共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
A. A. Kiseleva E. R. Tarachovskaya M. F. Shishova 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2012,59(5):595-610
Like in the case of higher plants, algal growth and development are controlled by the hormonal regulatory system. Essentially all known phytohormones were identified in various algal taxa, and the range of their physiological activities was confirmed. At the same time, our knowledge of enzymes involved in the phytohormone synthesis in algae is rather limited. Data concerning genes encoding these enzymes are still more fragmentary. Current data about proteomes of some algae allow the revealing of amino acid sequences with homology to those of the higher plant enzymes and their conserved domains. 相似文献
2.
《Seminars in cell biology》1993,4(2):87-92
From seed germination to vegetative growth and flowering virtually all aspects of plant growth and development are influenced by structurally relatively simple substances, termed phytohormones. It has ben argued that the wide range of responses elicited by these substances requires a mode of action that is radically different from those of animal hormones. In contrast to animal hormones, it is often very difficult to distinguish between the site of synthesis and the site of action of phytohormones. Hence, plants may have developed their own mechanisms for synthesis, sequestration and release of active hormones. Current evidence indicates that enzymes that can synthesize and modify phytohormones and their antagonists or hydrolyze phytohormone conjugates to release active hormones which play a role in initiating important regulatory pathways. They are also likely to provide invaluable tools for studying the mechanisms underlying growth and development in plants. 相似文献
3.
Dandan Wang Yulin Guo Xiaofei Long Yan Pan Dingjie Yang Rui Li Ye Lu Ying Chen Jisen Shi Jinhui Chen 《Phyton》2020,89(1):27-34
In order to study how exogenous hormones in C. lanceolata
(gymnosperm) regulate somatic embryogenesis, we measured the endogenous
phytohormones of two genotypes with different somatic embryogenesis
efficiency and found that an increase in endogenous concentrations of IAA and
ABA may be correlated to more efficient somatic embryogenesis. By applying
exogenous spermidine, we found that exogenous hormones may affect somatic
embryogenesis efficiency through affecting the endogenous phytohormone
content. Based on these results, further studies can be conducted whereby the
concentration of exogenous hormones or the levels of endogenous
phytohormones by molecular methods are regulated to promote somatic
embryogenesis. Our research may benefit the long-term economic output of the
forestry industry and lays the foundation to studying the molecular mechanism
that controls somatic embryogenesis efficiency. 相似文献
4.
Insect galls are abnormal plant tissues induced by external stimuli from parasitizing insects. It has been suggested that the stimuli include phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinins produced by the insects. In our study on the role of hormones in gall induction by the aphid Tetraneura nigriabdominalis, it was found that feedback regulation related to auxin and cytokinin activity is absent in gall tissues, even though the aphids contain higher concentrations of those phytohormones than do plant tissues. Moreover, jasmonic acid signaling appears to be compromised in gall tissue, and consequently, the production of volatile organic compounds, which are a typical defense response of host plants to herbivory, is diminished. These findings suggest that these traits of the gall tissue benefit aphids, because the gall tissue is highly sensitive to auxin and cytokinin, which induce and maintain it. The induced defenses against aphid feeding are also compromised. The abnormal responsiveness to phytohormones is regarded as a new type of extended phenotype of gall-inducing insects. 相似文献
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Research in recent years on the biology of guard cells has shown that these specialized cells integrate both extra- and intra-cellular
signals in the control of stomatal apertures. Among the phytohormones, abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the key players regulating
stomatal function. In addition, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and salicylic acid also contribute
to stomatal aperture regulation. The interaction of multiple hormones can serve to determine the size of stomatal apertures
in a condition-specific manner. Here, we discuss the roles of different phytohormones and the effects of their interactions
on guard cell physiology and function. 相似文献
7.
Plant hormones and plant growth regulators in plant tissue culture 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
Thomas Gaspar Claire Kevers Claude Penel Hubert Greppin David M. Reid Trevor A. Thorpe 《In vitro cellular & developmental biology. Plant》1996,32(4):272-289
Summary This is a short review of the classical and new, natural and synthetic plant hormones and growth regulators (phytohormones)
and highlights some of their uses in plant tissue culture. Plant hormones rarely act alone, and for most processes— at least
those that are observed at the organ level—many of these regulators have interacted in order to produce the final effect.
The following substances are discussed: (a) Classical plant hormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, ethylene
and growth regulatory substances with similar biological effects. New, naturally occurring substances in these categories
are still being discovered. At the same time, novel structurally related compounds are constantly being synthesized. There
are also many new but chemically unrelated compounds with similar hormone-like activity being produced. A better knowledge
of the uptake, transport, metabolism, and mode of action of phytohormones and the appearance of chemicals that inhibit synthesis,
transport, and action of the native plant hormones has increased our knowledge of the role of these hormones in growth and
development. (b) More recently discovered natural growth substances that have phytohormonal-like regulatory roles (polyamines,
oligosaccharins, salicylates, jasmonates, sterols, brassinosteroids, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol glucosides, turgorins, systemin,
unrelated natural stimulators and inhibitors), as well as myoinositol. Many of these growth active substances have not yet
been examined in relation to growth and organized developmentin vitro. 相似文献
8.
Hormonal control of the plant cell cycle 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Juan Carlos del Pozo M. Angeles Lopez-Matas Elena Ramirez-Parra Crisanto Gutierrez 《Physiologia plantarum》2005,123(2):173-183
Plant organogenesis is essentially a post-embryonic process that requires a strict balance between cell proliferation and differentiation. This is subject to a complex regulatory network which, in some cases, depends on the action of a variety of plant hormones. Of these, auxins and cytokinins are those best documented as impinging directly on cell cycle control. However, increasing evidence is accumulating to indicate that other hormones also have an impact on cell cycle control by influencing the availability of cell cycle regulators. In this article, we review the results that point to the variety of situations in which cell cycle progression is controlled by phytohormones. 相似文献
9.
The phytohormones auxin and cytokinin interact to regulate many plant growth and developmental processes. Elements involved in the biosynthesis, inactivation, transport, perception, and signaling of these hormones have been elucidated, revealing the variety of mechanisms by which signal output from these pathways can be regulated. Recent studies shed light on how these hormones interact with each other to promote and maintain plant growth and development. In this review, we focus on the interaction of auxin and cytokinin in several developmental contexts, including its role in regulating apical meristems, the patterning of the root, the development of the gynoecium and female gametophyte, and organogenesis and phyllotaxy in the shoot. 相似文献
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Gancheva M. S. Malovichko Yu. V. Poliushkevich L. O. Dodueva I. E. Lutova L. A. 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2019,66(2):171-189
Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - In addition to classic phytohormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, gibberellin, and abscisic acid, plant peptide hormones are also involved in various... 相似文献
12.
Masanori Tamaoki 《Plant signaling & behavior》2008,3(3):166-174
Ozone is the main photochemical oxidant that causes leaf damage in many plant species, and can thereby significantly decrease the productivity of crops and forests. When ozone is incorporated into plants, it produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide. These ROS induce the synthesis of several plant hormones, such as ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid. These phytohormones are required for plant growth, development, and defense responses, and regulate the extent of leaf injury in ozone-fumigated plants. Recently, responses to ozone have been studied using genetically modified plants and mutants with altered hormone levels or signaling pathways. These researches have clarified the roles of phytohormones and the complexity of their signaling pathways. The present paper reviews the biosynthesis of the phytohormones ethylene, salicylic acid, and jasmonic acid, their roles in plant responses to ozone, and multiple interactions between these phytohormones in ozone-exposed plants.Key words: cross-talk, ethylene, jasmonic acid, ozone, phytohormones, programmed cell death, salicylic acid, signaling pathways 相似文献
13.
Conjugates of auxin and cytokinin 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Plant growth and developmental processes as well as environmental responses require the action and cross talk of phytohormones including auxins and cytokinins. Active phytohormones are changed into multiple forms by acylation, esterification or glycosylation, for example. It seems that conjugated compounds could serve as pool of inactive phytohormones that can be converted to active forms by de-conjugation reactions. The concept of reversible conjugation of auxins and cytokinins suggests that under changeable environmental, developmental or physiological conditions these compounds can be a source of free hormones. Phytohormones metabolism may result in a loss of activity and decrease the size of the bioactive pool. All metabolic steps are in principle irreversible, except for some processes such as the formation of ester, glucoside and amide conjugates, where the free compound can be liberated by enzymatic hydrolysis. The role, chemistry, synthesis and hydrolysis of conjugated forms of two classes of plant hormones are discussed. 相似文献
14.
Sensitivity to phytohormones determined by outer-inner polarity of higher plants: An overall model for phytohormone action 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Abstract A generalized model of the higher plant body is proposed in order to assemble the discrete knowledge of the actions, and sites of biosynthesis, of phytohormones. In this model, we attempt to explain the differential sensitivities of different tissues. With this model most effects of plant hormones appear to be reasonable, and even expected. The model is based on a new anatomical and physiological classification of plant tissue. In higher plants the integration of an outer-inner polarity and an upper-lower polarity plays a major role in phytohormone behaviour. Plant tissues and organs which are derived from the cortex of paleophytes (the bud, the mesophyll of the leaf, the cortex of the stem, and the root cap) are classified as the outer pole of the plant. On the other hand, tissues and organs which are derived from the stele of paleophytes (the root, the stele of the shoot, and the vein of the leaf), are classified as the inner pole. It is suggested that tissue sensitivities to phytohormones are mainly determined by the outer-inner polarity. Phytohormones which are synthesized from one pole act on the other, whereas they exert either much less or no effect, or an inverse effect on their own pole. This is shown for both promoters and inhibitors of the phytohormones for both cortical and stelar vegetative tissues of plants. 相似文献
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O. A. Gutierrez M. J. Wubben M. Howard B. Roberts E. Hanlon J. R. Wilkinson 《Russian Journal of Plant Physiology》2009,56(1):1-5
The phytohormones ethylene and auxin regulate many important processes in plants, including cell differentiation, cell expansion,
and responses to abiotic stresses. These hormones also play important roles in many plant-pathogen interactions, including
regulation of plant defense responses and symptom development. Sedentary plant-parasitic nematodes, which require the formation
of a complex feeding site within the host root, are among the world’s most destructive plant pathogens. Nematode-induced feeding
sites show dramatic changes in host cell morphology and gene expression. These changes are likely mediated, at least in part,
by phytohormones. In the present review, current knowledge of the roles of ethylene and auxin will be explored in two main
areas: the specific role of phytohormones in mediating feeding site development by plant-parasitic nematodes and the general
role of phytohormones in affecting the ability of parasitic nematodes to cause disease.
Published in Russian in Fiziologiya Rastenii, 2009, Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 3–7.
This article was presented in original. 相似文献
18.
The main objective of this study was to determine the optimal concentrations of a wide spectrum of exogenous phytohormones for effective stimulation of cell division and production of maximum cell yield in Euglena gracilis Klebs cultured in vitro. Results indicate that two hormones combined exert more effective growth stimulation than a single hormone or three, four or five different hormones combined. Specifically, trans-zeatin at 10?7 M combined with abscisic acid at 10?9 M produced optimal conditions for growth, yielding the maximum cell concentration. High concentrations of exogenous phytohormones were toxic to Euglena. The addition of trans-zeatin, N6-isopentenyladenine, and benzylaminopurine to Euglena cultures resulted in dense, dark green chloroplasts, suggesting that exogenous phytohormones increased the production of chlorophyll. Given the response to exogenous growth regulators, the study identified and quantified the types of endogenous cytokinins (CKs) and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesized in vitro by Euglena gracilis. HPLC-(ESI) MS/MS analysis revealed that the algal cells produced and released into the medium a mixture of CKs and ABA. The main CKs identified in the cell pellets and supernatant samples were from a t-RNA degradation pathway and included: cis-zeatin (cZ) derivatives cZR, cZNT, MeSZ and MeSZR, and to a lesser extent, the free base N6-isopentenyladenine (iP) and its derivatives iPR, iPNT, MeSiP and MeSiPA. A positive response to ABA, and the relatively high levels detected in E. gracilis, suggest that this hormone is important for alleviating stress conditions of in vitro culture that might otherwise restrict cell division. 相似文献
19.
An upstream region isolated from a eukaryotic algal virus adenine methyltransferase gene was tested for promoter function in plants. Fusion of this region to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene resulted in significantly higher expression than fusion with the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. Strong levels of expression were also found in electroporated monocot plant cells. The promoter activity in transgenic tobacco plants showed tissue-specific expression. Leaves had the highest expression followed by stems and flowers. The promoter activity was not detected in root tissue. Environmental cues, such as light, and the phytohormones auxin and cytokinines had no effect on the promoter's expression. This promoter might be utilized to achieve high levels of expression of introduced genes in higher plants. 相似文献
20.
Wan-Loy Chu 《欧洲藻类学杂志》2017,52(4):419-437
ABSTRACTMicroalgae have enormous potential as feedstock for biofuel production compared with other sources, due to their high areal productivity, relatively low environmental impact, and low impact on food security. However, high production costs are the major limitation for commercialization of algal biofuels. Strategies to maximize biomass and lipid production are crucial for improving the economics of using microalgae for biofuels. Selection of suitable algal strains, preferably from indigenous habitats, and further improvement of those ‘platform strains’ using mutagenesis and genetic engineering approaches are desirable. Conventional approaches to improve biomass and lipid productivity of microalgae mainly involve manipulation of nutritional (e.g. nitrogen and phosphorus) and environmental (e.g. temperature, light and salinity) factors. Approaches such as the addition of phytohormones, genetic and metabolic engineering, and co-cultivation of microalgae with yeasts and bacteria are more recent strategies to enhance biomass and lipid productivity of microalgae. Improvement in culture systems and the use of a hybrid system (i.e. a combination of open ponds and photobioreactors) is another strategy to optimize algal biomass and lipid production. In addition, the use of low-cost substrates such as agri-industrial wastewater for the cultivation of microalgae will be a smart strategy to reduce production costs. Such systems not only generate high algal biomass and lipid productivity, but are also useful for bioremediation of wastewater and bioremoval of waste CO2. The aim of this review is to highlight the advances in the use of various strategies to enhance production of algal biomass and lipids for biofuel feedstock. 相似文献