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1.
The morphology of Nannophrys Günther, 1869, a genus of ranid frogs endemic to Sri Lanka, is reexamined. The three species comprising the genus are redescribed, and a detailed account of the osteology of the type-species, N. ceylonensis Günther, is given for the first time. Adults of two species show heavy secondary cranial ossification, a feature known in only one other ranid genus, the Solomon Islands Ceratobatrachus. New information on the tapdole of N. ceylonensis is provided. N. marmorata Kirtisinghe, 1946, is accorded full species status. Reference is made to the ecological niches of N. ceylonensis and N. marmorata. The resemblance of Nannophrys to the myobatrachine leptodactylids is noted, both groups possessing a cartilaginous omosternum and dilated sacral diapophyses. On the basis of this resemblance and other data presented in the present paper, it is suggested that Nannophrys may be interpreted as a primitive ranid genus which has independently acquired a large number of derived features. Comparison is made with a selected group of related Indian ranid genera, and with Ceratobatrachus. Results indicate that Nannophrys show some affinity with the southern Indian genera Nannobatrachus and Nyctibatrachus , and also with Ceratobatrachus. Comment is made on the correlation of the zoogeographical subdivision of the southern Indian region and Nannophrys relationships.  相似文献   

2.
蛙属三种的核型研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
王栋  吴贯夫  赵尔宓 《四川动物》2006,25(1):120-122
本文研究了蛙属三种:脆皮蛙、长趾蛙和威宁蛙的染色体核型,结果表明均具有蛙属典型的核型:2n=26,由5对大染色体和8对小染色体组成。三种在臂比值和次缢痕的有无、位置方面存在差异。同源染色体对间未发现异形现象。  相似文献   

3.
为检验阿尔泰林蛙(Rana altaica)的系统发育地位及其物种有效性,该文运用线粒体细胞色素b基因,应用贝叶斯分析和最大简约方法构建了欧哑人陆分布的部分林蛙的系统发育关系.两种分析方法均支持阿尔泰林蛙在田野林蛙(R.arvalis)这一分支的内部.单倍型网络图显示来自阿尔泰地区和中西伯利亚地区所谓的阿尔泰林蛙与田野林蛙有共享单倍型.通过该文母系遗传发育分析结果显爪阿尔泰林蛙种级地位不成立,是田野林蛙的同物异名.另外,该文实验分析结果提示,对中国分布的林蛙内部种组划分应建立在系统进化关系的基础上重新进行评估.  相似文献   

4.
A morphometric and electrophoretic survey was conducted to examine taxonomic relationships among eight population samples of the Rana narina complex from the Ryukyu Archipelago of Japan and Taiwan. Five discrete morphotypes are differentiated, and these showed considerable genetic differentiation from each other. From the available information, each of the five morphotypes is judged to represent a species, and three are described as new. Rana utsunomiyaorum sp. nov. and R. supranarina sp. nov. are sympatric in Ishigakijima and Iriomotejima islands of the Yaeyama Group, and differ from the other members by having a shorter hindlimb. Rana utsunomiyaorum is the smallest in the complex, while R. supranarina is the largest. Rana amamiensis sp. nov . occurs on Amamioshima and Tokunoshima islands of the Amami Group and, like R. narina from Okinawajima of the Okinawa Group, has a long hindlimb; it differs from the latter species by having a larger body and relatively small tympanum. These two species differ from R. swinhoana from Taiwan by having a narrower disk on the third finger. A key to known species of the complex is given. Further, syslematics of the R. narina complex within Rana , body size in the two sympatric species, and sexual dimorphism found in this complex are discussed.  相似文献   

5.
Artificial crossing using Rana blairi and R. sphenocephala frogs produced conspecific, interspecific and F1 backcross hybrid genotypes. Although hybrid males used in the crosses were sterile, crosses using hybrid females produced viable larvae. The larval performance of resultant parental and hybrid genotypes was measured in experimental ponds at two densities. Density significantly affected survival, body mass at metamorphosis, larval period length and metamorphosis for all genotypes. Survival was the same among genotypes, but decreased with increasing density. Body mass at metamorphosis was the same among genotypes, but decreased with increasing density. Larval period increased with increasing density. Among genotypes, larvae from the conspecific R. sphenocephala cross had the shortest larval period while larvae from the conspecific R. blairi cross had the longest larval period. All hybrid genotypes had larval periods longer than R. sphenocephala, but shorter than R. blairi. The percentage of individuals metamorphosing was highest for R. sphenocephala ponds and lowest for R. blairi ponds across densities. Ponds with hybrid larvae produced a greater proportion of metamorphs than those with R. blairi larvae, but a smaller proportion than R. sphenocephala ponds. Equivalent or increased relative larval performance of hybrid genotypes under the conditions of our experiment suggests that hybrid genotypes may possess similar or higher fitnesses relative to their progenitors in some environments. Reduced fertility of adult hybrid males is a powerful selective force against natural hybridization. Nevertheless, because of the successful reproduction by female hybrids, natural hybridization has the potential to serve as a mechanism for the introgression of novel genetic variation that can benefit both R. blairi and R. sphenocephala in fluctuating and unpredictable larval environments. Experimental determination of the fitness of parental and hybrid genotypes is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the effects of hybridization on organismal evolution.  相似文献   

6.
I. Das 《Journal of Zoology》1996,238(4):785-794
The autecology of Rana hexadactyla (Lesson) was studied at a seasonal locality in south India. The herbivorous larva transforms into an insectivorous frog, and a second dietary switch from insectivory to folivory occurs in adults, with plants constituting 79.5% of the diet, by volume. A variety of invertebrates and small vertebrates is consumed, especially by the adult females before the reproductive season. Larger frogs take larger animal prey and more prey types. Monthly figures of prey diversity generally show high values during the wet months.
In Rana hexadactyla , the utilization of permanent waterbodies may help buffer the impact of the long dry seasons and, together with a supply of abundant food in the form of aquatic macrophytes, is thought to be linked to the capacity of the species to spawn three times a year.  相似文献   

7.
The population specific variability of diploid and triploid R. kl. esculenta individuals was investigated by means of morphometric methods (canonical discriminant analysis, UPGMA cluster analysis) and DNA fingerprinting. As a result of the morphometric investigations, as well as of the DNA investigations, a clear separation of single populations was possible. However, no correlations between the morphometry and different population systems could be recognized. Clear morphometric differences could be seen between diploid ♀♀ and ♂♂ and triploid ♀♀ on the one hand, and triploid ♂♂ on the other. While the diploid ♀♀ and ♂♂ and the triploid ♀♀ were located in the intermediate area between the parental species R. lessonae and R. ridibunda according to their morphometric parameters, the triploid ♂♂ showed a great overlap with R. lessonae. Up to now, this phenomenon has not been explained. The first results of the DNA investigations provided further hints at the high inter-individual and population-specific variability of R. kl. esculenta. R. kl. esculenta individuals of the R. lessonae/esculenta population Toter See could be distinguished from conspecific individuals of the R. ridibunda/esculenta-♀♀ population Alte Oder according to their fingerprint patterns. Moreover, in the R. lessonae / esculenta population, the fingerprints or the diploid R. kl. esculenta-♀♀ and the investigated R. lessonae-♀ were very similar. Furthermore, in this population, many R. kl. esculenta genotypes resemble R. lessonae in their morphometric features. This finding suggests the occurrence of recombination in R. kl. esculenta. In general, every population seems to have its own genetic background. A classification of water-frog populations according to population systems is only possible under certain conditions.  相似文献   

8.
We describe primers and polymerase chain reaction conditions to amplify 145 di‐, tri‐ and tetranucleotide microsatellite loci from the common frog (Rana temporaria), a species commonly used as a model in ecological and evolutionary research. Primers were tested on 46 individuals from two Fennoscandian populations and yielded an average of six to nine alleles per locus (range = 1–30) depending on the population. Average observed heterozygosities in the two populations were 0.16 (range = 0–0.91) and 0.36 (range = 0–1).  相似文献   

9.
研究了峨嵋林蛙(Rana omeimontis)蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中半致死浓度及其行为。利用寇氏法(Karber法)计算其96h内的半致死浓度为10.495mg/l,安全浓度为1.0495mg/l;运用方差分析检验了不同浓度中空间分布和活动性等行为的差异性。通过对空间分布型的拟合,可以得出:不论在实验组中还是在对照组中,蝌蚪在水族箱中的空间分布均为负二项分布,并且方差分析结果表明对照组和实验组中聚集度(负二项分布的参数k值)大小差异不显著,说明在此浓度范围内杀虫双对蝌蚪的微空间分布格局没有影响。而蝌蚪在杀虫双溶液中的活动性分析表明,0.25mg/l的杀虫双溶液对蝌蚪的活动性行为已经造成一定的影响,所以建议寻找安全浓度时,应该结合行为方面标的观察结果。  相似文献   

10.
Herein, we provide external and internal morphological data of Scinax skuki tadpoles from its type locality. The benthic tadpole of S. skuki has eyes and nostrils positioned dorsally, vent tube dextral and reaching the free margin of the ventral fin, oral disk ventral with posterior margin concave when partially closed, labial tooth row formula 2/3, and the presence of nonpigmented spurs behind the lower jaw. These characters, together with the absence of a tectum parietale, and the shapes of the pars articularis quadrati and suprarostral, are useful for species identification and may be informative for systematic purposes.  相似文献   

11.
The allozyme variation among water frogs of the species R. balcanica, R. levantina and R. ridibunda, all formerly considered as one species (R. ridibunda Pallas, 1771), was studied using horizontal starch gel electrophoresis. Blood samples (N # 63) of frogs were collected from five populations in Greece and Israel. Samples (N = 9) of the hybrid frog R. esculenta collected from a locality in Germany were used as an outgroup for phylogenetic analyses. Fifteen enzymes controlled by twenty presumptive loci were identified. Thirteen loci were polymorphic within or among the studied populations. Genetic differentiation among the species was considerably greater than among populations of the same species. Even at Nestos River where R. ridibunda and R. balcanica occur in the same habitats, individuals could be assigned to either species due to characteristic differences of the genotypes (GPI1). This indicates reproductive isolation among these species. The reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships among the three species based on the allozyme data corroborated the model presented on the basis of bioacoustic data: R. ridibunda and R. balcanica (Nei's genetic distance D = 0.0820) are sibling species pertaining to an Eurasian lineage, whereas R. levantina (distance to the European species D = 0.1780 - 0.1955) together with R. perezi represent an independent afroasian lineage.  相似文献   

12.
A total of 302 samples of healthy farm-cultured Rana catesbeiana specimens (9-21 months-old, 50-350 g liveweight, 50% each sex) from the north-east of Argentina, were analyzed through spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, densitometry, refractometry and microscopy in order to obtain blood and urine normal values. Confidence intervals (p<0.05) for PCV (28.6-31.6%), RBC (0.40-0.44 T/L), MCV (686-732 fL), hemoglobin (6.41-7.20 g/dL), MCH (151-164 pg), MCHC (22.6-24.0%), WBC (18.7-22.3 G/L), neutrophils (58.4-63.4%), lymphocytes (23.9-29.8%), monocytes (2.1-3.8%), eosinophils (4.6-7.0%), basophils (2.9-4.1%), bleeding time (289-393s), coagulation time (452-696s), prothrombin time (76-128s), urinary density (1.0061-1.0089 g/mL), urinary pH (6,38-6.96)., fibrinogen (0.59-0.99 g/dL), total protein (4.19-4.49 g/dL), albumin (1.49-1.67 g/dL), alpha-1 globulin (0.20-0.24 g/dL), alpha-2 globulin (0.48-0.54 g/dL), beta globulin (0.68-0.77 g/dL), gamma globulin (1.28-1.42 g/dL), albumin/globulin ratio (0.50-0.58), creatinine (4.09-5.56 mg/L). urea (76.1-92.4 mg/L), uric acid (11.5-15.4 mg/L), triglycerides (0.34-0.52 g/L), total cholesterol (0.56-0.67 g/L), HDL-C (0.03-0.05 g/L), LDL-C (0.34-0.44 g/L), alpha lipoprotein (6.01-8.67%). beta lipoprotein (91.3-93.9%), glucose (0.45-0.54 g/L), Na (116-121 meq/L), K (3.42-3.81 meq/L), Cl (100-116 meq/L), Ca (7.98-8.61 mg/dL). P (8.319.36 mg/dL), Mg (2.26-2.55 mg/dL), Fe (105-178 ug/dL), ALP (144-170 [U/L), ALT (10.0-14.8 IU/L), AST (42.8-53.4 IU/L), GGT (7.8-10.6 IU/L), LDH (99-135 IU/L), CHE (151-185 lU/L) and CPK (365-500 IU/L), were obtained. Some parameter ranges were similar to those obtained in amphibians, birds or mammals; others were very different. These parameters are useful to evaluate sanitary, metabolic and nutritional state on captive bullfrogs.  相似文献   

13.
14.
温晓敏  吴贯夫  赵尔宓 《四川动物》2005,24(4):459-462,F0003
对倭蛙属(Nanorana)已知3种:高山倭蛙(Nanorana parkeri)、倭蛙(N. pleskei)和腹斑倭蛙(N. ventripunctata)的肩带作了连续切片后进行Masson染色,发现其上喙骨(epicoracoid)的融合与重叠的状况与虎纹蛙(Rana rugulosa)较相似,而与无尾目中其它物种已知的肩带形态存在较大的差异.倭蛙属和虎纹蛙等与已知肩带类型的蛙亚科其它的物种在系统进化中可能来源于不同的最近共同祖先.  相似文献   

15.
The electron density of the lipid droplets and mitochondrial matrix of the interrenal cells of Rana perezi differs during the year. This makes it possible to characterize the different stages of interrenal cell activity. A droplet/mitochondria index, based on their relative size, may provide an indicator of cellular activity.  相似文献   

16.
Study of the esophageal microscopic morphology of adult Rana perezi by light and electron microscopy discloses some large folds throughout the esophagus that are in themselves ringed. Glandular ostia open in the furrows of the luminal surface. The esophageal wall is made up of a connective adventitia rich in melanocytes, a muscular tunica, a connective and glandular subepithelial layer, and a pseudostratified ciliated epithelium. This epithelium basically consists of ciliated, goblet, basal, microvillous-apex, and migratory cells. Two types of goblet cells are distinguished with regard to the granular ultrastructure. The microvillous-apex cell has not been found in other amphibians. It shows a very differentiated morphology with a high number of mitochondria. The basal cells give the epithelium a pseudostratified morphology, and they have a proliferative function. Glands are branched and drain through an excretory duct that has a monolayered mucosecreting epithelium. The glandular units are formed by two principal types of cells: mucosecretory and serous.  相似文献   

17.
18.
We developed 22 microsatellite markers for the Chinese wood frog (Rana chensinensis) to study the impact of landscape features on its population structure. Thirty‐four individuals from one breeding site were examined and 14 loci were polymorphic. The number of alleles, expected heterozygosity and observed heterozygosity varied from two to 14, from 0.0833 to 0.9118, and from 0.1376 to 0.8667, respectively. Cross‐species amplification was tested for 15 ranid frog species. The Plateau brown frog, Rana kukunoris (n = 23), was successfully amplified at 18 loci, and 15 were polymorphic with number of alleles varying from two to 18. Ten other species were also amplified at a limited number of loci.  相似文献   

19.
20.
A total of 76 adult individuals of Rana vaillanti were collected in Laguna Escondida, Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico, and their helminth infracommunity structure was determined. Among the 21 helminth taxa collected (10 digeneans, 8 nematodes, and 3 acanthocephalans), the digenean Langeronia macrocirra reached the highest prevalence (64.4%), mean abundance (6.6), and mean intensity (10.4), as well as the highest total number of individuals (499). Only 2 frogs were uninfected, the remainder harbored between 1 and 7 helminth species and 1-102 individuals; mean species richness and abundance were 3.49 +/- 0.22 and 16.1 +/- 16.3, respectively. Langeronia macrocirra dominated in 50.6% of the infracommunities, with relatively low Berger-Parker index values (0.56); for this reason, the evenness was high (0.70 +/- 0.31), and consequently, diversity values are the highest recorded to date in species of Rana. However, patterns of helminth infracommunity richness and diversity were similar to those previously observed in amphibians. This structure is attributed to the feeding habits (between 66.7 and 81% of helminth species parasitizing R. vaillanti enter using the food web dynamics) and low vagility (the remainder species infect by host penetration).  相似文献   

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