高冰草中一种新型高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基编码序列的研究

高冰草(Agropyron elongatun)是普通小麦(Triticum aestivum)的近缘禾草,SDS-PAGE显示其所编码的麦谷蛋白亚基的类型较普通小麦更加丰富,是普通小麦品质改良的重要亲本之一。利用基因组PCR的方法从高冰草中克隆到一个新的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因(AgeloG2)全编码序列,同源性分析表明：与普通小麦的1Dy12基因比较在少数位点发生了碱基替换和一处6碱基序列的缺失,同源性为99％;与普通小麦的1Dy10基因比较,该基因亦只有少数碱基的替换和两处18碱基序列的增加及一处6碱基序列的缺失,同源性为98％。从推导的编码序列分析,AgeloG2编码y型HMW—GS。综上分析,AgeloG2是一个新的高分子量麦谷蛋白y-型亚基基因。聚类分析结果显示,无论在基因序列还是推导的氨基酸序列上,小麦1Dy亚基与AgeloG2的同源性都高于与粗山羊来源的y型亚基的同源性。     

二化螟乙酰胆碱受体α亚基的基因克隆与序列分析

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)在昆虫的兴奋性突触传递中起着重要的作用,同时也是杀虫剂作用的重要靶标。近年来,二化螟对作用于昆虫nAChR的沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂杀虫单产生了高抗性。为了研究可能存在的靶标不敏感机制,我们采用RT-PCR技术,对二化螟nAChR-α亚 基全长cDNA进行了分子克隆。序分析表明,这是1个新的α亚基基因,定名为Cs α 1。基 因全长为1997个核苷酸,包含了1个开放阅读框,编码1个509氨基酸的成熟蛋白和1个24氨基酸的信号肽。Cs α 1与其他昆虫nAChR α亚基之间有52%-94%的同源性,高于与脊椎动物nAChR α亚基之间的同源性。     

二化螟乙酰胆碱受体a亚基的基因克隆与序列分析

烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体（nAChR）在昆虫的兴奋性突触传递中起着重要的作用,同时也是杀虫剂作用的重要靶标。近年来,二化螟对作用于昆虫nAChR的沙蚕毒素类杀虫剂杀虫单产生了高抗性。为了研究可能存在的靶标不敏感机制,我们采用RT-PCR技术,对二化螟nAChRa亚基全长cDNA进行了分子克隆。序列分析表明,这是1个新的a亚基基因,定名为Cs a 1。基因全长为1997个核苷酸,包含了1个开放阅读框,编码1个509氨基酸的成熟蛋白和1个24氨基酸的信号肽。Cs a 1与其他昆虫nAChR a亚基之间有52%～94%的同源性,高于与脊椎动物nAChR a亚基之间的同源性。     

大海马垂体糖蛋白激素α亚基的cDNA克隆和序列分析

大海马(Hippocampus kudaBleeker)隶属鱼纲海龙目,是一种名贵的海产中药材,也是重要的海洋保护鱼类。我们通过快速扩增cDNA末端(rapid amplification of cDNA ends,RACE)的方法,首次从大海马的垂体总RNA中扩增出其垂体糖蛋白激素α亚基(pituitary glycoprotein hormoneαsubunit,PGHα)全长cDNA,其cDNA全长741bp(不包括polyA尾),5′和3′非编码区分别含有76和314bp,开放读码框为351bp,编码117aa的PGHα亚基前体(包括23aa的信号肽和94aa的成熟肽)。和其他脊椎动物一样,大海马PGHα亚基含有10个半胱氨酸残基,2个脯氨酸残基和2个N-糖基化位点。序列分析发现,大海马PGHα亚基的成熟肽与其他物种的同源性为50%—61.7%,其中与鲈形目和合鳃目的同源性最高(61.7%),而其信号肽与其他物种的同源性仅为8.7%—39.1%左右。这些结果表明大海马与已知的脊椎动物PGHα亚基同源性都比较低,是一种比较独特的鱼类。大海马PGHα亚基的全长cDNA克隆对海马垂体糖蛋白激素的结构和功能研究以及海马的养殖和保护有着重要的意义。     

长穗偃麦草中E和E1基因组高分子量麦谷蛋白基因启动子部分序列的进化分析

通过PCR克隆的方法,获得了分别来自二倍体长穗偃麦草的E基因组和四倍体长穗偃麦草的E_1基因组的4个高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基(HMW-GS)基因启动子的部分序列。序列分析表明,它们之间的同源性较高,两个x型亚基启动子序列之间只有1个碱基的差异,而两个y型亚基启动子序列完全相同,x和y型亚基启动子序列之间的长度和部分碱基位点都有差异。推测四倍体长穗偃麦草中的E_1基因组可能起源于二倍体的E基因组。与来自小麦族的A、B、D和G基因组部分亚基基因的启动子序列比较表明,小麦族的这一区域在进化上是相当保守的,不同基因组来源的序列同源性都在90％以上。经过对这些序列的聚类分析,表明长穗偃麦草的y型HMW-GS基因与其他亚基基因的进化关系较远,而x型亚基基因与一个来自小麦1B染色体的亚基基因关系最近。     

猪口蹄疫病毒受体通用亚基αv的基因克隆及序列分析

病毒受体是病毒宿主范围和组织嗜性的决定因素。研究发现,至少有四种整联蛋白αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ6、αvβ8是口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的受体,其中αv是4种受体的通用亚基。首次从口蹄疫病毒实验感染猪的肺组织中克隆到了通用亚基αv基因并对其核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较分析。猪αv亚基基因的编码区含有3141个核苷酸,编码1046个氨基酸,其N-端30个氨基酸为信号肽,其后的胞外域、跨膜区、胞浆域分别由955、29、32个氨基酸组成;胞外域含有11个潜在的糖基化位点(NXT/NXS)、2个Ca²⁺结合位点(DX［D/N］XDGXXD)、18个半胱氨酸残基。猪αv基因与牛、人、猕猴、家鼠、鸡、犬的αv基因的核苷酸序列同源性分别为93.3%、91.5%、91.4%、85.6%、73.2%、89.9%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为96.3%、94.6%、94.1%、90.8%、81.6%、93.8%,猪与牛αv亚基同源性最高,表明受体αv亚基可能与口蹄疫病毒的宿主范围有关。     

猪口蹄疫病毒受体通用亚基αv的基因克隆及序列分析

病毒受体是病毒宿主范围和组织嗜性的决定因素。研究发现,至少有四种整联蛋白αvβ1、αvβ3、αvβ6、αvβ8是口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)的受体,其中αv是4种受体的通用亚基。首次从口蹄疫病毒实验感染猪的肺组织中克隆到了通用亚基αv基因并对其核苷酸序列和推导的氨基酸序列进行了比较分析。猪αv亚基基因的编码区含有3141个核苷酸,编码1046个氨基酸,其N-端30个氨基酸为信号肽,其后的胞外域、跨膜区、胞浆域分别由955、29、32个氨基酸组成;胞外域含有11个潜在的糖基化位点(NXT/NXS)、2个Ca2 结合位点(DX[D/N]XDGXXD)、18个半胱氨酸残基。猪αv基因与牛、人、猕猴、家鼠、鸡、犬的αv基因的核苷酸序列同源性分别为93.3%、91.5%、91.4%、85.6%、73.2%、89.9%,推导的氨基酸序列同源性分别为96.3%、94.6%、94.1%、90.8%、81.6%、93.8%,猪与牛αv亚基同源性最高,表明受体αv亚基可能与口蹄疫病毒的宿主范围有关。     

仙居鸡抑制素α亚基成熟区的cDNA克隆及其在卵泡中表达的研究

根据发表的鸡抑制素α亚基序列设计引物,用RT－PCR技术从仙居鸡卵泡的颗粒细胞总RNA中扩增出了抑制素α亚基成熟区序列,并进行了克隆和测序,结果显示,仙居鸡成熟α亚基是由113个氨基酸(aa)残基组成的蛋白质,具有1个糖基化位点和7个半胱氨酸残基,与发表的鸡和哺乳类相应序列对比,其核苷酸序列的同源性分别为98％和61．4％－68．7％,其预测氨基酸序列的同源性分别为97．3％和64．6％－69％,且所测鸡α亚基成熟区的糖基化位点及半胱氨酸殖基的数目和位置与发表的鸡和乳类相似,说明该亚基的序列及结构在不同物咱间具有高度保守性,提示其可能具重要的生理功能,鸡各级卵泡中α亚基mRNA表达丰度的定量分析显示,从SYF到F1中,随着卵泡的成熟α亚基的表达量降低,其在SYF和F6－8中表达量最高,在LWF中表达量很低,说明α亚基在卵泡的吸收,选择及优势化过程中起重要调节作用。     

栖热菌属热稳定DNA聚合酶

ＤＮＡ聚合酶是能够以ＤＮＡ或ＲＮＡ为模板 ,在寡核苷酸或蛋白质引物的引导下催化合成ＤＮＡ的一类酶 ,已经分离纯化的有上百种 ,其中有半数已经被克隆和测序。它们之间在ＤＮＡ序列、氨基酸序列、二、三级结构方面有较高的同源性 ,且与ＲＮＡ聚合酶和反转录酶之间也有不同程度的同源性[1～ 4] 。1　ＤＮＡ聚合酶的分类ＤＮＡ聚合酶有许多不同的类群 ,如很小的 (3 9ｋＤａ) ,来自哺乳动物的修复性单亚基ＤＮＡ聚合酶 ,巨大的 (可高达 90 0ｋＤａ)、多亚基(可达 2 0多个亚基 )的复制性ＤＮＡ聚合酶 (如Ｅｃｏ聚合酶Ⅲ )。有些ＤＮＡ聚合酶则…     

固氮酶钼铁蛋白的拆卸与组装研究的进展

由钼铁(MoFe)蛋白和铁(Fe)蛋白组成的固氮酶可还原N_2、C_2H_2等不饱和的小分子。由还原剂提供的电子经Fe蛋白传递给MoFe蛋白,在MoFe蛋白的活性中心进行多种底物还原。由两种不同亚基组成四聚体(α_2β_2)的MoFe蛋白,每分子含有2个Mo原子、30个左右的Fe原子及数目与Fe原子大致相同的酸不稳定性硫(S~*)原子,由它们组成2个M簇(FeMoco)、3—4个P簇(P-cluster)及1—2个S(2Fe)簇。FeMoco     

Molecular cloning and comparative analysis of a y-type inactive HMW glutenin subunit gene from cultivated emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum L.)

Cultivated emmer (Triticum dicoccum, 2n = 4x = 28, AABB) is closely related to bread wheat and possesses extensive allelic variations in high molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) composition. These alleles may be an important genetic resource for wheat quality improvement. To isolate and clone HMW-GS genes from cultivated emmer, two pairs of allele-specific (AS) PCR primers were designed to amplify the coding sequence of y-type HMW-GS genes and their upstream sequences, respectively. The results showed that single bands of strong amplification were obtained through AS-PCR of genomic DNA from emmer. After cloning and sequencing the complete sequence of coding and 5'-flanking regions of a y-type subunit gene at Glu-A1 locus was obtained. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences analysis showed that this gene possessed a similar structure as the previously reported Ay gene from common wheat, and is hence designated as Ay1d. The distinct feature of the Ay1d gene is that its coding region contains four stop codons and its upstream region has a 85-bp deletion in the same position of the Ay gene, which are probably responsible for the silencing of y-type subunit genes at Glu-A1 locus. Phylogenetic analysis of HMW glutenin subunit genes from different Triticum species and genomes were also carried out.     

Isolation and molecular characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunit genes 1Bx13 and 1By16 from hexaploid wheat

The high molecular weight glutenin subunit （HMW-GS） pair 1Bx13＋1By16 are recognized to positively correlate with bread-making quality; however, their molecular data remain unknown. In order to reveal the mechanism by which 1By16 and 1Bx13 creates high quality, their open reading frames （ORFs） were amplified from common wheat Atlas66 and Jimai 20 using primers that were designed based on published sequences of HMW glutenin genes. The ORF of 1By16 was 2220bp, deduced into 738 amino acid residues with seven cysteines including 59 hexapeptides and 22 nanopeptides motifs. The ORF of 1Bx13 was 2385bp, deduced into 795 amino acid residues with four cysteines including 68 hexapeptides, 25 nanopeptides and six tripepUdes motifs. We found that 1By16 was the largest y-type HMW glutenin gene described to date in common wheat. The 1By16 had 36 amino acid residues inserted in the central repetitive domain compared with 1By15. Expression in bacteria and western-blot tests confirmed that the sequence cloned was the ORF of HMW-GS 1By16, and that 1Bx13 was one of the largest 1Bx genes that have been described so far in common wheat, exhibiting a hexapeptide （PGQGQQ） insertion in the end of central repetitive domain compared with 1Bx7. A phylogenetic tree based on the deduced full-length amino acid sequence alignment of the published HMW-GS genes showed that the 1By16 was clustered with Glu-1B-2, and that the 1Bx13 was clustered with Glu-1B-1 alleles.     

Molecular characterization of high molecular weight glutenin subunit allele 1Bx23 in common wheat introduced from hexaploid triticale

High molecular weight glutenin subunit (HMW-GS) 1Bx23, an x-type subset encoded by Glu-B1p, which is only distributed in Triticum turgidum, was successfully transferred from hexaploid triticale to common wheat line SY95-71. Sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) shows that subunit 1Bx23 has a faster mobility than subunit 1Bx7 and 1Bx20, but slower than 1Bx17. Primers designed from the conserved regions in wheat HMW-GS gene promoter and coding sequences were used to amplify the genomic DNA of SY95-71. Total nucleotide sequences of 3426 bp including an open reading frame of 2385 bp and upstream sequence of 1038 bp were obtained. Compared with the reported gene sequences of Glu-B1-1 alleles, including 1Bx7, 1Bx14, 1Bx20 and 1Bx17, the promoter region of the 1Bx23 was displayed close to 1Bx7 and 1Bx17. The deduced amino acid sequence of coding region of 1Bx23 exhibited 34, 30, 20 and 22 amino acid substitutions from that of 1Bx14, 1Bx20, 1Bx7 and 1Bx17, respectively. A phylogenetic tree based on the nucleotide sequence alignment of the Glu-1Bx alleles shows that the 1Bx23 are apparently clustered with 1Bx7 and 1Bx17, and more ancient than 1Bx14 and 1Bx20, suggesting that the evolution speeds are different among Glu-1Bx genes. Additionally, the potential use of wheat line SY95-71 to further screen the quality contribution of unique subunit 1Bx23 is also discussed.     

两种HMW-GS基因启动子片段的克隆及分析

利用聚合酶链反应(PCR)技术从小偃6号中获得400bp左右的扩增产物,将其与pGEM-T Easy载体连接后转入大肠杆菌,经过筛选获得HMW-8-P和HMW-38-P两种类型克隆。序列分析表明：HMW-38-P包括了HMW-GS14基因上游启动子及信号肽对应编码区,而另一段(HMW-8-P)为一未知HMW-GS基因启动子区及信号肽对应的编码区。将两序列和GenBank中已知的35种HWM-GS基因启动子区序列进行多序列比对,最后获得HMW-GS启动子的系统发生树。通过系统发生树可以清晰地看出位于不同染色体上的不同亚基类型的HMW-GS基因的进化关系,并可确定HMW-8-P为Glu-D-1类型HMW-GS的启动子区,小偃6号中Glu-D-1类型的亚基为2亚基,所以HMW-6-P为2亚基启动子区序列。     

An approach for isolating high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit genes using monoclonal antibodies.

High-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) play an important role in the breadmaking quality of wheat flour. In China, cultivars such as Triticum aestivum 'Xiaoyan No. 6' carrying the 1Bx14 and 1By15 glutenin subunits usually have attributes that result in high-quality bread and noodles. HMW-GS 1Bx14 and 1By15 were isolated by preparative sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and used as an antigen to immunize BALB/c mice. A resulting monoclonal antibody belonging to the IgG1 subclass was shown to bind to all HMW-GSs of Triticum aestivum cultivars, but did not bind to other storage proteins of wheat seeds in a Western blot analysis. After screening a complementary DNA expression library from immature seeds of 'Xiaoyan No. 6' using the monoclonal antibody, the HMW-GS 1By15 gene was isolated and fully sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence showed an extra stretch of 15 amino acid repeats consisting of a hexapeptide and a nonapeptide in the repetitive domain of this y-type HMW subunit. Bacterial expression of a modified 1By15 gene, in which the coding sequence for the signal peptide was removed and a BamHI site eliminated, gave rise to a protein with mobility identical to that of HMW-GSs extracted from seeds of 'Xiaoyan No. 6' via SDS-PAGE. This approach for isolating genes using specific monoclonal antibody against HMW-GS genes is a good alternative to the extensively used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology based on sequence homology of HMW-GSs in wheat and its relatives.     

基因枪法获得无选择标记的1Dx5基因表达的转基因小麦

利用基因枪将无选择标记的优质高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基基因1Dx5导入新疆耐盐小麦品种新冬26,为利用优质基因进行小麦品质改良奠定基础。构建无选择标记的线性1Dx5表达框。利用基因枪将其转入不含该亚基的小麦品种新冬26幼胚盾片中,经PCR二分法筛选,从转化的1 000块幼胚盾片中共获得3株转基因阳性植株,转化效率0.3%。利用SDS-PAGE分析目的基因在转基因后代籽粒中的表达。转基因植株后代种子分析表明,1Dx5在转基因后代部分种子中表达。本研究成功地将无选择标记的线性1Dx5片段导入普通小麦新冬26中,并在后代部分种子中得到了表达。为利用优质亚基基因改良小麦加工品质奠定基础。     

筛选利用小麦微卫星标记追踪簇毛麦各条染色体

选用定位于普通小麦7个部分同源群上的276对微卫星引物对普通小麦中同春和簇毛麦的基因组DNA进行扩增分析,有148对引物可在两个物种间检测到多态性。利用上述显示多态性的引物进一步对7个中国春-簇毛麦二体附加系进行扩增分析,筛选出分别可用来追踪簇毛麦1V至7V染色体的引物wmc49（1BS）、wmc25（2BS）、gdm36（3DS）、gdml45（4AL）、wmc233（5DS）、wmc256（6AL）和gwm344（7BL）。此外还发现6DS上的微卫星引物gwm469可以用来追踪簇毛麦的2V染色体;2DS上的微卫星引物gdm107可用来追踪簇毛麦的6V染色体。进一步用涉及不同簇毛麦和小麦背景的小麦一簇毛麦染色体附加系、代换系和易位系进行扩增分析,这些微卫星标记也可用来鉴定簇毛麦的各条染色体。因此,这然簇毛麦染色体特异的微卫星标记可用来追踪普通小麦背景中的簇毛麦染色体。     

二角型非1B/1R 小麦CMS不育恢复体系的建立

通过对具有二角山羊草细胞质的1B/1R型小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicorn is)-5-1回交置换,获得了新型二角山羊草细胞质小麦雄性不育系m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853.利用染色体制片、分子标记、原位杂交和酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对其保持系V 9125和M 853进行分子细胞遗传学检测,并对其育性恢复性机理进行了初步研究.结果表明:(1)V 9125和M 853均为非1B/1R易位系.V 9125为小麦-簇毛麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中簇毛麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(2)M 853为小麦-滨麦易位系,m s(A e.bicor)-M 853是二角山羊草细胞质与普通小麦核背景中滨麦外源染色体互作产生的一类新的核质互作不育系.(3)利用一些普通小麦品种(系)与这两个不育系杂交,m s(A e.bicor)-V 9125和m s(A e.bicor)-M 853仅与T 6-3杂交育性得到恢复,且恢复度较高,变异小,而与其它大部分普通小麦杂交F1表现雄性不育,且扬花期花药不外露.而m s(A e.bicor)-5-1与包括T 6-3在内的普通小麦品种(系)杂交F1育性得到不同程度的恢复.从而得出结论,二角山羊草细胞质与小麦细胞核的互作存在两个不同的不育-恢复系统.