海洋来源硫酸多糖体外抗氧化活性作用的初步研究

利用不同极性的溶剂提取、分离并检测裙带菜、紫菜、羊栖菜、糙海参这四种海洋生物的多糖类抗氧化活性物质,以期筛选出具有显著体外活性的海洋来源抗氧化剂。采用过氧化值(POV)、稳定自由基(DPPH·)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧阴离子自由基(O■)四种体外筛选方法表征不同来源硫酸多糖产物的抗氧化活性。结果显示,四种硫酸多糖可显著抑制猪油的过氧化,并可清除自由基和超氧阴离子,抑制多酚氧化酶的活性,抗氧化活性呈现出一定的浓度依赖性,显示了不同程度的抗氧化作用。这四种硫酸多糖具有发展为天然高效抗氧化剂的潜力。     

海洋生物资源与可持续利用对策研究

海洋生态环境恶化和不合理的开发利用,使我国海洋生物资源严重衰退。开展海洋生物资源学相关基础研究,重点进行海洋环境与生物资源保护,运用海洋生物技术等高新技术,科学、合理地开发利用生物资源,是实现海洋生物资源可持续利用和长久发展的可行策略。着重分析了海洋生物资源状况及其生态环境问题,提出了未来我国海洋生物资源的发展对策。     

海洋生物蛋白资源酶解利用研究进展

海洋生物蛋白资源是海洋生物资源的重要组成部分,对其进行高值化加工利用,是海洋生物技术研究的重要内容。对海洋生物蛋白资源酶解利用的研究进展进行了综述。     

国内海洋生物技术研究

国内海洋生物技术研究张培军（中科院海洋研究所）海洋生物技术在国际上兴起于８０年代中期。它是将陆地上生物技术应用于海洋生物资源开发而产生的一个技术性和应用性较强的研究领域,属于生物技术和海洋生物学的交叉学科。美、日等发达国家率先开展了海洋生物技术研究项目,建立了具有良好条件的基础设施和研究中心,投人巨资进行研究和开发,至今已取得了不少研究成果。     

海洋生物礁类型、生态功能及其生态修复

海洋生物礁是由具有造礁能力的海洋生物聚集而成的一种三维礁体结构,其形成改变了海底地貌、增加了不同尺度上的地形复杂性,为其他海洋生物提供了栖息地并维持了生物多样性。近年来,由于自然因素和人为因素影响,海洋生物礁受到了严重威胁,已成为海洋生态保护和修复领域的重要研究对象。综述了海洋生物礁的类型、生态功能及其生态修复的研究进展。根据形成海洋生物礁的优势造礁生物种类,将海洋生物礁分为海藻礁、海绵礁、刺胞动物礁、贝类礁和多毛类礁,其优势造礁生物分别是珊瑚藻和仙掌藻、钙质海绵和硅质海绵、造礁珊瑚、牡蛎、龙介虫。目前国内对海洋生物礁的全面了解相对较少,主要集中在珊瑚礁和牡蛎礁。海洋生物礁的生态功能主要有海岸防护、提供栖息地、净化水体、固碳作用和能量耦合等。全球变暖和海洋酸化等全球气候变化以及海洋污染、破坏性渔业捕捞、海岸工程、水产养殖和敌害生物等自然和人为因素对海洋生物礁构成了严重威胁。海洋生物礁的生态修复方法分为两类：在退化生物礁区投放造礁生物逐渐成礁,投放人工礁体补充造礁生物逐渐成礁。针对海洋生物礁保护和修复的需要,提出下一步应加强海洋造礁生物生态特征、海洋造礁生物种群丧失因素和海洋生物礁保护与...     

海洋生物资源开发研究概况与展望

对各类主要的海洋生物资源开发研究作了简洁概述,从海洋生物体内获取的各种活性物质,除可研究海洋药物外,还可开发海洋生物功能性保健品,海洋生物化工产品等;此外,尚可利用其特异的化学结构作为先导物,设计合成治疗疑难病的创新药物。可以预言,２１世纪将是人类研究、开发、利用海洋生物资源的黄金时代     

《生物多样性公约》下海洋生物多样性保护的进展、挑战和展望

海洋生物多样性保护是《生物多样性公约》的重要领域。本文梳理了海洋生物多样性保护相关议题的发展脉络,分析了保护形势的变化,认为海洋生物多样性保护无论是在工作领域还是在战略目标方面都取得了较大发展。工作领域方面,从最初仅关注海洋生物多样性的现状,逐渐拓展到识别海洋生物多样性的威胁因素,以及探讨解决这些威胁因素的工具和方法上。战略目标方面,从保护10%的海洋目标提升到至少保护30%的海洋区域。特别是将国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性这一热点问题也纳入到议题的讨论范畴。结合科学研究文献和国际进程评估报告对相关议题进展进行了评估,认为在工作领域上,目前海洋生物多样性保护相关议题更侧重减少海洋生物多样性威胁,在工具和方法上较为欠缺。在战略目标上,不仅要实现30%的数量目标,还需要考虑科学地保护规划和利用。在处理国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性问题上,需要明确《生物多样性公约》的作用。通过对议题的梳理和评估,识别出目前海洋生物多样性保护面临的主要挑战,包括:(1)各国政府及利益攸关方政治意愿和行动力不强;(2)全球海洋受保护区域面积不足,保护成效较低;(3)资金来源不够;(4)海洋生物多样性保护...     

抗氧化植物资源的研究与开发

食品抗氧化剂是食品添加剂的一种,它能阻止或延迟食品氧化,以提高食品的稳定性和保存期。按来源可分为合成抗氧化剂和天然抗氧化剂。天然抗氧化剂主要来源于植物。近年来,从植物中寻找安全、高效的抗氧化剂成为抗氧化剂研究的热点,也取得了许多成果,还有少数品种进行...     

可持续发展理论与我国海洋生物资源的开发利用

我国海洋生物资源极为丰富,种类繁多,是我国海洋经济发展的物质基础,近20年来沿海经济发展引起环境污染和环境变化,影响海洋生物资源的可持续利用,从可持续发展的角度探讨了海洋生物资源的开发利用和资源保护问题。     

海洋生物中具有生理活性的多羟基甾醇

按不同的海洋生物分类,介绍了近年来从这些海洋生物中分离得到的具有不同生理活性的多羟基甾醇。     

甲壳质,壳聚糖在农业上的应用

本文综述了甲壳质、壳聚糖作为降解性地膜、植物生长调节剂、肥料和土壤改良剂、农药、食物保鲜剂及饲料、饵料添加剂等在农业方面的应用。     

Sunscreens, oxidative stress and antioxidant functions in marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef

An overview of the biochemical photophysiology of tropical, reef-building corals is presented with a discussion on the biosynthetic relationship between natural UV-absorbing sunscreens and certain antioxidant functions in marine organisms. Our studies reveal that marine organisms, including 'UV-extremophilic' bacteria, are a rich source of novel antioxidants having potential for the development of commercial and biomedical applications. Novel sunscreening agents derived from tropical marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef are in development. New marine-derived antioxidants are being isolated for testing as chemopreventatives in a variety of oxidatively degenerative diseases.     

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MARINE AND FRESHWATER THALAS-SIOSIROID DIATOMS

The thalassiosiroid centric diatoms are distinguished by at least one synapomorphy, the strutted process or fultoportula. Variously classified as a family (Thalassiosiraceae) or an order (Thalassiosirales) among centric diatoms, it is generally conceded that the group of several hundred fossil and living species is monophyletic as a whole. There are two ecological groups of thalassiosiroids, marine and freshwater. It has been hypothesized, based on an ecletic, non-rigorous, evolutionary taxonomy perspective that both the marine and freshwater ecological groups are also monophyletic, but this hypothesis has never been tested in a rigorous framework. Likewise, the freshwater thalassiosiroid species have been grouped into several genera and subgenera using an evolutionary taxonomic approach, but these hypotheses have not fully been tested using cladistic analysis. Focusing mainly on freshwater species, but including at least one representative of each marine genus and one representative from each of several proposed subgeneric groupings of the genus Thalassiosira , we scored morphological characters for fossil and living marine and freshwater Thalassiosiraceae to test these hypotheses. Our cladistic results provide strong support for monophyly for the freshwater group, but it seems unlikely that the marine group is monophyletic. The cladistic results are corroborated to greater or lesser degrees by the fossil record. The implications for evolution in the group and for taxon sampling in molecular studies we are conducting will be discussed.     

Sunscreens,oxidative stress and antioxidant functions in marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef

Abstract

An overview of the biochemical photophysiology of tropical, reef-building corals is presented with a discussion on the biosynthetic relationship between natural UV-absorbing sunscreens and certain antioxidant functions in marine organisms. Our studies reveal that marine organisms, including ‘UV-extremophilic’ bacteria, are a rich source of novel antioxidants having potential for the development of commercial and biomedical applications. Novel sunscreening agents derived from tropical marine organisms of the Great Barrier Reef are in development. New marine-derived antioxidants are being isolated for testing as chemopreventatives in a variety of oxidatively degenerative diseases.     

REPLY TO COMMENT ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND TOXICITY OF PFIESTERIA PISCICIDA REVISITED1

Free‐living, marine dinoflagellates are typified by a well‐defined, haplontic life cycle with relatively few stages. The most unusual departure from this life cycle is one reported for the heterotrophic dinoflagellate Pfiesteria piscicida Steidinger et Burkholder. This species is alleged to have at least 24 life cycle stages including amoebae and a chrysophyte‐like cyst form ( Burkholder et al. 1992 , Burkholder and Glasgow 1997a ) not previously known in free‐living marine dinoflagellates. Litaker et al. (2002) redescribed the life cycle of P. piscicida from single‐cell isolates and found only life cycle stages typical of free‐living marine dinoflagellates. The discrepancy between these observations and the life cycle reported in the literature prompted a rigorous study to resolve the life cycle of P. piscicida. Burkholder and Glasgow (2002) took exception to this study, arguing that Litaker et al. (2002) misunderstood the life cycle of P. piscicida and ignored recent publications. We present a rebuttal of their criticisms and suggest a simple way to resolve the discrepancies in the P. piscicida life cycle.     

The Origin of Life in the Context of Inanimate Nature

Biophysics - Questions about the nature of life and the ability of living things to evolve are still attracting attention of scientists from different backgrounds. The idea that all living...     

On the Nature of the Subjectivity of Living Things

A biosemiotic view of living things is presented that supersedes the mechanistic view of life prevalent in biology today. Living things are active agents with autonomous subjectivity, whose structure is triadic, consisting of the individual organism, its Umwelt and the society. Sociality inheres in every living thing since the very origin of life on the earth. The temporality of living things is guided by the purpose to live, which works as the semantic boundary condition for the processes of embodiment of the subjectivity. Freedom at the molecular and cellular levels allows autonomy and spontaneity to emerge even in single cell organisms, and the presence of the dimension of mind in every living thing is deduced. Living things transcend their individualness, as they live in historically formed higher order structure consisting of the lineage-species and the society. They also transcend materiality, having the dimension of mind.     

The Origin of Mind: The Mind-matter Continuity Thesis

Living things are autonomous agents distinguished from nonliving things in having the purpose to actively maintain their existence. All living things, including single-celled organisms, have certain degrees of freedom from physical causality to choose their actions with intentions to fulfill their purpose. This circumstance is analogous to that of human intention-actions guided by mind, and points to the ubiquitous presence of the dimension of mind in the living world. The primordial form of mind in single-celled organisms eventually evolved into the human mind by virtue of the adaptive value of mind for survival. Life seems to have originated from nonliving matter in processes that are continuous. Thus the dimension of mind must extend to the nonliving world, and the origin of mind should be taken to relate to the origin of matter. Inasmuch as matter exists in a hierarchy of levels of complexity extending from quarks up to the whole universe, mind must also be presumed to exist in a hierarchy of levels of complexity associated with matter.     

激光生物学效应的研究

本文较系统地报道了CO_2激光,He-Ne激光的生物学作用,证明激光确能导致生物体内生理生化的变化,确能诱发染色体畸变和基因突变。作者认为激光作为育种上一种新的诱变因素是有根据的。     

菌物生物多样性及其资源研发前景——献给《菌物研究》创刊10周年

文中首先给予菌物,即泛真菌(Pan-Fungi)以明确定义,它是地球生物圈中一切真核菌类生物的总称,是地球生物圈中生物多样性的重要组成部分,也是具有实现大规模工业化开发潜力的重要资源生物类群。在对物种和基因之间的关系进行分析之后认为,所谓生物多样性,实际上是指生存于地球生物圈中多种多样生态系统中的、含有多种多样基因的物种多样性。文中指出,地球生物圈中生存的真菌至少有250万种。然而,已被人类所认识和命名的真菌仅为9.786 1万种,占估计种数的3.9%,尚有96.1%的真菌有待于人类去发现。人类的平均寿命由1796年以前的18岁提高到60岁经历了2个里程碑,由18岁至40岁借助于牛痘的发明;由40岁至60岁则借助于来自真菌的抗菌素——青霉素的应用。人类的平均寿命正在面临癌症发病和死亡的威胁,如何才能使人类的平均寿命跨越第三个里程碑,从而进入更加健康长寿的新生活阶段?除了进行环境和食品安全治理以及保持健康生活习惯外,丰富的菌物资源的发掘与利用也许正是人类所期待的。文中对提到的304种具有抑制肿瘤活性的药用真菌为基础,系统地进行抗癌活性物质的筛选,从而构建健康人群的抗癌"防火墙",同时制定癌症患者的康复计划,使药用真菌在提高人类平均寿命、使人类进入更加健康长寿的第三个里程碑中发挥应有的作用。迄今包括新药开发在内的菌物资源研发中鲜有成效的原因之一,也许与菌物分类学及其成果未受到足够重视不无关系。其结果便导致该研发项目的菌物多样性基础先天不足,从而难以发挥我国菌物多样性在资源开发中的优势。面对如此丰富的菌物资源宝库,为了研究和开发菌物资源,创建我国自己创新产品的知识产权,与菌物资源研发的上游和中游专业人员紧密合作,共担责任,共享成果,在加强菌物分类学三大存取系统并重的前提下,结合菌物活性物质筛选平台,作为菌物资源研发的新途径与新模式,进行包括创新药物在内的菌物资源研发项目的立项,实在势在必行。此外,从产于极端环境的菌物中进行抗逆基因筛选及其功能分析与应用对于人类环境的改善具有巨大的潜力。