大肠杆菌JM83精氨酰－tRNA合成酶基因的克隆、测序及表达

用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）以大肠杆菌ＪＭ８３基因组ＤＮＡ为模板,扩增了精氨酰－ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）基因。将该基因重组到载体ｐＵＣ１８上转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,得到在转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ的高表达。粗抽液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的氨酰化活力,ＴＧ１和ＴＧ１转化子分别为１．６５Ｕ／ｍｇ和２１０Ｕ／ｍｇ,后者为前者的１２７倍。ＤＮＡ顺序测定表明,与从大肠杆菌ＪＡ２００中克隆到的ＡｒｇＲＳ基因相比９１３位碱基为Ａ而不为Ｃ,这种变化使ＡｒｇＲＳ的３０５位氨基酸残基由Ｇｌｎ变为Ｌｙｓ,但这种改变不影响酶的活力。     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶的Lys378和381的点突变研究

用点突变的方法将大肠杆菌精氨酰—ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）的基因ａｒｇｓ上相应于Ｌｙｓ３７８和Ｌｙｓ３８１的密码ＡＡＡ分别变为两氨酸的密码ＧＣＡ和精氨酸的密码子ＣＧＴ,得到了４个ａｒｇｓ的突变体ａｒｇｓ３７８ＫＡ,ａｒｇｓ３７８ＫＲ,ａｒｇｓ３８１ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３８１ＫＲ,将它们分别连接到ｐＵＣ１８上,转入大肠杆菌ＴＧ１,在ＴＧ１转化子中,ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种的表达量约为ＴＧ１中的１２０倍以上。结果表明Ｌｙｓ３７８为Ａｒｇ和Ａｌａ取代分别使活力下降０％和１０％;Ｌｙｓ３８１变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ后,活力分别下降３３％和１０％左右。Ｌｙｓ３７８不为酶活力必需。Ｌｙｓ３８１部位的正电荷对酶活力是重要的。     

一个高效表达、快速纯化大肠杆菌精氨酰-tRNA合成酶的新系统(英文)

编码大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔ Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 合成酶（ Ａｒｇ Ｒ Ｓ） 的基因ａｒｇ Ｓ 被克隆到ｐ Ｍ Ｆ Ｔ７５ 载体上。将此质粒转化的大肠杆菌 Ｊ Ｍ１０９（ Ｄ Ｅ３） 中, 该转化子粗抽液的比活是宿主菌的２ ５００ 倍。通过 Ｄ Ｅ Ａ Ｅ Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ Ｃ Ｌ６ Ｂ Ｆａｓｔ Ｆｌｏｗ 和 Ｂｌｕｅ Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ Ｃ Ｌ６ Ｂ两步柱层析在一天内即可将精氨酰ｔ Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 合成酶纯化至电泳一条带, 比活为３６ ０００ ｕ／ｍｇ , 总收率可达６９ ％ 。与以前报道的 Ａｒｇ Ｒ Ｓ的高表达质粒相比, 使用该重组质粒可以很方便地将昂贵的标记氨基酸高效地参入酶分子内。目前的研究结果表明,该新系统能够很方便地提供大量的更高比活的大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔ Ｒ Ｎ Ａ 合成酶以进行该酶的 Ｎ Ｍ Ｒ 和结晶学研究     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶高表达条件的优化及酶的纯化

控制培养基中氨苄青霉素的用量、ｐＨ和培养时间,从含Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉａｒｇｙ变种ａｒｇｒ３８１ＫＡ的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＴＧ１转化子中,得到了Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＡｒｇＲＳ变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的高表达。从２升培养液中得到１５克湿菌体,粗抽液中ＡｒｇＲＳ３８１ＫＡ的比活为５０３单位／毫克。经过两次ＤＥＡＥＳｅｐｈａｃｅｌ层析,在４天时间内,可得到７８毫克电泳一条带的纯酶活力回收达８０％。该方法可以作为从含ａｒｇｓ的Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＴＧ１转化子中提纯Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＡｒｓＲＳ的通用方法。     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶的Lys306为酶活力所必需

将大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）上Ｌｙｓ３０６用基因点突变的方法分别变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ的密码子;得到变种基因ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ。变种基因重组在ｐＵＣ１８上,转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＡ和ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＲ所表达的蛋白量至少为ＴＧ１表达ＡｒｇＲＳ蛋白量的１００倍。细胞粗抽提液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的比活ＴＧ１、转化子ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ、ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ分别为１．６５、２１０、１．８和３８单位／毫克。结果表明ＡｒｓＲＳ的Ｌｙｓ３０６为Ａｌａ取代使活力完全丧失;若被Ａｒｇ取代,则活力丧失８０％以上。Ｌｙｓ３０６为ＡｒｇＲＳ活力所必需。     

Cloning and organization of seven arginine biosynthesis genes from Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

A genomic library for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, constructed in the lambda cloning vector EMBL4, was screened for clones carrying arginine biosynthesis genes by complementation of Escherichia coli mutants. Clones complementing defects in argA, argB, argE, argG, argIF, carA, and carB were isolated. An E. coli defective in the acetylornithine deacetylase gene (argE) was complemented by the ornithine acetyltransferase gene (argJ) from N. gonorrhoeae. This heterologous complementation is reported for the first time. The carAB operon from E. coli hybridized with the gonococcal clones that carried carA or carB genes under conditions of high stringency, detecting 80% or greater similarity and showing that the nucleotide sequence of the carbamoylphosphate synthetase genes is very similar in these two organisms. Under these conditions for hybridization, the gonococcal clones carrying argB or argF genes did not hybridize with plasmids containing the corresponding E. coli gene. Cocomplementation experiments established gene linkage between carA and carB. Clones complementing a gene defect in argE were also able to complement an argA mutation. This suggests that the enzyme ornithine acetyltransferase from N. gonorrhoeae (encoded by argJ) may be able to complement both argA and argE mutations in E. coli. The arginine biosynthesis genes in N. gonorrhoeae appear to be scattered as in members of the family Pseudomonadaceae.     

Substrate-induced conformational changes in Escherichia coli arginyl-tRNA synthetase observed by 19F NMR spectroscopy

The 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of 4-fluorotryptophan (4-F-Trp)-labeled Escherichia coli arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) show that there are distinct conformational changes in the catalytic core and tRNA anticodon stem and loop-binding domain of the enzyme, when arginine and tRNA(Arg) are added to the unliganded enzyme. We have assigned five fluorine resonances of 4-F-Trp residues (162, 172, 228, 349 and 446) in the spectrum of the fluorinated enzyme by site-directed mutagenesis. The local conformational changes of E. coli ArgRS induced by its substrates observed herein by 19F NMR are similar to those of crystalline yeast homologous enzyme.     

Effect of cysteine residues on the activity of arginyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli.

Arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) from Escherichia coli (E. coli) contains four cysteine residues. In this study, the role of cysteine residues in the enzyme has been investigated by chemical modification and site-directed mutagenesis. Titration of sulfhydryl groups in ArgRS by 5, 5'-dithiobis(2-nitro benzoic acid) (DTNB) suggested that a disulfide bond was not formed in the enzyme and that, in the native condition, two DTNB-sensitive cysteine residues were located on the surface of ArgRS, while the other two were buried inside. Chemical modification of the native enzyme by iodoacetamide (IAA) affected only one DTNB-sensitive cysteine residue and resulted in 50% loss of enzyme activity, while modification by N-ethylmeimide (NEM) affected two DTNB-sensitive residues and caused a complete loss of activity. These results, when combined with substrate protection experiments, suggested that at least the two cysteine residues located on the surface of the molecule were directly involved in substrates binding and catalysis. However, changing Cys to Ala only resulted in slight loss of enzymatic activity and substrate binding, suggesting that these four cysteine residues in E. coli ArgRS were not essential to the enzymatic activity. Moreover, modifications of the mutant enzymes indicated that the two DTNB- and NEM-sensitive residues were Cys(320) and Cys(537) and the IAA-sensitive was Cys(320). Our study suggested that inactivation of E. coli ArgRS by sulfhydryl reagents is a result of steric hindrance in the enzyme.     

钝齿棒杆菌乙酰谷氨酸激酶编码基因argB的克隆表达、纯化及酶学性质研究

本研究的钝齿棒杆菌(Gorynebacterium crenatum SYPA)是筛选得到的高产精氨酸突变菌株,其中argB基因编码的乙酰谷氨酸激酶(NAGK)是精氨酸合成过程中的关键酶。为了进一步研究该酶的相关特性,以钝齿棒杆菌(Corynebacterium crenatum SYPA)基因组为模板,扩增得到其arB基因,成功构建了pET-28a-argB重组质粒,并在E.coli BL21(DE3)中诱导后高效表达。利用载体pET-28a上的His6·Tag标记选用Ni柱亲和层析法纯化表达具有活性的NAGK,纯化后酶的比活力达到7.28 U/mg,纯化倍数达66.18。并对该酶的酶学性质进行了初步研究,该酶的最适反应温度为30℃;最适pH值为9.0;酶学动力学参数以N-乙酰谷氨酸为底物的Km为3.35mmol/L;金属离子Cu~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、螯合剂对乙酰谷氨酸激酶均有明显的抑制作用。     

大肠杆菌精氨酰tRNA合成酶基因的诱导高表达

在高表达大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶基因５５０倍的基础上,将ａｒｇ２的编码起始位点经基因突点突变导入ＮｃｏＩ限制性内切酶的位点后,重组到受异丙基硫代－β－Ｄ半乳糖苷诱导的ｐＴｒ９９Ｂ质粒上,使ａｒｇＳ比受体菌表达高近２０００倍。通过一步ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ柱层析则可得到ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ一条带的ＡｒｇＲＳ,比活为１５０００ｕ／ｍｇ,与文献相同。     

Fetal mouse selenophosphate synthetase 2 (SPS2): biological activities of mutant forms in Escherichia coli.

A novel gene, sps2, detected in mouse embryo at the early stages of development has been identified as an analog of the E. coli selenophosphate synthetase gene. Unlike the E. coli enzyme, the presence of selenocysteine in the mouse enzyme is indicated by a TGA codon in the open reading frame of the cDNA. Using an N-FLAG monoclonal antibody, it was shown that the full length N-FLAG-sps2 gene product was expressed in COS-7 cells. To investigate the biological activity of the sps2 gene product in vivo, the mutated sps2 gene, which contains cysteine in the place of the TGA encoded selenocysteine in the wild type, was expressed in the E. coli selD deficient mutant, MB08. Like the E. coli wild type selD gene, the mutant sps2 gene complemented the selD mutation. However, replacement of Cys with either Ala, Ser, or Thr resulted in a loss of ability to complement the selD mutation. The SPS2-CYS protein expressed in E. coli was purified and its catalytic activity was determined. The Km value for ATP was 0.75 mM and Vmax was 9.23 nmole/min/mg protein. These results confirm that the mouse embryonic sps2 gene encodes an eukaryotic selenophosphate synthetase, and that availability of selenophosphate as a selenium donor compound is widespread.     

Characterization of the Escherichia coli prsA1-encoded mutant phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase identifies a divalent cation-nucleotide binding site

The prsA1 allele, specifying a mutant Escherichia coli phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP) synthetase, has been cloned. The mutation was shown by nucleotide sequence analysis to result from substitution of Asp-128 (GAT) in the wild type by Ala (GCT) in prsA1. This alteration was confirmed by chemical determination of the amino acid sequence of a tryptic peptide derived from the purified mutant enzyme. The mutation lies at the N-terminal end of a 16 residue sequence that is highly conserved in E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, and rat PRPP synthetases and has the following consensus sequence: DLHAXQIQGFFDI/VPI/VD. There was little alteration in the Km for ribose 5-phosphate. The Km for ATP of the mutant enzyme was increased 27-fold when Mg2+ was the activating cation but only 5-fold when Mn2+ was used. Maximal velocities of the wild type and mutant enzymes were the same. The mutant enzyme has a 6-fold lower affinity for Ca2+, as judged by the ability of Ca2+ to inhibit the reaction in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. Wild type PRPP synthetase is subject to product inhibition by AMP, but AMP inhibition of the prsA1 mutant enzyme could not be detected. It has been previously proposed that a divalent cation binds to PRPP synthetase and serves as a bridge to the alpha-phosphate of ATP and AMP at the active site. The prsA1 mutation appears to alter this divalent cation site.     

Biosynthesis of bacterial glycogen. Mutagenesis of a catalytic site residue of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli.

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to explore the role of Lys-195 in ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Escherichia coli. This residue, which is conserved in every bacterial and plant source sequenced to date, was originally identified as a potential catalytic site residue by covalent modification studies. Mutation of Lys-195 to glutamine produces an enzyme whose Km for glucose 1-phosphate is 600-fold greater than that measured for the wild-type enzyme. The effect on glucose 1-phosphate is very specific since kinetic constants measured for ATP, Mg2+, and the allosteric activator, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate, are unchanged relative to those measured for the wild-type enzyme. Furthermore, the catalytic rate constant, Kcat, for the glutamine mutant is similar to that of the wild-type enzyme. Taken together, the results suggest a role for Lys-195 in binding of glucose 1-phosphate and exclude its role as a participant in the rate-determining step(s) in the catalytic reaction mechanism. To further study the effect of charge, shape, size, and hydrophobicity of the amino acid residue at position 195, a series of mutants were prepared including arginine, histidine, isoleucine, and glutamic acid. In every case, the kinetic constants measured for ATP, Mg2+, and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate were similar to wild-type constants, reinforcing the notion that this residue is responsible for a highly localized effect at the glucose 1-phosphate-binding site and also suggesting that the protein can accommodate a wide range of substitutions at this position without losing its global folding properties. Thermal stability measurements corroborate this finding. The mutations did, however, produce a range of glucose 1-phosphate Km values from 100- to 10,000-fold greater than wild-type, which indicate that both size and charge properties of lysine are essential for proper binding of glucose 1-phosphate at the catalytic site. AMP binding was also affected by the nature of the mutation at position 195. A model for glucose 1-phosphate, ATP, and AMP binding is presented.     

Cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase is a direct descendant of the first aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.

The gene encoding the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli was cloned from an E. coli genomic library made in lambda 2761, a lambda vector which can integrate and which carries a chloramphenicol resistance gene. A thermosensitive cysS mutant of E. coli was lysogenised and chloramphenicol-resistant colonies able to grow at 42 degrees C were selected to isolate phages containing the wild-type cysS gene. The sequence of the gene was determined. It codes for a 461 amino-acid protein and includes the sequences HIGH and KMSK known to be involved in the ATP and tRNA binding respectively of class I synthetases. The cysteinyl enzyme has segments in common with the cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase of Neurospora crassa, the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase of Bacillus stearothermophilus, and the phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sequence comparisons show that the amino end of the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase has similarities with prokaryotic elongation factors Tu; this region is close to the equivalent acceptor binding domain of the glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase of E. coli. There is a further similarity with the seryl enzyme (a class II enzyme) which has led us to propose that both classes had a common origin and that this was the ancestor of the cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase.     

Two forms of human cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase produced from two translation initiations by a single mRNA

Human cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) is a component of a macromolecular complex consisting of at least nine tRNA synthetases and three auxiliary proteins. In mammalian cells, ArgRS is present as a free protein as well as a component of the complex. Via an alignment of ArgRSs from different vertebrates, the genes encoding full-length human cytoplasmic ArgRS and an N-terminal 72-amino acid deletion mutant (hcArgRS and DeltaNhcArgRS, respectively) were subcloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The two ArgRS products were expressed as a soluble protein in E. coli. The level of production of DeltaNhcArgRS in E. coli and its specific activity were higher than those for hcArgRS. By Western blot analysis, using an antibody against the purified DeltaNhcArgRS, the two forms of ArgRS were detected in three human cell types. The 5'-end cDNA sequence, as confirmed by 5'RACE (5'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends), contained three start codons. Through mutation of the three codons, the two human cytoplasmic ArgRSs were found to be produced in different amounts, indicating that they resulted from two different translation initiation events. Here we show evidence that two forms of human cytoplasmic ArgRS were produced from two translational initiations by a single mRNA.     

The amino acidic substitution of cysteine 167 by serine (C167S) in BstVI restriction endonuclease of Bacillus stearothermophilus V affects its conformation and thermostability.

The restriction endonuclease BstVI from Bacillus stearothermophilus V contains three cysteine residues at positions 134, 167 and 180. Titration of Cys residues with DTNB showed that none of them are involved in disulphide bond formation. Cysteine triplets 134 and 167 were modified by recombinant PCR to introduce a serine residue in each case. The mutated genes were cloned into pGEM-T vector and transformed into E. coli JM109. Even though pGEM-T is not designed for expression, the mutant proteins were efficiently expressed in E. coli. The endonuclease carrying the mutation C134S was purified to homogeneity but appeared to be very unstable. In contrast, the C167S mutant enzyme was stable when pure and was studied biochemically. This mutant enzyme was as stable and resistant to protein-denaturing agents as the wild type enzyme. The activity of both enzymes was not affected by preincubations of 2 h at 80 degrees C. A short preincubation at 95 degrees C caused a complete inactivation of the mutant enzyme while the wild type endonuclease retained 30% of its activity. Moreover, the C167S BstVI was more susceptible to be hydrolyzed by proteinase K and trypsine compared to the wild type endonuclease. These results show that the substitution Cys --> Ser at position 167 affects the configuration and thermostability of BstVI restriction endonuclease.     

Escherichia coli tRNA(4)(Arg)(UCU) induces a constrained conformation of the crucial Omega-loop of arginyl-tRNA synthetase

Previous investigations show that tRNA(Arg)-induced conformational changes of arginyl-tRNA synthetase (ArgRS) Omega-loop region (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Ala451-Ala457) may contribute to the productive conformation of the enzyme catalytic core, and E. coli tRNA(2)(Arg)(ICG)-bound and -free conformations of the Omega-loop exchange at an intermediate rate on NMR timescale. Herein, we report that E. coli ArgRS catalyzes tRNA(2)(Arg)(ICG) and tRNA(4)(Arg)(UCU) with similar efficiencies. However, 19F NMR spectroscopy of 4-fluorotryptophan-labeled E. coli ArgRS reveals that the tRNA(4)(Arg)(UCU)-bound and -free conformations of the Omega-loop region interconvert very slowly and the lifetime of bound conformation is much longer than 0.33 ms. Therefore, tRNA(4)(Arg)(UCU) differs from tRNA(2)(Arg)(ICG) in the conformation-exchanging rate of the Omega-loop. Comparative structure model of E. coli ArgRS is presented to rationalize these 19F NMR data. Our 19F NMR and catalytic assay results suggest that the tRNA(Arg)-induced conformational changes of Omega-loop little contribute to the productive conformation of ArgRS catalytic core.     

Characterization of mycoplasma arginine deiminase expressed in E. coli and its inhibitory regulation of nitric oxide synthesis

We previously reported that a cytostatic protein that is found in ASC-17D Sertoli cell-conditioned media was Mycoplasma arginine deiminase (ADI), which hydrolyzes L-arginine into L-citrulline and ammonia. Here, we report the over-expression of recombinant ADI (rADI) in E. coli and the down-regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced-nitric oxide (NO) production by rADI treatment. We cloned the ADI gene from Mycoplasma arginini genomic DNA by a polymerase chain reaction, and changed five TGA tryptophan codons (stop codon in E. coli) to TGG codons in the coding region by site-directed mutagenesis in order to express in E. coli. The rADI was purified to apparent homogeneity by DEAE-Sepharose and arginine-affinity chromatography. The rADI expressed in E. coli was identified as 45 kDa on SDS-PAGE and 90 kDa on native PAGE, implying that it exists as a dimer like ADI of M. arginini. The Km for arginine of rADI was approximately 370+/-50 microM. Its optimal temperature and pH were 41 degrees C and pH 6.4, respectively, and enzyme activity remained > or = 50% for 5 d at physiological temperature and pH. Treatment of purified rADI suppressed NO production in macrophage-like RAW 264.7 and primary glial cells that were exposed to LPS. Furthermore, an intraperitoneal injection of rADI significantly suppressed the rise of blood nitrite/nitrate levels that were induced by the systemic administration of bacterial endotoxin LPS to mice, resulting in an improvement in their survival rate. These results suggest that the depletion of blood arginine with an arginine-metabolizing enzyme, such as ADI, could suppress excessive production of NO that is caused by inducible NOS (iNOS) during the endotoxemia. Also, rADI may be used as a new approach to control NO-related diseases, such as sepsis.     

The potential for the formation of the arginine biosynthetic enzymes and its masking during evolution

The present account spans the history of arginine regulation from its discovery in 1955 until the present. In 1957 I demonstrated that not only added arginine but also internally produced arginine represses enzyme formation and that the potential for enzyme synthesis is in excess of what is required for growth. In 1959 I located the regulatory gene argR encoding the arginine repressor. An unusual feature of this research was the finding that in E. coli B, in contrast to E. coli K12, arginine synthesis is permanently repressed, independent of arginine. This was due to a single amino acid difference between the two repressors. Recent studies showed that, in natural populations of E. coli, K12-type regulation is much more frequent than B-type regulation, and that E. coli B evolved from a strain with K12-type regulation. In competition experiments, E. coli K12 was found to be favored in the presence of arginine and E. coli B in its absence, showing that contrary to expectations permanently turned off regulation is favored over negative regulation in some environments.