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1.
对退化红壤上恢复 1 0 a的 4种人工林 ,即小叶栎 ( Quercuschenii)、木荷 ( Schima superba)、马尾松 ( Pinusmassonina)与木荷 -马尾松的混交林土壤节肢动物群落进行了季节动态调查。结果表明 ,不同林地节肢动物群落的组成和数量发生了明显分异。节肢动物类群数在各季节一般都是小叶栎最高 ,混交林、木荷居中 ,马尾松最低。节肢动物的个体数总体上仍以小叶栎最高 ,但在夏季 ,马尾松林地由于弹尾目数量爆发而使总个体数最高。节肢动物群落存在明显的季节波动 ,一般春季节肢动物类群数和个体数量最高 ,夏季最低 ,夏季高温干旱对节肢动物有强烈的抑制作用 ,而冬季低温对节肢动物的影响不及夏季干热的影响严重。各季节林地节肢动物群落组成皆以螨类为主体 ,占总个体数的 6 0 .2 %~ 91 .7%。弹尾目占总个体数的比例季节变化较大 ,但均以马尾松林地为最高。捕食者数量 (蜈蚣和蜘蛛 )在各季节都是小叶栎显著高于其它林地 ( P<0 .0 5 ) ,混交林与木荷比较接近 ,而马尾松最低。在群落多样性指数中 ,丰富度指数 d和密度 -类群指数DG表达的群落差异明显 ,其在不同林地的大小顺序与类群数趋势基本一致 ,而香农指数 H、均匀度指数 J群落之间基本无差异。聚类分析和鉴别分析将不同林地的节肢动物群落分成 4组 ,小叶 相似文献
2.
采用G-test、Sorensen Classic相似性指数和Jaccard Classic相似性指数比较浙江省舟山市受松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus侵染后形成的湿地松Pinus elliottii杉木Cunninghamia lanceolata混交林、马尾松P.massoniana疏林、马尾松纯林和黑松P.thunbergi马尾松混交林等4种代表性的松林类型中的节肢动物群落的组成,同时采用采用Chao 1指数和ACE指数对4种林型的总物种丰富度进行了估计。研究结果表明,4种不同的松林类型共捕获513种共55141个个体,隶属15目110科。4种松林类型中节肢动物群落的科数、物种数和个体数量都有显著差异(科数G3=9.303,P=0.026;物种数G3=57.362,P=0.000;个体数G3=2 767.568,P=0.000)。马尾松疏林和马尾松纯林中节肢动物群落的相似性最高,湿地松杉木混交林和黑松马尾松混交林这2种针叶混交林内节肢动物群落相似性最低。估计全部节肢动物群落的物种丰富度为586.47(ACE指数)和634.8±31.5(Chao 1±SD)种。 相似文献
3.
对4种人工林(小叶栎、木荷、马尾松及木荷.马尾松混交林)和2种荒草地(保护荒地、轻度干扰荒地)及疏草荒地对照进行了蚯蚓种群的季节动态调查.结果表明,退化红壤植被恢复10年后蚯蚓种群有了明显的发展,但仅1种天锡杜拉蚓存在.蚯蚓密度和生物量的季节平均值顺序为:保护荒地>干扰荒地>小叶栎>木荷>马尾松>混交林>疏草荒地,其中前三者显著高于其余植被类型(P<0.05).蚯蚓种群季节波动明显,夏季干热有强烈的抑制作用.就季节变异系数所体现的种群稳定性而言,小叶栎最高,而马尾松最低.荒草地也较低.鉴别分析从整体上刻画了不同恢复植被下蚯蚓种群的分异.由植被类型决定的归还土壤的有机物数量和质量是蚯蚓种群分异的主要驱动因子.另外.联系蚯蚓种群发展,讨论了退化红壤恢复中选择适宜植被类型的重要性. 相似文献
4.
为探明喀斯特地区马尾松人工林火烧迹地不同恢复阶段中小型土壤节肢动物多样性,2011年10月(秋季)和2012年2月(冬季)对火烧后恢复1.5个月(RS1)、1.5年(RS2)的马尾松人工林迹地和马尾松人工林(CK)各进行了两次调查.共获得中小型土壤节肢动物15704只,隶属7纲13目89科134类.研究结果表明,马尾松人工林迹地中小型土壤节肢动物类群数、个体密度、多样性和相似性均随恢复时间的增加而增加;类群数和个体密度与全钾显著相关;在季节变化上,RS1个体密度冬季显著高于秋季,RS2和CK类群数、个体密度和多样性冬季显著高于秋季.结果说明,随着恢复时间的增加,喀斯特马尾松人工林火烧迹地中小型土壤节肢动物群落结构发生明显改变,趋于复杂,稳定性提高,季节敏感性增加. 相似文献
5.
采用样地调查法,对西双版纳4种不同演替状况热带次生林:中平树(Macavanga denticulate)、崖豆藤(Millettia laptobotrya)、野芭蕉(Musa acuminata)与黄竹(Dendrocalamus membranaceae)林的土壤节肢动物群落结构与季节变化进行了研究.结果表明,4类不同演替状况次生林土壤节肢动物群落在数量优势类群组成上无较大差异,蜱螨目为所有4类林地的突出优势类群,膜翅目、弹尾目和鞘翅目在不同林地中分别为不同数量等级的次优势类群,而在常见和稀有类群的组成上,各林地表现出较大的差异.土壤节肢动物类群数、个体数和DG多样性指数以正向演替的崖豆藤林最高,偏途演替的黄竹林最低,但中平树、崖豆藤和野芭蕉林的差异不大.4类林地土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数的垂直分布分别以凋落物层和土壤表层(0~5cm)最高,其它各层分布因林地不同各异,并存在明显的季节差异.各林地土壤节肢动物个体数和类群数的季节消长总体表现出干季和雨季初期与末期高于雨量最大的雨季中期,由于不同林地植被结构、凋落物数量和质量以及土壤水热状况不同,其季节变化显现样地差异,除了受林地降水量和温度变化影响外,食物的丰欠和栖息场所的干扰状况也有重要的影响作用. 相似文献
6.
为了解不同演替阶段热带森林土壤节肢动物群落结构特征及其与地表凋落物的关系, 2001年9月采用样线调查法对西双版纳23年次生林、35年次生林、季节雨林地表凋落物及其中的土壤节肢动物进行了调查。所获数据表明, 地表凋落物数量(现存量干重)和质量(N和C/N)总体上表现为35年次生林最好, 23年次生林次之; 蜱螨目和弹尾目为3林地地表凋落物土壤节肢动物群落优势类群, 膜翅目蚂蚁、马陆目、鞘翅目、双翅目和半翅目为常见类群。土壤节肢动物个体密度和个体相对密度均表现为35年次生林>季节雨林>23年次生林。群落的丰富度指数以季节雨林最高, 多样性和均匀度指数显示为23年次生林最高, 35年次生林的优势度指数最高, 3林地土壤节肢动物群落类群组成相似性达到较好水平。相关分析表明, 3种不同演替阶段热带森林土壤节肢动物个体密度与林地地表凋落物现存量呈正相关, 而现存凋落物N元素储量与土壤节肢动物的相关性仅表现在23年次生林和季节雨林。研究认为, 热带森林土壤节肢动物群落的发展与森林植被演替密切相关, 其群落个体数量和多样性受森林地表凋落物数量、质量的调控, 但其他环境因素如捕食效应、人为干扰等影响亦不可忽视。 相似文献
7.
于2011年春季(5月)和秋季(10月),研究了长江上游地区3、8、14、31和40年生马尾松林土壤节肢动物群落结构.结果表明:试验共捕获土壤动物4045只,隶属57科.土壤节肢动物的个体密度和类群数量随土壤深度增加显著降低,且这种趋势随林龄的增加而增加.不同林龄马尾松林土壤节肢动物的优势类群和常见类群差异较大,且土壤节肢动物的个体密度和类群数量差异显著.与其他林龄相比,造林3年的马尾松林土壤节肢动物的群落结构及多样性差异显著,群落相似度低.马尾松林的土壤节肢动物个体密度和类群数量及生物多样性在8年生阶段最高,此后,随林龄的增加明显降低.马尾松林地力可能随林龄的增加而衰退,对马尾松人工林的植被调控和改造宜在8年生阶段进行. 相似文献
8.
2000年10月~2001年10月对下辽河平原地区撂荒、林地、旱田、水田4种不同土地利用方式的土壤微节肢动物进行了调查。应用个体数密度、类群丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度4个群落参数,研究了土壤微节肢动物的群落结构和季节变化。结果表明,撂荒中土壤微节肢动物的4个群落参数均为最高,旱田均为最低,季节变化影响土壤微节肢动物的群落结构,但土地利用方式不影响群落结构的季节变化型,下辽河平原地区不同土地利用方式共鉴定出土壤微节肢动物12个类群,撂荒、林地、旱田中弹尾目(Collembola)和蜱螨目(Acarina)为优势类群,双翅目(Diptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)和膜翅目(Hymenoptera)为常见类群,水田中弹尾目、蜱螨目和双翅目为优势类群,鞘翅目为常见类群,各土地利用方式、各季节均在表层土壤出现的类群最多、密度最高,中层次之,底层最少。 相似文献
9.
在中国北方农牧交错带宁夏盐池县,以农田为对照,以人工柠条林地、杨树林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地为研究样地,采用陷阱诱捕法,调查了退耕还林与还草4种类型样地的地面节肢动物群落结构特征,旨在分析农牧交错带退耕还林与还草措施对地面节肢动物群落结构生态效应的差异性。结果显示:(1)调查共获得地面节肢动物7目23科25类,其中优势类群为蜉金龟科和蚁科,其个体数占总个体数45.30%;常见类群13类,其个体数占总个体数49.17%;其余10类为稀有类群,其个体数占总个体数5.53%。(2)农田和草地生境的优势类群均有4个类群,而柠条林地和杨树林地生境的优势类群只有1个类群(即蚁科),但草地生境的优势类群种类组成完全不同于农田生境;优势度从农田的86.67%降为杨树林地的54.90%、柠条林地的63.16%和草地的61.70%。退耕还林还草后常见类群数及其优势度均呈现显著增加趋势。另外,4种类型样地生境中均无稀有类群。(3)退耕还林与还草仅对地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数产生显著影响(P0.05),而对个体数和优势度指数均无显著影响(P0.05)。地面节肢动物类群数和Shannon指数均表现为草地最高,杨树林地次之,农田和柠条林地最低。(4)不同生境类型样地间Jaccard指数均较低,介于0.13—0.39之间,属于不相似或中等不相似。(5)偏RDA分析表明,土壤含水量和总氮含量是影响地面节肢动物群落个体数分布的关键驱动因子。研究表明,退耕还柠条林地和弃耕后自然恢复草地对土壤性质改善均具有显著影响,并且弃耕后自然恢复草地更有利于节肢动物多样性的恢复。 相似文献
10.
调查皖北石灰岩山地退化生态系统不同植被恢复类型地表节肢动物群落组成、类群多样性以及功能群组成,揭示退化生态系统植被恢复进程中土壤地表节肢动物群多样性变化规律及其影响因素,为石灰岩山地植被恢复成效评价提供科学依据。采用陷阱法对皖北石灰岩山地侧柏+构树混交林、酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛样地地表节肢动物群落组成、多样性以及功能群进行调查。共采节肢动物个体数11601,隶属8纲14目44科。酸枣+牡荆灌丛样地采集到节肢动物37科,占所有类群的84.1%,荩草+牡荆草灌丛和侧柏+构树混交林采集到土壤节肢动物类群为35和26科,分别占总科数的79.6%和59.1%。在目的分类单元下,直翅目、等足目和鞘翅目类群相对多度较高,而科的分类单元下,潮虫科、金龟甲科、蚁科和蟋蟀科为皖北石灰岩山地优势地表节肢动物类群。酸枣+牡荆灌丛节肢动物类群丰富度和荩草+牡荆草灌丛多样性指数最高,侧柏+构树混交林两者均最低。3个样地地表节肢动物营养功能群均以植食性为主。不同植被恢复类型间群落相似性也有变化,酸枣+牡荆灌丛和荩草+牡荆草灌丛间相似性较高,而侧柏+构树混交林与其他2种类型之间相似度均较低。研究结果表明石灰岩山地生境不同植被群落组成、数量和结构及其驱动形成的土壤理化特性、表层的凋落物数量、质量和微生境条件的变异,引起地表节肢动物群落组成、结构和多样性和营养功能群的不同。 相似文献
11.
A number of diverse technological options are being considered for the remediation of soil contaminated with weathered crude oil in Kuwait. The bioremediation technique involving the use of composting soil piles was selected from among the most appropriate methods and evaluated on a pilot scale. The field test was conducted from November 1992 to September 1993 at the Burgan oil field. Soil piles were constructed from the contaminated soil after amendment with necessary soil additives. The piles were subjected to regular irrigation and turning, and a monitoring program was carried out, including monthly soil sample collection from each pile for the measurement of petroleum hydrocarbon PAHs, soil microbial counts, mineral and metal concentrations. The results obtained showed that the composting soil pile treatment resulted in the reduction of up to 59% total extractable matter of oil contamination within 8 months. This article describes the technology used and summarizes the results obtained. 相似文献
12.
Soil in some parts of the Iowa Army Ammunition Plant in Burlington, Iowa, was contaminated with cyclotetramethyleneter-anitramine, commonly known as high melting explosive (HMX). A laboratory treat-ability study was conducted to find out the ability of the native soil bacteria present in the contaminated site to degrade HMX. The results indicated that the HMX can be removed effectively from soil by native soil bacteria through a co-metabolic process. Molasses, identified as an effective co-substrate, is inexpensive, and this factor makes the treatment system cost-effective. The successful operation of aerobic-anoxic soil slurry reactors in batch mode with HMX-contaminated soil showed that the technology can be scaled up for field demonstration. The HMX concentration in the contaminated soil was decreased by 97% in 4 months of reactor operation. The advantage of the slurry reactor is its simplicity of operation. The method needs only mixing and the addition of molasses as co-substrate. 相似文献
17.
The spatial and temporal variations in soil respiration and its relationship with biophysical factors In forests near the Tropic of Cancer remain highly uncertain. To contribute towards an Improvement of actual estimates, soil respiration rates, soil temperature, and soil moisture were measured In three successional subtropical forests at the Dlnghuahan Nature Reserve (DNR) In southern China from March 2003 to February 2005. The overall objective of the present study was to analyze the temporal variations of soil respiration and Its biophysical dependence in these forests. The relationships between biophysical factors and soil respiration rates were compared In successional forests to test the hypothesis that these forests responded similarly to biophysical factors. The seasonality of soil respiration coincided with the seasonal climate pattern, with high respiration rates in the hot humid season (April-September) and with low rates In the cool dry season (October-March). Soil respiration measured at these forests showed a clear Increasing trend with the progressive succession. Annual mean (± SD) soil respiration rate In the DNR forests was (9.0 ± 4.6) Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year, ranging from (6.1 ± 3.2) Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in early successional forests to (10.7 ± 4.9) Mg CO2-C/hm^2 per year in advanced successional forests. Soil respiration was correlated with both soil temperature and moisture. The T/M model, where the two biophysical variables are driving factors, accounted for 74%-82% of soil respiration variation In DNR forests. Temperature sensitivity decreased along progressive succession stages, suggesting that advanced-successional forests have a good ability to adjust to temperature. In contrast, moisture Increased with progressive succession processes. This increase is caused, in part, by abundant respirators In advanced-successional forest, where more soil moisture is needed to maintain their activities. 相似文献
18.
Chelating agents such as EDTA and DTPA are often used to remove metals from soil. However, their toxicity, bio-recalcitrance, and problems with recovery of heavy metal and chelating agents severely limit their applications. A biodegradable chelating agent, LED3A, and two surfactants, SDS and Triton X 100, were evaluated as potential alternatives for remediation of metal-contaminated soil. LED3A alone only removed 40% of cadmium the addition of surfactant significantly enhanced its cadmium removal capacity up to 80% for a wide range of pH (5 to 11). The enhancement increased with both surfactant concentrations and LED3A concentrations. Because LED3A had a much higher removal capacity for copper, the synergistic effect of surfactant-LED3A mixture was less obvious. Sequential extraction analysis indicated that the LED3A not only removed copper from carbonate and Fe-Mn oxide fraction, but also from organic fractions. A three-dimension electrolysis reactor could effectively recover both metals and LED3A-SDS within thirty minutes. The combined soil washing by LED3A-surfactants and electrolysis provides a potential approach for remediation of copper- and cadmium-contaminated soils. 相似文献
19.
提高赤红壤旱地生态系统土壤肥力问题的研究高志强(福建农业大学土地与环境学系,福州350002)SoilFertilityImprovementofUplandLateriticRedSoilEcosystem.¥GaoZhiqiang(Departm... 相似文献
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