CT诊断用于胰腺癌侵犯胰周动静脉的临床价值分析

目的：探究CT诊断对于胰腺癌侵犯胰周动静脉的临床价值。方法：随机选取在我院就诊的64例胰腺癌患者,在他们进行手术前全在距离肿瘤边缘1cm内的血管进行分期和诊断进而进行螺旋CT检查。结果：经组织学术后病理切片染色发现胰周动脉29条,静脉48条。运用外科手术探查方法发现86条胰周动脉,89条胰周静脉。在这些血管中,有23条动脉、47条静脉经外科手术证实的确是肿瘤侵犯,并且经过CT诊断,我们最终断定为有25条动脉、46条静脉处于1～4级。结论：胰周动、静脉受到侵犯时,具有不同的CT表现特征,因此在利用CT方法判断胰周动、静脉遭受侵犯时应当根据不同情况不同对待。     

Secretory activity of the stomach during modeling of enhanced filling of abdominal veins

Determination of the secretory activity of the stomach and ultrasound scanning of human gastroduodenal organs and vessels in experiments with −12° and −15° head-down tilting (HDT) hypokinesia were performed. As a result of short-term (12–24 h) HDT hypokinesia with the minimized hypokinesia factor, parenchymatous organs enlarged, and the walls of hollow organs thickened. Enhanced blood filling of abdominal veins was accompanied by elevated pepsinogen levels in blood and urine and increased gastric contents in fasting subjects. The increased tonicity of the pylorus and the delayed evacuation of stomach contents indicated the activation of hydrochloric acid secretion. Simultaneously, the bile and pancreatic juice were secreted more profusely, and the intestinal contents in the duodenum increased. It has been shown that the modeled enhancement of blood filling of abdominal veins stimulates gastric secretion on an empty stomach, which is accompanied by activation of secretion in the liver and pancreas.     

Anatomy of the veins of the head in the domestic fowl

The anatomy of the cephalic venous system in the fowl was studied in 19 specimens by means of latex-injected preparations and by dissection. The brain sinuses converge dorsally upon the large cervical sinus and vertebral veins. Dorso-ventral communication is provided by the occipital veins posteriorly, while the ophthalmic system unites both dorsal and ventral sinuses and the temporal rete with the extracranial veins anteriorly. The jugular veins are formed from the superficial branches of the facial veins and serve mainly as outlets for extracranial blood. They are united at the base of the head by a prominent transverse anastomosis which slopes caudally towards the larger, right jugular. As in mammals, the carotid veins envelop the internal carotid arteries and anteriorly form a bulbous sinus cavernosus around the inter-carotid anastomosis.     

印度块菌子囊果内部解剖结构的扫描电镜观察

利用扫描电镜对成熟印度块菌子囊果的内部结构进行了观察,以系统揭示其子囊果内部组织特征,为块菌属的分类以及块菌属真菌子囊果的生理研究奠定基础。观察结果进一步证明,成熟印度块菌子囊果横切面上的白色迷宫状脉络是由不育的侧丝构成,而暗脉则是被侧丝缠绕并包裹着的可育的菌丝组织,即产孢组织,这些白色脉络和暗脉就构成了印度块菌子囊果横切面上迷宫状的纹脉;产孢组织中,可观察到正在发育的大大小小的子囊被缠绕在一起的大量产囊丝与侧丝包裹着,形成密密麻麻微小的类似蜂巢状结构;子囊孢子游离于子囊中,成熟子囊孢子表面有刺状纹饰,刺的顶端有小弯钩。单个子囊内含的子囊孢子大小与其内含的子囊孢子数目有关,子囊内所含的子囊孢子越多,子囊孢子就越小。     

国产柳属繁柳组植物叶脉序研究及其分类学意义

采取脉络法,对柳属（Salix）繁柳组（Sect.Denticulatae C.K.Schneid.）17种及1变种进行叶片脉序观察。结果表明：繁柳组植物叶脉序类型均为直行羽状脉,表现出较高的一致性。该组植物均有二级间脉,但类型各有不同;三级脉及较高级脉序大体有三种类型;网眼发育完善或不完善;盲脉偶有不分枝;不同种之间网眼的发育以及盲脉分枝具有显著差异,是有价值的分类性状。根据聚类分析,繁柳组植物叶脉序分为两种类型：草地柳（S.praticola Hand.-Mazz.ex Enander）类型及腹毛柳（S.delavayana Hand.-Mazz.）类型,研究结果与形态学结果基本一致,但叶脉序提供了新的分类学性状,可为柳属植物疑难种的分类寻找新的依据。     

Dynamic structure of blood flow in the smallest veins of the brain

Intravital microfilming by means of contact epiobjective was used to investigate the blood flow inside the smallest veins (D from 10 to 100). The blood flow in the veins was shown to consist of separate streams of erythrocytes.     

The Role of Exosomes in Pancreatic Cancer Microenvironment

Exosomes are nanovesicles shed by cells as a means of communication with other cells. Exosomes contain mRNAs, microRNAs (miRs) and functional proteins. In the present paper, we develop a mathematical model of tumor–immune interaction by means of exosomes shed by pancreatic cancer cells and dendritic cells. Cancer cells’ exosomes contain miRs that promote their proliferation and that inhibit immune response by dendritic cells, and by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Dendritic cells release exosomes with proteins that induce apoptosis of cancer cells and that block regulatory T cells. Simulations of the model show how the size of the pancreatic cancer can be determined by measurement of specific miRs (miR-21 and miR-203 in the case of pancreatic cancer), suggesting these miRs as biomarkers for cancer.     

Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumour. Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of a case

Serotonin-producing pancreatic endocrine tumours are rare neoplasms which in most cases exhibit malignant biological behaviour. These tumours, in the majority of the well-documented cases, are composed of argyrophil- and argentaffin-positive cells which contain large pleomorphic neurosecretory granules. In contrast, argyrophilic non-argentaffin pancreatic endocrine tumours with tumour cells containing round neurosecretory granules are exceptional. In this study we describe such a tumour not associated with clinical evidence of carcinoid syndrome in a 60-year-old woman. Histological examination revealed tumour extension in pancreatic lymphatic vessels and veins but no evidence of locoregional or distant metastases. Ten months after surgery the patient showed no recurrence of the disease. Immunohistochemistry revealed cytoplasmic serotonin production in the tumour cells which were negative for anti-gastrin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and ACTH. This study emphasizes the usefulness of combined ultrastructural and immunohistochemical investigations in order to identify and characterize the rare pancreatic endocrine tumours with serotonin production.     

Adaptive structures of the venous bed of the heart in normal state and in congenital defects

By means of a complex of anatomical, morphometrical and histological methods in 45 normally formed and in 179 abnormally developed hearts from persons of both sex died at various age, various links of the venous blood outflow from the myocardium have been investigated. Various parts, differing in a number of morphological signs, have been distinguished: coronary sinus, subepicardial veins, paired sinusoid veins, sinusoids of the myocardium and endocardial eversions. Regulation of their blood stream is performed by a system of simple muscular and infundibular valves, by intimal and muscular cushions, by connective tissue and muscular bridges. These adaptive structures occur in the normal heart also, but at congenital heart diseases, however, they reach an essentially greater development. Their localization is predominantly in the area of venular, vein, sinusoid bifurcations and endocardial eversions. Regular functioning of some parts of them is performed not by nonstriated, but by the cardiac muscular tissue. The coordinating work of the formation in question is one of the factors, that ensures the state of compensation in the defectively formed heart.     

Proteomics analysis reveals marker proteins for minor vein initiation in rice leaf

Leaf veins play a critical role in resource supplication and photosynthate translocation; thus, it is considered as an important agricultural trait for crop breeding. The rice minor veins are parallelly grown along all the parts of the leaf from base to tip. To understand the process of minor vein development, anatomy analysis was performed to reveal the initiation and development of minor veins in rice leaf. The frequency of minor vein initiation follows a decreased tendency from leaf base to tip. An iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis was performed in rice leaf sections. Photosynthesis- and carbon fixation-related proteins accumulated a high level in the middle part of leaves. Furthermore, marker proteins involved in sucrose degradation and starch synthesis were accumulated into initiation and mature parts of minor veins, respectively. It suggests a different source-sink activity in the initiation and mature parts of minor veins in terms of photosynthate translocation. The identified proteins are candidate markers for small vein initiation in rice leaves.     

麻醉劑(巴比妥類)對於鹽酸引起胰液分泌的影響

本實驗比較急性實驗狗、慢性胰瘻狗和經過麻醉的慢性胰屢狗對於鹽酸注入小腸所引起的胰液分泌量和潛伏期,結果證明: (1)在急性實驗情况下,狗胰腺對鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的胰液分泌量遠較在慢性實驗時為少,且潛伏期較長。 (2)巴比妥類麻醉劑:硫賁妥鈉(sodium pentothal)和戊烷巴比妥鈉(sodiumpentobarbital)對鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量及潛伏期影響極微。 (3)在急性實驗情况下,由鹽酸所引起的胰液分泌量的減少和潛伏期的加長,似乎不是由於巴比妥類麻醉劑的作用,而可能是由於手術創傷的影響。 (4)注射阿托平後,胰腺對於鹽酸刺激小腸所引起的反應顯著减小,故推测在鹽酸引起胰液分泌的機制中可能有神經反射作用的參與。本工作在进行過程中,承蘇聯專家同志親切地給予指導,并承沈(?)淇、劉曾復二教授关懷和支持,(?)此誌謝。     

Evaluation of mammary blood flow measurements in lactating goats using the ultrasound Doppler principle

1. Non-invasive methods were developed for measuring mammary blood flow in lactating goats. 2. A Doppler principle ultrasound device was equipped with an external detector measuring maximal blood velocity (Vmax) and average blood velocity (Vav) was calculated as Vmax/2. Volume flow then depended on determination of the angle of insonation and the cross-sectional area of the milk vein (the caudal superficial epigastric or subcutaneous abdominal vein). 3. Blood velocities were measured on the milk vein of either side of the animal while clamping the pudendal veins manually. Blood velocities ranged from 7-34 cm/sec. 4. The milk vein diameter was measured by means of a slide gauge which, for clearly protruding veins, gave similar results to that measured by ultrasound scanning. In protruding veins the cross-section was circular. In non-protruding veins the cross-section was elliptical and the slide gauge significantly (P less than 0.01) overestimated the cross-sectional area. The milk vein diameter of either side measured in 10 lactating goats was 8.8 +/- 1.1 mm (means +/- SD). 5. Blood flow ranged from 90-675 ml/min in a dry and a high-yielding (3.4 l milk daily) goat, respectively. The reproducibility of the blood flow measurements was 12-16%. 6. It is concluded that the present method may be used for quantitative measurements of mammary blood flow in goats.     

Does thoracic pump influence the cerebral venous return?

We assessed the hemodynamic effects induced by the thoracic pump in the intra- and extracranial veins of the cerebral venous system on healthy volunteers. Activation of the thoracic pump was standardized among subjects by setting the deep inspiration at 70% of individual vital capacity. Peak velocity (PV), time average velocity (TAV), vein area (VA), and flow quantification (Q) were assessed by means of echo color Doppler in supine posture. Deep respiration significantly increases PV, TAV, and Q, but it is limited to the extracranial veins. To the contrary, no significant hemodynamic changes were recorded at the level of the intracranial venous network. Moreover, at rest TAV in the jugular veins was significantly correlated with Q of the intracranial veins. We conclude that the modulation of the atmospheric pressure operated by the thoracic pump significantly modifies the hemodynamics of the jugular veins and of the reservoir of the neck and facial veins, with no effect on the vein network of the intracranial compartment.     

Cryopreservation of isolated blood vessels

Canine saphenous veins were immersed in fetal calf serum (FCS) containing various cryoprotective agents, slowly frozen and stored for several weeks at subzero temperatures. Pharmacological investigations of frozen/thawed tissues revealed considerable attenuation of the contractile force of frozen stored veins as compared to unfrozen veins. The best recovery after thawing of frozen stored canine veins was obtained on tissues which had been frozen slowly to -70 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen while being immersed in FCS containing 1.8 mol/l dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Though the maximum response to noradranline of helical strips prepared from these veins was diminished to about 60% the evidence suggests that there may be a very good preservation of the main biochemical properties, such as monoamine oxidase activity, endogenous prostaglandin synthesis and neuronal uptake mechanism in veins stored under these conditions. The same method of cryopreservation was applied to store samples of human veins. Comparison of the pD2 values for various agonists and of the blocking activities of various antagonists of both 5-HT receptors and alpha-adrenoceptors yielded an excellent correlation between the parameters determined on frozen/thawed and unfrozen human veins. It is concluded that freezing isolated blood vessels may be considered an effective means of preserving and storing vascular tissues for pharmacological investigations.     

Angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric veins in portal hypertension

Based on our previous studies on the human normal venous angioarchitecture of the esophagogastric transition segment, we performed a similar analysis in 25 postmortem specimens obtained from subjects with a diagnosis of portal hypertension. The specimens were injected with India ink or barium sulfate and sectioned for histological examination. A 'weak' zone (point of lesser resistance) was described as being the most probable site of origin for the development of varicosities in the complex venous system of the esophagogastric junction. Such a system can be considered to be a physiological hemodynamic venous blockade mechanism interposed between the portal system and the systemic veins. The 'weak' zone is made up by the scarce submucous veins (shunt veins), by the submucous confluent and final confluent trunks, and by the true perforating veins of the tunica muscularis which compose a venous unity located about 3-5.5 cm above the Z (epithelioglandular) line.     

The cardiac muscle in the pulmonary vein of the rat: A morphological and electrophysiological study

The pulmonary veins of albino Wistar rats were studied by means of light and electron microscopy. The media of larger veins consists of cardiac muscle fibers which extend until the vessels attain about 100 μ in diameter. This coat consists of external longitudinal fibers and internal circular fibers. The vasa vasorum are well developed and the capillaries show pseudofenestrations. The numerous adrenergic and cholinergic nerve endings do not form typical motor end-plates as seen in skeletal muscles. The ultrastructure of these media muscle fibers is similar to that of rat hearts. The smooth muscle layer of larger pulmonary veins is not continuous as it is in smaller veins where it forms cushions. Comparisons of albino rats and other rodents reveal striking differences. Action potential shape and propagation velocity (0.5–1.2 m/s) along the myocardial coat of the pulmonary vein were similar to those observed in the left atrium and so was their sensitivity to locally applied acetylcholine. The physiological direction of propagation in rat pulmonary veins is toward the lung. This finding lends support to the hypothesis of a rhythmic, valve-like action of the striated musculature of the pulmonary venous wall during the systole and a possible role in the capacitance of the pulmonary circulation.     

Psychogenic and neurogenic effects on the intact forearm vein of man.

By means of an elegant venous preparation the behavior of intact veins of man can be studied decisively. The superficial veins of man are extremely sensitive to the environment and the autonomic and central nervous systems. This report illustrates the response of an isolated venous segment of the forearm to various psychogenic and neurogenic stimuli, with change in tone of the smooth muscle of the venous segment being reflected by change in segmental venous pressure. It is shown that the superficial forearm veins can be conditioned and that they are extremely dynamic and certainly not passive conduits for returning blood to the heart.     

Prolongation of circulation time during brain ischemia-induced hypertension in the rabbit]

Circulation time (CT) is markedly prolonged when arterial pressure is extremely elevated by global brain ischemia which elicits also bradycardia, decrease in cardiac output and apnea in anesthetized rabbits. To study the cause of the prolongation of CT, we measured separately CT in the large veins, cardiopulmonary circulation system (CPS) and large arteries by a dye-densitometer before and during the brain ischemia, and also examined effects of apnea and bradycardia on CT in the large veins and CPS. CT during the brain ischemia was prolonged in each portion as compared to that before the brain ischemia. The prolongation was shortest in the large veins and longest in the CPS. During the brain ischemia with apnea, there was a significant linear relationship between heart rate and the inverses of CT in the large veins, but not in the CPS. When artificial ventilation was performed during brain ischemia-induced apnea, the linear relationship became significant also in the CPS. We conclude as follows; During global brain ischemia the prolongation of CT occurs primarily in the large arteries due to constriction of the small arteries and it progresses towards the CPS and large veins. The bradycardia prolongs CT in the large veins and CPS, and the apnea may produce hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which may also contribute to the prolongation of CT in the CPS.     

Kubelka—Munk模型下的兔血管对He—Cd激光的散射与吸收特性

测量了兔动脉和静脉夺He-Cd激光的反射和透射传输特性。实验采用两积分球系统及波长为441.6nm的He-Cd激光器,并根据测量数据及采用Kubelka-Munk模型分析和计算了兔动脉和静脉组织对该波长激光的吸收系统、散射系数及总的光强I（x）及前向散射通量i(x)和后向散射通量j(x）随厚度的变化情况。结果表明,兔动脉和静脉的温反射率和透射率有明显差别,而且,动脉对激光的吸收系数明显较静脉的要小,耐动脉对激光的散射系数却明显较静脉的要大,在动脉和静脉组织中总的光强I(x)及前向散射通量i(x)和后向散射通量j(x)随厚度的变化情况也有明显的区别。