Floristic, structural and seed bank diversity of a dry Afromontane forest at Mafai, central Tanzania

Flora, vegetation and seed bank were studied in a dry Afromontane forest in the Kondoa Irangi Hills, Tanzania with the objective to obtain information necessary for the promotion of conservation of this forest, which is rapidly degenerating due to human pressure. A preliminary checklist of 104 vascular plants occurring in the forest is provided. Based on 27 plots, each of 400m², the forest had the following ecological features: mean tree density 408 stems·ha^–1; basal area 66.56m²·ha^–1; Shannon and Wiener diversity 2.6406; evenness 0.7585 and species richness 31 tree species per 1.08ha. The seed bank was dominated by woody species, including mature forest tree species, and had several species in common with the standing vegetation. The forest contains species that are phytogeographically linked to Madagascan, Western and Southern African floras and also species disjunctly distributed in this forest and the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Correspondence Analysis of tree species based on size classes showed that the timber species had declining populations, indicating the possibility of genetic erosion, while other species showed expanding or interrupted populations. Some DBH-size classes (e.g. 145.0–189.9cm) have disappeared from the forest, presumably due to their selective removal. We recommend detailed integrated floristic and faunistic studies of the forest, targeting the ecologically sensitive indicators of habitat change such as orchids, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Finally, a proposal to conserve the forest under a community-based forest conservation scheme is put forward.     

Floristic composition,structure and regeneration status of Masha forest,south‐west Ethiopia

The natural forest of Masha was studied to determine the species composition and population structure of woody species in the area. A total of 130 plant species belonging 61 families were recorded, in which family Acanthaceae was represented by 11 species followed by Rubiaceae (10) and Asteraceae (9). The composition and population structure of woody species, with diameter at breast height (DBH) >2.5 cm and height >2 m, and their regeneration were assessed in 65 sample plots of 400 m² each. The density for trees and shrubs with DBH >2.5 cm was 1681 ind.ha^?1, and the basal area of the study area was 142.6 m² ha^?1. Four community types were recognized. This forest is of international and national conservation importance given its high biodiversity. Managing the remaining forest would be an appropriate option for sustainable management of biodiversity.     

毛红椿天然林种子雨、种子库与天然更新

2008-2011年,调查江西九连山国家级自然保护区毛红椿天然林的种子雨、种子库及林下幼苗数量.结果表明:在毛红椿天然林,种子雨散布时间为10月下旬至12月下旬.2010年不同样地的种子雨强度为虾公塘气象观测站(320.3±23.5粒·m-2)＞虾公塘保护站(284.7±24.2粒·m-2)＞大丘田保护站(251.6±24.7粒·m-2),分别以222.0、34.3和22.6粒·m-2完好种子供土壤萌发更新;毛红椿种子储量取决于结实量、鸟类取食和种子活力等因素,鸟类取食是其种子储量大幅下降的首要因素;由于种子不耐储藏以及大量腐烂,种子有效贮藏期不足1个月.12月天然林种子库平均萌发数≤2株·m-2,次年1月土壤种子库种子量最少,为6.7～11.8粒·m-2,平均仅萌发0.4～0.6株·m-2,与林下实生幼苗分布极少相吻合.毛红椿种子雨储备、种子库种子活力保存及幼苗建成等因素影响其天然更新.     

The soil seed bank and understorey regeneration in Eucalyptus regnans forest,Victoria

Abstract The soil seed bank and its relation to the extant vegetation in a Eucalyptus regnans F. Muell. forest in the Central Highlands of Victoria were examined. The average seed density was 430 germinable seeds m^?2 to a depth of 2 cm. There was a polynomial regression relationship between the density and species richness of seeds in soil and forest age (0. 6–54 years). Species richness was not significantly different among soil depths (0- 2 , 2- 5 , 5–10 and 10–20 cm) in the forest stand of 54 years old. More seeds germinated from the 5–10 cm depth than from the other depths. Forbs accounted for 73% of the total germinable seeds and there was no germination of E. regnans. The number of species, particularly woody plant species, germinating from the soil seed bank were significantly lower than in the extant vegetation. However, almost all species present in the soil seed bank were present in the vegetation. The soil seed bank provides an important source for the rapid regeneration of understorey vegetation following clear-cutting and slash-burning in the E. regnans forest. The rapid understorey establishment may play an important role in protecting soil from erosion, in nutrient conservation, replacement and redistribution. The soil seed bank may also be a necessary source of maintaining genetic diversity in the forest over the long term.     

The effects of disturbance on the population structure and regeneration potential of five dominant woody species – in Hugumburda‐Gratkhassu National Forest Priority Area,North‐eastern Ethiopia

Vast areas of forests in North‐eastern Ethiopia have been replaced by cropland, shrub land or grazing areas. Thus, information about how vegetation composition and structure varies with disturbance is fundamental to conservation of such areas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of disturbance on the population structure and regeneration potential of five dominant woody species within forest where local communities harvest wood and graze livestock. Vegetation structure and environmental variables were assessed in 50 quadrats (20 m × 20 m). In most of both disturbed and undisturbed treatments, Juniperus procera was the highest contributor to the basal area of the forest, while that of Olinia rochetiana was the lowest. Analysis of population structure showed high density at lower Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and low density at higher DBH classes. Undisturbed forest treatments had 84% canopy cover, 22 m mean vegetation height and a density of 1320 trees of dominant species and 1024 seedlings/saplings ha^?1. In disturbed habitats, canopy cover (73%), mean vegetation height (18 m) and density of dominant trees and saplings were significantly lower than in undisturbed habitats. Thus, to ensure species, survival and maintain species diversity managed use of the protected area is essential.     

深圳南山区天然森林群落多样性及演替现状

对南山区5个主要天然森林群落(铁榄群落、鼠刺 降真香群落、鸭脚木群落、假苹婆群落、水翁 假苹婆群落)的组成结构及物种多样性进行分析,并与相邻的香港地区地带性森林群落(黄桐群落)作比较。结果表明,依照亚热带及南亚热带森林群落演替规律,南山区天然林处于不同的演替发育阶段：铁榄群落处于演替第3阶段;鼠刺 降真香群落处于第4阶段;其它3个群落处于第5阶段,均未达到稳定的顶极群落阶段。随着铁榄群落、鼠刺 降真香群落、鸭脚木群落、假苹婆群落、水翁 假苹婆群落这个演替序列,物种丰富度的变化规律是：先逐渐上升,到达一个峰值,再缓慢下降。Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielous均匀度指数的变化规律与物种丰富度相同,Simpson指数变化曲线与这些指数相反。但这些指数反映的结果是一致的。综合多个指数分析,鸭脚木群落物种多样性最大,即当群落中阳生性树种与中生性树种优势度相差不大时。群落具有最大的物种多样性。多样性比较结果显示,南山森林群落物种多样性大大低于香港黄桐群落。5个群落的Shannon—Wiener指数在2．04～2．953之间,明显低于黄桐群落,其Shannon—Wiener指数为4．74;Simpson指数0．1～0．268,黄桐群落为0．05;Pielous均匀度指数64．2％～74％,黄桐群落为79％。南山森林群落物种多样性水平低下的状况与长期的人类干扰有关,必须尽快采取“封山育林”等相应措施来促进群落的保护和恢复。     

森林土壤种子库与天然更新

论述了森林土壤种子库的特点：（1）森林土壤种子库密度小于耕作土壤和草地,并且受森林类型和年龄的影响,变化幅度很大;（2）森林土壤种库的种类组成在森林的不同演替阶段,受其地上植被影响的程度不同;（3）森林土壤种子库的动态变化是周期化因数和随机性因数的结合,并从土壤种子库的时间动态和空间分布角度,分析了土壤种子库对天然更新的影响,森林土壤种子库是天然更新的物质基础,种子库的结构和功能影响天然更新能力的方向,因此能影响土壤种子库格局变化的各种因子或措施,均能显著地促进或妨碍森林的天然更新,根据森林土训种子库的时空格局特点及影响更新的障碍因子,可以采用人工的辅助措施促进更新,同时,对于森林土壤种子库的研究应着眼于应用干扰生态学的基本理论,以退化生态系统的重建和群落交错区的演替为主要内容,研究方法应以长期定位观测为宜。     

Plant species diversity and tree population structure of a humid tropical forest in Tamil Nadu, India

Vegetation structure and species composition of tropical ecosystems were studied through nine transects at Veerapuli and Kalamalai reserve forests in the Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. Species diversity, dominance, species richness and evenness indices of plant communities and also population structure of woody plants were enumerated. A total of 244 species (183 genera and 76 families) were recorded. Species richness (number of species) were 82,142 and 96 species per 0.3 ha respectively for the study areas of low-elevation forest (LEF), mid-elevation forest (MEF) and high elevation forest (HEF). Species diversity indices were greater in MEF compared to the other two forests except juveniles. In contrast, greater dominance value indices were recorded in LEF than other forests. Density and basal area of the MEF were twice greater than the LEF, while HEF showed greater tree density and low basal area when compared to LEF. The stem density and species richness (number of species) decreased with increased size classes of trees observed in the present study indicated good regeneration status. Population structure of juveniles and seedlings also reflects good regeneration status. Terminalia paniculata (IVI of 99.9) and Hopea parviflora (IVI of 103.8) were dominant tree species respectively in LEF and MEF whereas in HEF Agrostistachys meeboldii (63.65), Cullenia excelsa (63.67) and Drypetes oblongifolia (39.67) share the dominance. Past damage (anthropogenic perturbation) may be one of the reasons for single species dominance in LEF and MEF. Occurrence of alien species such as Eupatorium odoratum and Ageratum conyzoides also indicated the past disturbance in LEF. The variations in plant diversity and population structure are largely due to anthropogenic perturbation and other abiotic factors.     

Spatial variation and biogeography of sand forest avian assemblages in South Africa

Aim To examine biogeographical affiliations, habitat‐associated heterogeneity and endemism of avian assemblages in sand forest patches and the savanna‐like mixed woodland matrix. Location Two reserves in the Maputaland Centre of Endemism (MC) on the southern Mozambique Coastal Plain of northern KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Methods Replicated surveys were undertaken in each of the two habitat types in each reserve, providing species abundance data over a full year. Vegetation structure at each of the survey sites was also quantified. Differences between the bird assemblages and the extent to which vegetation structure explained these differences were assessed using multi‐variate techniques. Biogeographical comparisons were based on species presence/absence data and clustering techniques. Results Bird assemblages differed significantly between habitats both within a given reserve and between reserves, and also between reserves for a given habitat. Differences in vegetation structure contributed substantially to differences between the avian assemblages. Of the four species endemic to the MC, three (Neergaard’s sunbird, Rudd’s apalis, and Woodward’s batis) were consistently present in sand forest. The fourth (pink‐throated twinspot) preferred mixed woodland. None of these endemic species was classed as rare. In the biogeographical analysis, both the sand forest and the mixed woodland bird assemblages were most similar to bird assemblages found in the forest biome or the Afromontane forest biome, depending on the biome classification used. Main conclusions The close affinities of sand forest and mixed woodland assemblages to those of the forest biome are most likely due to similarities in vegetation structure of these forests. Bird assemblages differ between the sand forest and mixed woodland habitats both within a given reserve and between reserves, and also between reserves for a given habitat. These differences extend to species endemic to the MC. Thus, conservation of sand forest habitat in a variety of areas is necessary to ensure the long‐term persistence of the biota.     

林分结构对烟台黑松海岸防护林天然更新的影响

为阐明黑松(Pinusthunbergii)海岸防护林天然更新的影响机制,在对烟台2个典型样地6条样带共60个样方(10m×10m)调查的基础上,采用拟合模型和多重回归分析技术,探讨林分结构指标中,垂直结构(树冠指数、小树比例和大树比例)和密度因素(基面积、郁闭度和灌木盖度)对黑松种群天然更新的影响。结果表明在垂直结构变量中,树冠指数(CI)与幼龄植株个数之间存在典型的抛物线关系,在CI5-6范围内,幼龄植株个数达到最高;幼龄植株个数与小树比例关系较弱,但与大树比例表现出显著的正线性关系。在密度变量中,幼龄植株随着郁闭度的增加,个体数呈上升趋势,而随着灌木盖度的增加,则表现出显著的下降倾向;幼龄植株个数与基面积关系不明显。幼龄植株个体数变化取决于垂直结构变量CI和密度变量郁闭度和灌木盖度共同作用的影响。理解这些更新规律,是黑松海岸防护林可持续管理的前提。     

Recovery of floristic diversity and basal area in natural forest regeneration and planted plots in a Costa Rican wet forest

When compared to planted reforestation, natural unassisted regeneration is often reported to result in slow recovery of biomass and biodiversity, especially early in succession. In some cases, naturally regenerating forests are not comparable to the community structure of primary forests after many decades. However, direct comparison of the outcomes of tropical forest restoration and natural regeneration is hindered by differences in metrics of forest recovery, inconsistency in land use histories, and dissimilarities in experimental design. We present the results of a replicated reforestation experiment comparing natural regeneration and polyculture tree planting at multiple diversity levels (3, 6, 9, or 12 native tree species), with uniform land use history and initial edaphic conditions. We compare the recovery of basal area and floristic diversity in these treatments after 5 yr of succession. Total basal area was higher in planted plots than in naturally regenerating plots, but it but did not vary among the different planted diversity levels. The basal area of woody recruits did not differ among treatments. The diversity of woody recruits increased substantially over time but did not vary among planting treatments. Species composition trajectories showed directional turnover over time, with no consistent differences among treatments. The convergence of restoration trajectories and similarity of floristic community diversity and composition across all treatments, after only 5 yr, provides evidence of the viability of natural regeneration for rapid restoration of forest biodiversity.     

The role of area enclosures and fallow age in the restoration of plant diversity in northern Ethiopia

This study investigated the roles played by area enclosures and fallow age in the restoration of plant species richness and soil seed bank species richness in degraded mountain rangelands in northern Ethiopia. Management types (enclosures versus grazed) influenced woody and herbaceous species richness, while fallow age showed no effect on the woody species. Management, age and the doubling of fallow age influenced the herbaceous species richness and species diversity. Management showed no effect on soil seed bank species richness. Fallow age and the doubling of fallow time also showed no influence on the soil seed bank of grass species, but they were influential on the forbs species soil seed bank. The trends for restoration of plant species richness and diversity and grass seed bank in response to fallow age were positive‐linear, but they declined when the fallow ages were doubled. The exception was the forbs seed bank showed linear trends when age of restoration was doubled. The data suggest that the restoration of degraded rangelands in the high mountain zones of northern Ethiopia was still in the weedy succession stages. Long‐term monitoring will be required to gain an informed understanding of the roles played by area enclosures and fallow age in the restoration of plant biodiversity.     

金华北山常绿阔叶林群落结构及优势乔木树种更新类型

以金华北山常绿阔叶林为对象,对群落的结构特征和优势乔木树种的更新进行调查研究。根据调查统计,群落共有维管植物66科115属144种,木本植物中的常绿阔叶树种以壳斗科、樟科、山茶科为主,达到62.96%,体现了亚热带常绿阔叶林的特点。该群落可划分为乔木层、灌木层、草本层和层间4个层次,其物种多样性表现出灌木层乔木层层间草本层的特点。根据径级频率分布形状,将各树种的种群结构归纳为4种类型,并结合各种群的生物学和生态学特性,分别讨论其更新类型,同时对群落所处的演替阶段进行诊断。结果为:(1)群落的建群种为木荷、苦槠,枫香、马尾松等也占有一定优势。(2)种群结构为逆-J字型的木荷、苦槠、香樟,耐荫性强,可以通过实生和萌生两种方式实现种群的更新,是顶极群落的优势种;L型的木、女贞、格药柃等均为常绿阔叶小乔木或者大灌木,是顶极群落亚乔木层和灌木层的主要组成种;间歇型的枫香、麻栎、锥栗等,种群结构具有机会性和波动性,体现出顶级性先锋种的特性;纺锤型的白栎、马尾松和杉木为高大阳性树种,是演替序列中的先锋种,在此群落中种群更新不足,已表现出衰退的迹象。(3)该群落正处于顶级演替的前期,并未达到最终阶段,将进一步向以木荷、苦槠为优势种的方向发展。     

Trade‐offs in seedling growth and survival within and across tropical forest microhabitats

For niche differences to maintain coexistence of sympatric species, each species must grow and/or survive better than each of the others in at least one set of conditions (i.e., performance trade‐offs). However, the extent of niche differentiation in tropical forests remains highly debated. We present the first test of performance trade‐offs for wild seedlings in a tropical forest. We measured seedling relative growth rate (RGR) and survival of four common native woody species across 18 light, substrate, and topography microhabitats over 2.5 years within Hawaiian montane wet forest, an ideal location due to its low species diversity and strong species habitat associations. All six species pairs exhibited significant performance trade‐offs across microhabitats and for RGR versus survival within microhabitats. We also found some evidence of performance equivalence, with species pairs having similar performance in 26% of comparisons across microhabitats. Across species, survival under low light was generally positively associated with RGR under high light. When averaged over all species, topography (slope, aspect, and elevation) explained most of the variation in RGR attributable to microhabitat variables (51–53%) followed by substrate type (35–37%) and light (11–12%). However, the relative effects of microhabitat differed among species and RGR metric (i.e., RGR for height, biomass, or leaf area). These findings indicate that performance trade‐offs among species during regeneration are common in low‐diversity tropical forest, although other mechanisms may better explain the coexistence of species with small performance differences.     

川西亚高山65年人工云杉林种子雨、种子库和幼苗定居研究

川西亚高山人工针叶林已成为亚高山森林的重要组成部分, 它们是否具有持续的自然更新能力, 是决定川西亚高山针叶林群落演替方向和维持该区针叶林大面积存在的基础。以川西米亚罗亚高山人工云杉(Picea asperata)林(65 a)为研究对象, 对种子雨量年际变化、土壤种子库动态、种子萌发和幼苗定居等更新过程的关键环节进行了连续7年(2002-2008年)的野外观测, 以研究人工云杉林更新潜力及影响其更新的限制因素。结果表明: 该区云杉林种子雨一般从每年的10月初开始下落, 一直到翌年的1月底或2月初结束; 云杉种子散落存在明显的大小年现象, 种子散落周期为4年, 且大小年之间种子产量差异极大; 云杉种子从下落到土壤到种子完全失去活力不到1年时间, 属于Thompson和Grime定义的第II类土壤种子库类型。腐烂死亡和动物取食是土壤种子库损耗的主要因素, 而种子通过萌发真正转化为幼苗的比例非常低, 仅占2002年下落种子总量的3.6%。种子萌发后, 环境筛的作用导致云杉幼苗大量死亡, 尤其是在种子萌发后的一个生长季节内, 其死亡率高达78%。凋落物和苔藓是构成人工云杉林下地表的两种主要地被物类型, 二者占所有调查幼苗数量的93%左右; 两种地被物类型上0-2 cm层幼苗存活率最高, 分别占存活幼苗总数的76.07%和86.72%, 随地被物厚度增加, 幼苗存活率呈明显下降趋势, 而幼苗死亡率呈明显升高的趋势, 表明林下地被物厚度也是影响云杉幼苗定居的重要因素。两种地被物对幼苗生长的影响不同, 除株高之外, 分布在苔藓上的云杉幼苗生长参数(地径、分枝数、干重以及干重年增长率)明显高于分布于凋落物上的幼苗, 表明苔藓地被物更有利于云杉幼苗定居。尽管该区大量云杉种子下落, 但由于种子的高损耗率、幼苗的低输出率以及萌发幼苗的高死亡率, 使得人工云杉林下种子通过萌发转为实生幼苗的数量非常少, 最终真正能补充到云杉种群的个体数量非常有限。     

Pollen dispersal and genetic variation in an early‐successional forest herb in a peri‐urban forest

In order to conserve forest plant species under the particularly high constraints that represent urban surroundings, it is necessary to identify the key factors for population persistence. This study examined within‐ and between‐population pollen dispersal using fluorescent dye as pollen analogue, and genetic variation and structure using 15 allozyme loci in Centaurium erythraea, an insect‐pollinated, early‐successional forest biennial herb occurring in a peri‐urban forest (Brussels urban zone, Belgium). Dye dispersal showed an exponential decay distribution, with most dye transfers occurring at short distances (<15 m), and only a few long‐distance events (up to 743 m). Flowers of C. erythraea are mainly visited by Syrphids (Diptera) and small bees, which are usually considered as short‐distance pollen dispersers, and occasionally by bumblebees, which are usually longer‐distance pollen dispersers. Small and large dye source populations differed in dye deposition patterns. The populations showed low genetic diversity, high inbreeding coefficients (F_IS) and high genetic differentiation (F_ST), suggesting restricted gene flow, which can be expected for an early‐successional biennial species with a predominantly selfing breeding system and fluctuating population sizes. The positive relationship between recruitment rate and allelic richness and expected heterozygosity, and the absence of significant correlations between genetic variation and population size suggest seedling recruitment from the seed bank, contributing to maintain genetic diversity. Long‐distance dye dispersal events indicate pollinator movements along urban forest path and road verges. These landscape elements might therefore have a potential conservation value by contributing to connectivity of early‐successional species populations located in patchy open habitats.     

天童山森林土壤种子库的时空格局

土壤种子库是植物群落的潜在物种库。在中国东部典型丘陵地区天童国家森林公园内选取8类微地形, 分别于2008年9月、12月和2009年3月、6月进行野外调查取样和室内实验, 从总计1,960份土样中挑选种子进行鉴定及分类统计, 研究其时空格局, 探讨自然森林土壤种子库的基本特征及分布规律。结果显示: (1)共检出有活力的种子5,024粒, 共鉴定出68个种, 其中定名种65个; 落叶阔叶乔木和常绿阔叶小乔木物种数量以及种子数量均占优势; 土壤种子库与地上植被共有种为48种, 相似性系数为0.45。(2) 2级和3级顶坡及下部边坡、麓坡、泛滥性阶地种子库储量较大, 而高上部边坡、中上部边坡和低上部边坡种子库储量较小。雷公鹅耳枥(Carpinus viminea)和细枝柃(Eurya loquaiana)是各个微地形单元种子库的优势种。其他优势种中, 上部坡面的微地形主要为格药柃(E. muricata)、短梗冬青(Ilex buergeri)、黑山山矾(Symplocos heishanensis)、四川山矾(S. setchuensis)等常绿树种, 而下部坡面的微地形主要为南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、橄榄槭(Acer olivaceum)、西川朴(Celtis vandervoetiana)等落叶树种。(3)土壤种子库储量在垂直空间上的分布是0-2 cm土层>2-5 cm土层>5-10 cm土层>枯枝落叶层。(4)土壤种子库具有明显的季节动态, 其储量在各个取样时间中的分布为12月>3月>9月>6月。     

花楸树种子散布、萌发与种群天然更新的关系

花楸树是我国东北林区重要的非木质资源树种,其实生天然更新不良.本文通过研究花楸树种子散布、土壤种子库及种子萌发出土过程,分析花楸树实生天然更新的影响因素.结果表明：自然散落的花楸树果实96.1%分布于母株2 m范围内,凋落物层和土壤表层（0～2 cm）的种子数占土壤种子库总数的97.0%;不同季节花楸树土壤种子库种子数量差别很大,当年11月上旬种子数量最多,达(257.7±69.2)粒·m^-2;翌年7月下旬种子数量最少,仅为(2.9±2.9)粒·m^-2;温度不是花楸树种子萌发出土过程的限制因子,0 ℃～5 ℃时幼苗出苗率达(67.5±6.6)%,但对其出苗速率影响显著.土壤含水量为50%时,花楸树出苗率最高,达(74.7±4.2)%;含水量为60%时,幼苗死亡率最低,为(32.6±0.6)%.花楸树种子的散布格局和土壤种子库的时空分布格局影响种子的萌发出土过程,进而影响其种群的天然更新.     

影响不同林型天然红松混交林林隙更新的土壤特征因子

采用野外调查、样品采集和统计分析等相结合的方法,对小兴安岭天然红松混交林3种不同林型(椴树红松混交林(TP)、枫桦红松混交林(BP)、云冷杉红松混交林(PAP))的林隙及其邻近郁闭林分的土壤特征因子和树木更新的相关性进行了研究,旨在阐明林隙土壤特征因子对树木更新的影响,从而为小兴安岭天然红松混交林植被更新、退化生态系统的恢复和可持续经营提供基础数据和实践参考。结果表明:郁闭林分土壤有机质、全氮质量分数显著高于3种不同林型的林隙。有效磷和速效钾含量在BP内与其他林型之间差异显著。3种林型林隙内p H值均略高于其郁闭林分,但与其差异均不显著。3种林型林隙内更新总密度、幼树更新密度与郁闭林分差异显著(P0.05),PAP林隙中更新总密度和幼树更新密度最高。BP林隙面积与更新密度相关不显著,乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度与有机质(r=-0.400,r=-0.475)、全氮均呈显著负相关(r=-0.519,r=-0.603)。TP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗更新密度呈正相关(r=0.092),而与乔木幼树更新密度呈显著负相关(r=-0.585)。PAP林隙内全氮与乔木幼苗、幼树更新密度均呈负相关。郁闭林分幼苗更新密度分别与有机质、全氮、速效钾、p H值、脲酶和蛋白酶呈负相关。主成分分析表明,全氮是影响林隙和郁闭林分树木更新的关键因素。