中华大刀螳形态学、生物学特性及饲养观察

中华大刀螳Tenodera sinensis Saussure既是传统的中药材,又是重要的天敌昆虫,因而具有重要的经济价值.为了充分开发和利用中华大刀螳资源,在人工饲养条件下,对其形态学特征和生物学特性进行了研究.结果表明:中华大刀螳为渐变态昆虫,一生经历卵、若虫和成虫3个虫态.室内1年完成1个世代,且无越冬现象.若虫共8龄,以1龄若虫发育历期最短,平均为11.73 d,8龄若虫发育历期最长,平均为24.75 d;3龄若虫存活率最低,为81.08％,5龄若虫存活率最高,为100％;雌、雄成虫阶段的平均历期为99.36 d和72.86 d.此外,本文介绍了中华大刀螳各虫态的形态特征和生物学特性.     

光周期对内蒙古三种草原蝗虫高龄若虫发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响

研究不同光周期(L8∶D16、L12∶D12及L16∶D8)对毛足棒角蝗Dasyhippus barbipes(F.-W.),亚洲小车蝗Oedaleus decorus asiaticus B.-Bidenko,小翅雏蝗Chorthippus fallax(Zub.)3种草原蝗虫高龄若虫的发育、存活、羽化、生殖的影响。结果表明:在白天温度(28±1)℃,黑夜温度(23±1)℃的恒定温度下,不同光周期对毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫的发育、羽化、产卵影响不大,但是对其存活率有极显著的影响:毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗高龄若虫到成虫的发育速度在中光照下(L12∶D12)最快。而在短光照(L8∶D16)下更有利于小翅雏蝗若虫发育,其次是中光照;毛足棒角蝗的羽化在中光照条件下最适宜,而长光照时数(L16∶D8)更有利于亚洲小车蝗和小翅雏蝗的羽化;光周期对亚洲小车蝗产卵影响最为明显,毛足棒角蝗和亚洲小车蝗在中光照和长光照时数条件下有利于它们产卵,而小翅雏蝗在短光照和中光照时数下有利于产卵。     

The relationship between plant acceptability and suitability for survival and development of the polyphagous grasshopper,Schistocerca americana (Orthoptera: Acrididae)

The feeding behavior of final-instar nymphs ofSchistocerca americana was observed when they first encountered plants that ranged in acceptability from being eaten in large amounts to not being eaten at all. Growth and survival on the same plants through the last stadium were also studied and the results combined as a suitability index to facilitate comparison with the behavior. Although the plants that were eaten most gave the highest suitability index and those that were not eaten permitted no survival, there was no simple relationship between the amounts eaten and the suitability for growth and survival. The possibility that the insects might become habituated to plants that were initially unacceptable was investigated, but no habituation was found over a 3-day period. It is suggested that food intake is largely determined by the presence of deterrent compounds in the less acceptable foods and that nutritional differences between the plants are likely to have been of minor importance. The behavior on some foods suggests that food aversion learning may be involved. It is concluded that the variability of the insects' behavior makes it impossible to predict the suitability of a plant from their immediate behavioral responses. In the field, insects may sometimes reject foods that would be suitable for survival and development, and feed on plants that are nutritionally deficient or even toxic.     

温度对大猿叶虫发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在光周期14L:10D、75%RH的条件下研究不同温度对大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly生长发育、存活率和繁殖的影响。结果表明,卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为11·86,11·17和10·15℃,有效积温分别为61·6,110·8和65·3日·度;22℃时卵的孵化率和蛹的羽化率最高,分别达96·04%和94·26%;滞育后成虫寿命雌虫普遍长于雄虫,25℃下的产卵期11～34d,每雌产卵量平均861粒,最高达1527粒。     

毛囊蠕形螨的发育形态观察和存活适温范围研究

采用挤压涂片法或透明胶纸粘贴法获取毛囊蠕形螨,在数码显微镜Motic DM-B5软件系统下进行动态观察、拍摄和测量;然后对离体蠕形螨按批随机分组,观察不同温度下虫体的存活时间和活动力。结果系统地展示了毛囊蠕形螨发育过程各个时期的动态照片,发现毛囊蠕形螨的前若虫期有足4对,若虫期具有活动能力。离体实验表明,毛囊蠕形螨耐低温而不耐高温;存活适温范围在8～30℃之间,发育适温范围在20～30℃之间,发育最适温度为25～26℃;0℃以下或37℃以上温度对蠕形螨生存不利,54℃为致死温度,58℃为有效灭螨温度。这一研究结果为蠕形螨的体外培养和防治工作提供了可靠的理论依据。     

不同离体寄主及其成熟度对亚洲柑桔木虱存活的影响

【目的】亚洲柑桔木虱Diaphorina citri Kuwayama的虫口密度及活动与柑桔黄龙病的田间传播、流行有十分密切的关系,寻找合适的室内饲养条件能够便于观察和研究其生物学特性和传病机制。【方法】本文以九里香Murraya exotica(L.)Mant.、酸桔Citrus sunki Hort.ex Tanaka和马水桔Citrus reticulata Blanco.cv.Mashuiju 3种寄主植物不同成熟度离体梢为研究材料,(1)比较亚洲柑桔木虱卵分别在3种寄主植株和离体嫩梢上的孵化率;(2)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对各龄若虫存活率和蜕皮的影响;(3)比较3种寄主不同成熟度离体梢对成虫存活率的影响。【结果】(1)亚洲柑桔木虱在植株嫩梢上卵的孵化率高于离体嫩梢,九里香表现最明显;(2)低龄若虫在叶片未完全展开的离体嫩梢上存活率最高,而高龄若虫在完全展开的嫩梢上最高;(3)用离体成熟梢饲养柑桔木虱成虫存活率高于离体嫩梢,酸桔和马水桔离体梢饲养的存活率较九里香高。【结论】用寄主植物离体梢饲养的亚洲柑桔木虱卵孵化率和若虫、成虫存活率都较高而且较稳定,该方法可用于这种木虱的室内繁殖中。     

Diapause duration, survival in relation to desiccation and egg-pod morphology of the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis

Abstract. The Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), is periodically a devastating pest of subsistence crops in the sahelian zone of West Africa.Egg diapause has been suggested as an important component of the mechanism acting to generate outbreaks and therefore diapause duration, egg survival in relation to desiccation and egg-pod morphology were investigated in this study.
Three months after oviposition, 50% of initially diapausing egg pods maintained in the laboratory exhibited 'partial emergence' and produced hoppers.No difference in diapause duration was evident between egg pods maintained at a constant 30 ± 1°C and those maintained under alternating temperature conditions of 23 ± 1°C and 35 ± 1°C.Laboratory maintained eggs showed significant variation in diapause duration with diapause lasting between 2 months and 4 years.Diapause duration was shorter in the field with only c. 1.4% of eggs remaining in diapause after a single dry season (6–7 months).Survival of eggs in relation to desiccation was high in the field and low in the laboratory, and field eggs lost only c. 20% of their body weight over the dry season.Survival of diapausing and non-diapausing egg pods in the laboratory was similar, indicating that diapause in this species is primarily a mechanism for preventing emergence at an inappropriate time of year, rather than conferring any additional resistance to desiccation.Egg pods oviposited under diapause-inducing conditions (LD 14:10 h, 25°C) were significantly shorter than those laid under non-diapausing conditions (LD 10:14 h, 40°C).These results are discussed both in relation to possible O.senegalensis 'bet-hedging' strategies and to the probable mechanism operating behind major outbreaks of this species.     

Performance of the African edible bush-cricket,Ruspolia differens,on single and mixed diets containing inflorescences of their host plant species

The African edible bush-cricket, Ruspolia differens (Serville) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), is an economically valuable insect in sub-Saharan Africa. For its mass-rearing, suitable diets that can sustain its performance need to be identified. This study aimed at finding inflorescence diets of 10 host plant species and their mixtures that result in the highest R. differens production. We reared newly hatched nymphs to adults on inflorescences of single host species, and also on a gradient of five diversifying dietary mixtures consisting of one and mixtures of two, three, five, and seven host plant species. For the single host-plant diets, the developmental time was shortest on Pennisetum purpureum, Chloris gayana, and Brachiaria ruziziensis (approximately 63 days), whereas the fresh weight was highest on B. ruziziensis and P. purpureum (approximately 0.383 g). Survival was highest (>65%) on C. gayana, P. purpureum, B. ruziziensis, Setaria sphacelata, and Sporobolus pyramidalis, and lowest on Panicum maximum, Hyparrhenia rufa, Cynodon dactylon, and Paspalum scrobiculatum (<40%). With respect to diet mixtures, the developmental time was significantly shorter (on average 16 days shorter), and survival was higher, in the most diversified diets compared to the least diversified diets. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids and fatty acid composition did not differ significantly among the diets. However, the content of monounsaturated fatty acids differed significantly among the diets and there was a significant diet*sex interaction. From the applied point of view, based on our results, for maximal weight and survival plus fast development, we recommend rearing on P. purpureum, C. gayana, B. ruziziensis, and S. sphacelata, and on dietary mixtures of inflorescences. These findings are important in designing large-scale rearing programs for this species.     

The effect of temperature on the growth,development and survival of Macropetasma africanus (Balss) (Penaeoidea:Penaeidae) larvae reared in the laboratory

Macropetasma africanus (Balss) has been successfully spawned and its larvae reared under controlled laboratory conditions. The relationship between egg number (E) and female total length (L) was E = 18.59 L^2.11. An experiment was designed to test the effect of temperature on larval development, survival and growth. Temperature effected larval development time, from 13–15 days at 25°C, to 25 days at 15°C (nauplius 1 to post-larva). Mortality was low for the naupliar stages at 25, 22 and 18°C, while at 15°C only 52% of the larvae reached nauplius 6. Mortality was highest from nauplius 6 to protozoea 1 (17, 21, and 18% at 25, 22, and 18°C, respectively), but decreased considerably for all temperatures once the mysis stage was reached. Overall survival rates from nauplius 1 to post-larva decreased with decreasing temperature (65, 54, 48, and 39% at 25, 22, 18, and 15°C respectively). Temperature also significantly affected larval growth. At 25°C mean total length was significantly (P < 0.05) larger than at 15°C (protozoea 2 to post-larva), while from protozoea 3 to post-larva total length differences were significantly different (P < 0.05) between 18 and 25°C. M. africanus has a major spawning peak in summer, suggesting that there may be a selective advantage to reproducing during the warmer months.     

Wing morphology and fluctuating asymmetry depend on the host plant in cactophilic Drosophila

As in most insect groups, host plant shifts in cactophilic Drosophila represent environmental challenges as flies must adjust their developmental programme to the presence of different chemical compounds and/or to a microflora that may differ in the diversity and abundance of yeasts and bacteria. In this context, wing morphology provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the factors that may induce changes during development. In this work, we investigated phenotypic plasticity and developmental instability of wing morphology in flies on the cactophilic Drosophila buzzatii and Drosophila koepferae raised on alternative breeding substrates. We detected significant differences in wing size between and within species, and between flies reared on different cactus hosts. However, differences in wing shape between flies emerged from different cactus hosts were not significant either in D. buzzatii or in D. koepferae. Our results also showed that morphological responses involved the entire organ, as variation in size and shape correlated between different portions of the wing. Finally, we studied the effect of the rearing cactus host on developmental instability as measured by the degree of fluctuating asymmetry (FA). Levels of FA in wing size were significantly greater in flies of both species reared in non-preferred when compared with those reared in preferred host cacti. Our results are discussed in the framework of an integrative view aimed at investigating the relevance of host plant shifts in the evolution of the guild of cactophilic Drosophila species that diversified in South America.     

Effect of temperature and host plant on the development of the blackfaced leafhopper

Population dynamics of the blackfaced leafhopper, Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), was studied at five temperatures (18, 21, 24, 27, & 30°C) in the laboratory on seedling maize (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and the perennial johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.). Effects of temperature and host plant on egg to adult mean development time, adult size and weight, and fecundity were determined. Leafhoppers on all three hosts developed fastest at the highest temperature tested (21.3 days), and slowest at the lowest temperature tested (73.2 days). The duration from first to last adult eclosion was shortest at 30°C, (11.5 days) and longest at 18°C (43 days). The sex ratio of males to females did not differ from 1:1, but males developed an average of 1.2 days faster than females on all three hosts. Mean percent development/day ranged from 1.4% at 18°C to 4.7% at 30°C. The relationship of this development rate and temperature was determined using both a linear model and a variable parameter biophysical model. Based on these models, the developmental threshold is estimated at 12–15°C. The lowest temperature yielded larger and heavier adults (312 g, dry weight) than did the highest temperature (225 g). Fewer leafhoppers developed on the perennial than the annuals at 30°C and fewer on the annuals than the perennial at 18°C. Our results suggest that early in the season johnsongrass and perhaps other perennials are the superior developmental hosts for this leafhopper, whereas in midsummer when temperatures are highest, annuals are the better hosts.

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Résumé La dynamique des populations (durée de développement de l'uf à l'adulte, poids et taille des adultes, fécondité) de G. nigrifrons Forbes (Homop. Cicadellidae) a été étudiée au laboratoire à 5 températures sur plantules de maïs (Zea mays L.), avoine (Avena sativa L.) et sorgho vivace (Shorgum halepense (L.) Pers.). Sur les 3 plantes, les mâles se développent en moyenne 1,2 j plus vite que les femelles. Les relations entre vitesse de développement et température ont été déterminées en utilisant à la fois un modèle linéaire et le modèle biophysique à 2 paramètres de Sharpe & DeMichele (1977).Les températures plus basses donnent des adultes des 2 sexes plus gros et plus lourds. Moins de G. nigrifrons se sont développés sur la graminée vivace que sur les 2 graminées annuelles à la température la plus élevée (30°C), tandis qu'à la température la plus basse (18°C) moins de cicadelles se sont développées sur les graminées annuelles. La température semble jouer un rôle significatif en déterminant l'adéquation des plantes comme hôtes convenant au développement de G. nigrifrons. Le potentiel de ponte de cette cicadelle avait été sous-estimé par les étudies précédentes.

     

Temperature and host plant effects on development and fecundity of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae)

The development, survival and reproduction of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) were evaluated at three constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30°C) on cabbage, cauliflower, red cabbage, turnip and radish. The development periods of immature stages ranged from 10.7 d at 20°C to 7.60 d at 30°C for red cabbage. Total percentages of survivorship of immature stages varied from 39.40 and 82.50 within the temperature range of 25–30°C on radish. The average progeny per female was 31.15, 28.95 and 23.77 at 20, 25 and 30°C on cabbage.     

The influence of host plant diversity and food quality on larval survival of plant feeding heteropteran bugs

Abstract. 1. In a laboratory experiment, the influence of host plant diversity and food quality, in terms of nitrogen content, on the larval survival of two oligophagous bug species (Heteroptera, Miridae: Leptopterna dolobrata L., Notostira erratica L.) was investigated. Both species are strictly phytophagous and capable of feeding on a wide range of grass species. Moreover, they typically change their host plants during ontogenesis; it has been suggested that this behaviour is a response to the changing protein content of the hosts.
2. To investigate the importance of host plant diversity for these insects, the development of insects reared on grass monocultures was compared with that on mixtures of four grass species. In addition, the host grasses were grown under two nitrogen regimes to test whether nitrogen content is the key factor determining host plant switching.
3. Both species had a significantly higher survival rate when feeding on several host plants but only L. dolobrata showed a significant response to food nitrogen content. Furthermore, there was no correlation between the nitrogen content of the host plants and the survival rate of N. erratica larvae.
4. The study suggests that at least some Stenodemini need a variety of host plants during larval development but that the level of host plant nitrogen is not the main factor responsible for the observed diversity effect.     

温度对海洋底栖端足类日本大螯蜚(Grandi-dierella japonica)存活、生长和发育的影响

日本大螯蜚（ Ｇｒａｎｄｉｄｉｅｒｅｌｌａ ｊａｐ ｏｎｉｃａ）生长发育的适温范围为 ２０～２６℃。不同发育期耐受温度范围不同,刚孵化幼体温度下限为１１℃,上限为３２℃,以后随着幼体发育,其对低温的适应力逐渐增强。雄性个体对极限温度的忍耐力低于雌性。在耐受温度范围内,幼体的生长发育随着温度的提高而加快。研究结果表明,日本大螯蜚实验室培养温度宜选择在２０～２６℃,用其进行的沉积物急性和慢性毒性生物检验的实验温度均宜选择在 ２０℃。     

Temperature-induced changes of survival, development and yolk partitioning in Chondrostoma nasus

Fertilized Chondrostoma nasus eggs were incubated at 10, 13, 16 and 19° C until full resorption of the yolk sac. High survival was observed at 10–16° C (89–92% at the onset of external feeding), whereas at 19) C survival was depressed (76%). The time at which 5, 50 and 95% of individuals had hatched, filled the swim bladder, ingested the first food and fully resorbed the yolk sac was determined. An increase in temperature accelerated development and made it more synchronous. Within the period from fertilization to hatching embryonic development was theoretically arrested (t_{0 dev}) at 8·8° C, and growth was arrested (t_0gr) at 8·86° C. For the whole endogenous feeding period (from fertilization to full yolk resorption) the amount of matter transformed into tissue was temperature independent between 10° and 19° C. Respiration increased exponentially with age; the respiration increase was faster at higher temperatures, but, in general, metabolic expenditures of C. nasus were low. As a consequence, the efficiency of utilizing yolk energy for growth was high as compared with other fish species (57% during the whole endogenous feeding period); it was temperature independent. However, time was used less efficiently at low temperatures, increasing a risk of predation. Within the endogenous feeding period a shift from lower to higher temperatures for optimal yolk utilization efficiency was observed. The temperatures optimal for survival and energetic performance seem to be 13–16° C for egg incubation and 15–18° C for rearing of yolk-feeding larvae. Chondrostoma nasus is a potential candidate for aquaculture for restocking purposes.     

寄主钾营养对烟粉虱发育、存活和寄主选择的影响

为了探讨寄主钾营养对烟粉虱发育、存活和寄主选择的影响,设置了K0（0 mg/L）、K30（30 mg/L）、K60（60 mg/L）、K120（120 mg/L）和K240（240 mg/L）5种不同钾浓度,研究了烟粉虱在不同处理黄瓜上的发育历期、存活率、体形以及成虫的寄主选择。结果表明：在温度（26±1）℃,相对湿度80%±5%的条件下,取食不同钾营养水平黄瓜的烟粉虱在发育历期、存活率、体形上均有差异,其中在K240处理黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫发育最慢,从卵到成虫的时间最长,为21.4天,而在K60处理黄瓜上最快,为18.3天。在不同钾浓度处理寄主上从卵到成虫存活率以K30处理黄瓜上最高（84.7%）,其次依次为K60（83.8%）、K120（76.2%）、K0（71.4%）和K240（64.8%）。在体形上以K30处理黄瓜上最大,K240处理黄瓜上最小。寄主选择性试验结果表明,在温室条件下,烟粉虱成虫喜欢在K60处理黄瓜上取食和产卵。这些结果提示在一定范围内可以通过调节寄主钾营养状况来调控烟粉虱种群。     

烟碱对槟榔红脉穗螟生长发育和存活的影响

【背景】红脉穗螟是槟榔上的重要害虫,近年来危害日愈严重。【方法】采用饲喂法、浸卵法研究了烟碱对红脉穗螟不同龄期幼虫的生物活性及对卵、幼虫、蛹发育和存活的影响。【结果】烟碱对红脉穗螟各龄幼虫均表现出生物活性,且随着龄期的增大,红脉穗螟幼虫对烟碱的敏感性呈现降低的趋势;烟碱对红脉穗螟5龄幼虫的L％、￡c。￡cq。分别为5．13、20．69、292．10mg·L-1,同时烟碱可延长幼虫和蛹的发育历期。经不同浓度烟碱处理后,卵的孵化率大大降低,且初孵幼虫存活率也受到影响,部分幼虫无法成功转至2龄;同一卵龄中,LC25和LC50。处理的卵孵化率无明显差异,且显著高于LC90处理组。不同浓度烟碱处理后的红脉穗螟化蛹率和羽化率均显著降低,其中以LC90处理组影响最大,化蛹率和羽化率仅为18．89％和15．56％,显著低于对照组。【结论与意义】烟碱作为一种重要的植物源杀虫剂,对红脉穗螟的发育和存活均表现出生物活性,可作为该虫防治的备选药剂。     

温度对取食芦笋蓟马的巴氏钝绥螨生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

观察了巴氏钝绥螨Amblyseius barkeri Hughes在5种温度(15、20、25、30和35℃)、食料为芦笋蓟马,相对湿度72%,L∶D=12∶12条件下的发育历期、存活率和繁殖力。结果表明:巴氏钝绥螨卵、幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及世代发育历期在15℃下最长,随着温度的升高而缩短,35℃下最短。产卵前期在15～30℃下,随温度的上升而缩短,35℃下稍有延长。存活率15℃下最低,随温度的上升而提高,30℃下最高。产卵量15℃下最少,其次是35℃,20～30℃下产卵量较多。根据实验结果,组建了巴氏钝绥螨以芦笋蓟马为食料在5种不同温度下的实验种群生命表。     

In vivo development of vitrified rabbit embryos: Effects on prenatal survival and placental development

The aim of this work is to study the effect of the vitrification procedure on prenatal survival and on placental development at the end of gestation in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). One hundred eighty-one females were slaughtered at 72 h of gestation. Morphologically normal embryos recovered at 72 h of gestation were kept at room temperature until transfer or vitrification. Vitrified embryos (320 embryos) were transferred into a total of 24 does and fresh embryos (712 embryos) were transferred into a total of 43 does. Females were induced to ovulate 72 h before transfer when fresh embryos were transferred and 60 to 63 h before transfer when vitrified embryos were transferred. Each recipient doe received eight embryos into the left oviduct and eight embryos into the right oviduct. The number of implanted embryos was estimated by laparoscopy as number of implantation sites at Day 14 of gestation. Recipient females were slaughtered by stunning and exsanguination 25 d after the transfer, and fetuses were classified according to their status. Live fetuses and fetal and maternal placenta were weighed Pregnancy rate was defined as the total number of females having at least one live fetus at Day 28 of gestation divided by the total number of females. Prenatal survival was estimated as live fetuses at Day 28 of gestation divided by the number of transferred embryos. The pregnancy rate after transfer of vitrified embryos (92%) was similar to that achieved with fresh embryos (86%), but prenatal survival was lower for vitrified than for fresh embryos (53% vs. 34%). We did not find differences in embryo survival from 72 h to implantation. Transfer of vitrified embryos reduced fetal survival from implantation to Day 28 (57% vs. 82%). Differences in the number of live fetuses at Day 28 of gestation were mainly due to the higher fetal mortality observed soon after implantation in pregnancies resulting from the transfer of vitrified embryos. A higher percentage of decidual reactions and atrophic maternal placentas (27.5% vs. 8.3%) and also of atrophic fetal and maternal placentas (12.1% vs. 5.3%) were observed after transfer of vitrified embryos. Both treatments showed similar percentage of dead fetuses (3.3% vs. 4%). Maternal placenta of the fetuses from fresh embryos was 15% heavier than maternal placenta of fetuses from vitrified embryos.