group contents and an increase on proton binding affinities of soil HAs. These effects were more evident in SS-amended soil HAs than in MSWC-amended soil HAs, and in clay loam soil HA than in sandy soil HA.     

Accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn and Co in the ovary of Carcinus maenas L. during ovogenesis]

During ovogenesis the ovary of Carcinus maenas shows a continuous accumulation of Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn and Co. For Zn the accumulation seems to stop for gonad indexes near 6.5. The goal of this accumulation is not determined. Nevertheless we suppose that it is in relation with the role of organic reserves that possess the female sexual cells in decapods and with the synthesis of enzymes and hemocyanin.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Aluminum,Fe, Ca,Mg, K,Mn, Cu,Zn and P in above- and belowground biomass. II. Pools and circulation in a subalpineAbies amabilis stand

Elemental concentrations of above- and belowground tissues were determined in anAbies amabilis stand in the Cascade Mountains, Washington, USA. These data were used to calculate the pools and circulation of trace elements and micronutrients on a stand level. For all elements except Al, a greater proportion (from 62 to 87%) was distributed in above- rather than belowground tissues. This contrasted sharply with the biocirculation of elements where 97% of the Al and Fe, 88% of the Cu and 67–84% of the Ca, P, and Mg of total detrital cycling was from the belowground components. Aboveground tissues, however, contributed 69% of the Zn, 65% of the K and 68% of the Mn found in annual detritus production. The proportion of total element pool circulated annually was the highest for Al (82%) and Fe (32%) followed by 13% and less for the remaining elements. Copper, Fe and Al were accumulated in root tissues, while Mn and Zn accumulated in foliage.We hypothesize that roots are an effective mechanism for avoiding Al toxicity in these subalpine ecosystems. The large root biomasses of these stands allow for high Al levels to be taken up and immobilized in roots; this is observed in the significantly higher Al accumulations in below- than aboveground tissues. The high root turnover in these stands is hypothesized to be a result of root senescence occurring in response to high Al accumulation. Furthermore, Al inputs into detritus production occur by soil horizon so that roots with high Al concentrations located in the Bhs horizon turnover and are retained within that horizon. These roots also decompose very slowly (99% decay = 456 years) due to the high Al and low Ca, Mn and Mg present in these tissues and therefore have very little impact on short-term elemental cycling.     

Growth of Vetiveria zizanioides and Phragmities australis on Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings amended with manure compost and sewage sludge: a greenhouse study

The Lechang lead/zinc (Pb/Zn) mine and Dabao Shan copper (Cu) mine are located at the north of Guangdong Province in southern China. The residual tailings were permanently stored in tailings ponds which required revegetation to reduce their impact on the environment. A greenhouse study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using Vetiveria zizanioides (vetiver) and Phragmities australis (common reed) for the reclamation of Pb/Zn and Cu mine tailings and to evaluate the effects of organic amendments using manure compost (11.00, 22.03, 44.05 and 88.10 t/ha) and sewages sludge (11.00, 22.03, 44.05 and 88.10 t/ha) on the revegetation of these tailings. The results revealed that the applications of manure compost or sewage sludge not only increased N, P and K concentrations, but also decreased DTPA-extractable Pb and Zn contents in Pb/Zn tailings and DTPA-extractable Cu contents in Cu tailings. For Pb/Zn mine tailings, application of sewage sludge increased the yields of both species (highest yield at 44.05 t/ha), but not manure compost. For Cu mine tailings, application of manure compost (highest yield for both species at 44.05 and 22.03 t/ha for vetiver and common reed accordingly) or sewage sludge (highest yield at 22.03 and 44.05 t/ha for vetiver and common reed accordingly) increased the yield of both species. In general, vetiver achieved a higher yield when compared with common reed, under the same treatment. Plant tissue analysis showed that application of manure compost and sewage sludge could significantly reduce Pb uptake and accumulation, but not Cu in both vetiver and common reed.     

Sign-of-charge of species of Cu,Cd and Zn extracted from sewage sludge,and effect of plants

Summary Sewage sludge, obtained from the Back River Wastewater Treatment Plant, Baltimore, Maryland, in 1970, was stored either moist or air-dried for 5 years. Aqueous extracts of sludge were obtained and leached through columns containing either cation, anion, or mixed resins, with the pH adjusted to equal that of the extract. Analysis of the column leachates for Zn, Cd, and Cu was used to calculate concentrations of the various charged metal species. For Zn, between 84 and 92% of the species were cationic regardless of moisture conditions during storage; for Cd, moist storage yielded 83% amphoteric, and air dry storage 87% cationic species; for Cu, moist storage yielded 50% cationic and 30% amphoteric species, while air-dry storage yielded 16% cationic and 72% amphoteric species.Soybeans (Glycine max, var. Delmar) were exposed for 48 h to aerated aqueous extracts of Cu-enriched sludge. About 68% of M^±, 55% of M⁺, 83% of M^–, and 100% of M^o remained in the extracts after the exposure.     

Seven Dietary Minerals (Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mn) and Their Relationship with Blood Pressure and Blood Lipids in Healthy Adults with Self-Selected Diet

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dietary intakes of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) and investigate their correlation with blood pressure and blood lipids. Targeting 258 healthy men and women, blood pressure was measured, and blood samples were collected to analyze serum lipids, and then the intakes of seven minerals were assessed through a food intake survey for 3 days using a 24-h recall method. The average age of the men and women was 49.55 and 49.19, respectively. The daily energy intake of the men was 1,830.57 kcal, which was significantly higher than that of women, 1,476.23 kcal (p?<?0.001). The mineral intake of the subjects was as follows: 450.95 mg/day for Ca, 915.24 mg/day for P, 279.23 mg/day for Mg, 12.60 mg/day for Fe, 8.25 mg/day for Zn, 1.23 mg/day for Cu, and 4.22 mg/day for Mn. These accounted for 63.83, 130.76, 90.74, 129.75, 97.50, 154.49, and 113.50 % of adequate intake or the recommended intake of each mineral, respectively. Subjects who did not satisfy the estimated average requirement were 74.00 % for Ca, 63.18 % for Mg, and 41.86 % for Zn. After adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and energy intake, Mg intake had a negative correlation with systolic blood pressure (SBP), and Cu intake had a significant negative correlation with SBP and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Also, Mn intake was negatively correlated with DBP, serum total cholesterol, and triglycerides. Thus, it is concluded that the dietary intakes of Mg, Cu, and Mn may play an important role in controlling blood pressure and lipids in Korean adults.     

镉胁迫对秋华柳根系活力及其Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe积累的影响

以秋华柳为试验材料,采用水培试验方式,设置CK(0 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₁(2 mg·L^-1 Cd²⁺)、T₂(10 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₃(20 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)、T₄(50 mg·L^-1Cd²⁺)5种镉处理浓度,通过对秋华柳根系活力,叶、韧皮部、木质部和根部的镉含量,以及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 5种常规金属元素含量的测定,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫下秋华柳根系活力及Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等金属元素含量的变化.结果表明:1)秋华柳根系活力随着镉处理浓度的增加而逐渐下降,当镉浓度≥10 mg·L^-1时,根系活力与对照相比显著下降.2)随着镉处理浓度的增加,秋华柳叶中Fe的积累受到显著抑制;韧皮部Mg、Mn、Fe的积累受到显著抑制;木质部Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn、Fe 等5种常规金属元素的积累无显著性差异;根部5种常规金属元素的吸收和积累受到显著抑制,表现出镉对其他金属元素积累的拮抗作用.其中,50 mg·L^-1的镉胁迫下,根部Zn的积累量降幅最大,受Cd的抑制最明显.3)各处理组Fe的转移系数与对照相比均无显著性差异;Ca、Mg、Mn、Zn的转移系数均高于对照,且在一定的镉处理水平上差异显著.4)镉胁迫下,秋华柳根部镉的积累量与Ca的积累量呈显著负相关,与其他4种常规金属元素的积累量呈极显著负相关,说明根部常规金属元素的变化可作为秋华柳受镉毒害程度的指示之一.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

盐胁迫对苹果器官中钙镁铁锌含量的影响

以盆栽2年生富士苹果树(砧木为平邑甜茶M.hupehensisReld)为试材,研究了盐胁迫对苹果矿质营养平衡的影响.结果表明,在盐胁迫下,苹果各器官不同时期的单位干样中Ca、Mg、Fe和Zn含量的平均值没有明显变化,但各元素与Na的比值明显下降,特别是在高盐(3‰NaCl)胁迫下下降更为明显,从而破坏了树体内元素平衡.在无盐和盐胁迫下,苹果各器官中Ca含量的顺序为主干韧皮部＞叶片、新梢＞根＞主干木质部;Mg含量为新梢、根＞主干木质部、主干韧皮部、叶片;Fe含量为根＞叶片＞主干韧皮部、新梢＞主干木质部;Zn含量为新梢＞叶片＞根、主干韧皮部＞主干木质部.与对照相比,器官中各元素含量在胁迫期间表现出不同程度的波动性.