蛇肌果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶,果糖2,6—二磷酸,AMP的结…

腺苷一磷酸对４个快反应巯基被修饰的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶活性的抑制作用增强,而该修饰的酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制脱敏,ＡＭＰ对酶抑制为半部位反应,酶受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的脱敏则表现为全部位反应,经枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的Ｋ１增大１０倍,但受果糖２,６－二磷酸抑制的性质不变,经胰蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的活性不再为ＡＭＰ抑制,但果糖２,６－二磷酸对     

蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶果糖2，6－二磷酸和底物抑制的结合部位

在果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酶中果糖２,６—二磷酸可能与底物抑制的作用方式不同,因为蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶ｐＨ９．２的活性受到果糖２,６－二磷酸的抑制,而不受高浓度底物的影响。Ｋ＋能增强果糖２,６—二磷酸对酶活性抑制,并能较大程度地解除过量底物的抑制。快反应流基修饰酶不再受较低浓度果糖２,６—二磷酸的抑制,但高浓度果糖２,６—二磷酸仍能抑制酶活性,其ＩＣ５０增大４０倍。修饰酶受底物抑制的阈值不变。为胰蛋白酶或枯草杆菌蛋白酶限制性酶解的果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酶受过量底物和果糖２,６—二磷酸抑制的行为也不相同。以上结果可能提示在蛇肌果糖１,６—二磷酸酯酸中存在既有别于ＡＭＰ,又有别于过量底物的结合部位。     

蛇肌果糖1,6—二磷酸酯酶的R态和T态的构象

几种高活性形式的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酶的紫外差光谱与酶在尿素或盐酸胍中差光谱相似,它们的酶学性质及巯基暴露的程度各不相同,提示这些高活性形式的酶的构象呈稳定的松驰状态,构象松驰的程度也各不相同,受果糖２,６－二磷酸、ＡＭＰ的过量底物抑制的酶处于帮种不同的低活性状态,它们的构象特征与Ｒ态相反,提示此三种低活性酶构象处于较紧凑状态,这几种Ｔ态酶巯基暴露的程度,受蛋白水解酶限制性酶解的速度不同,说明     

蛇肌果糖1，6－二磷酸酯酶的R态和T态的构象

几种高活性形式的蛇肌果糖１,６－二磷酸酯酸的紫外差光谱与酶在尿素或盐酸胍中差光谱相似,它们的酶学性质及巯基暴露的程度各不相同,提示这些高活性形式的酶的构象呈稳定的松驰状态（Ｂ态）,构象松驰的程度也各不相同。受果糖２,６－二磷酸、ＡＭＰ和过量底物抑制的酶处于三种不同的低活性状态,它们的构象特征与Ｒ态相反,提示此三种低活性酶构象处于较紧凑状态（Ｔ态）。这几种Ｔ态酶流基暴露的程度,受蛋白水解酶限制性酶解的速度不同,说明这些Ｔ态酶的构象的紧凑程度是有差异的。蛇肌酶的不同的活化状态所具有不同的稳定的构象状态,在能量上可能相差很小,便于受到多种因子的调节。这可能是别构酶所普遍具有的现象。     

1，6－二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选及最佳培养条件的研究

１,６－二磷酸果糖（ＦＤＰ）广泛应用于治疗心血管疾病．本文进行了１,６－二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选和最佳条件的研究。筛选出菌株ＨＹ２具有较高的产１,６－二磷酸果糖酶活力,高达１６０ｍｇＦＤＰ／ｇｗｅｔｃｅｌｌｓ,菌体生长的最适培养条件为：麦芽汁培养基糖度为１２柏林,培养温度为２８℃,ｐＨ６．０～６．５,菌体收率达７．０％左右。     

光／暗对玉米叶片果糖—6—磷酸激酶—2和果糖—2,6—二磷酸酯酶活…

比较了照光和黑暗条件下玉米叶片果糖－６－磷酶激酶－２和果糖－２,６－二磷酸酯酶的活力变化。当玉米植株从暗中转入光下后,其叶片ＰＦＫ－２的活力随光照时间的延长而逐渐降低,而ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力变化不明显;从光下转入暗后叶片ＰＦＫ－２活力明显上升,ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２活力仍无明显变化;其ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａｓｅ－２比值在光处理时下降,暗处理时上升。同时叶片中果糖－２,６－二磷酸的含量与ＰＦＫ－２／ＦＢＰａ     

蛇肌果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶的别构部位

比较蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的别构抑制剂AMP和它的类似物对该酶的抑制作用的结果表引,5′-AMP的嘌呤环上6位氨基以及核糖上5′磷酸基团是抑制剂和别构部位结合所必需的。8-BrAMP和5′-AMP具有相似的抑制能力,表明嘌呤环上的咪唑部分对于AMP的抑制作用贡献不大。5′-d-AMP对蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的抑制作用比较特殊,按照50%抑制该酶时的抑制剂浓度计算,得到的抑制常数为3×10~(-6)M,其数值和5′-AMP的抑制常数接近。但是当抑制剂浓度增大时所能达到的最大抑制程度只有60%左右。表明5′-dAMP和5′-AMP结合后,对果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的催化部位的影响不同,2′羟基和酶的结合可能和别构部位的信号传导到催化部位有关系。被水溶性羰二亚胺修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶受5′-AMP的抑制作用和5′-dAMP的抑制作用相似,推测这个传导变构部位的信息到催化部位去的基团有可能和羧基有关。     

AMP对蛇肌果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶pH9.2活力的激活作用——蛋白水解酶限制性酶解作用不是果糖-1,6-二磷酸酯酶变成碱性酶的唯一原因

低纯度的NADP⁺ 中含有一种在pH 9.2能够激活蛇肌果糖- 1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶活力的物质 .经过分离鉴定 ,证明它就是 5′- AMP .该激活作用只有当较高浓度的Mg ²⁺ 存在时才表现出来 .在AMP的存在下 ,果糖 -1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶的行为很像碱性酶 .Mg ²⁺ 激活动力学表明 ,AMP和Mg ²⁺ 在对蛇肌酶活力调节上存在着竞争关系 .AMP能解除高浓度Mg ²⁺对酶在碱性pH活力的抑制作用 .以往认为果糖- 1 ,6 -二磷酸酯酶由中性酶变成碱性酶均是由蛋白水解酶限制性酶解引起的 ;现报道 5′- AMP也能将蛇肌酶变成碱性酶 ,指出蛋白水解酶限制性酶解作用不是造成该酶由中性酶变为碱性酶的唯一原因 ,并且也可能有生理调节作用 .     

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶精氨酸残基的化学修饰

蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的精氨酸残基被苯乙二醛或2,3-丁二酮修饰后,可导致酶催化活性以及对AMP抑制的敏感性的丧失。在修饰时,有底物或AMP存在,可分别保护酶的这两种性质,表明与活力有关以及与AMP抑制有关的是两类不同的精氨酸残基。在底物保护了与活力有关的精氨酸残基后,可以观察到修饰引起酶对AMP抑制的脱敏,完全脱敏后,每一亚基有2个精氨酸残基被修饰。在本文条件下,K~ 对酶的激活作用以及K~ 存在时酶对AMP抑制敏感性增强等性质均不因精氨酸残基的修饰而变化。     

1,6—二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选及最佳培养条件的研究

１,６－二磷酸果糖（ＦＤＰ）广泛应用于治疗心血管疾病。本文进行了１,６－二磷酸果糖产生菌的筛选和最佳条件的研究。筛选出菌株ＨＹ２具有较高的产１,６－二磷酸果糖酶活力,高达１６０ｍｇＦＤＰ／ｇ ｗｅｔ ｃｅｌｌｓ,菌体生长的最适培养条件为：麦芽汁培养基糖度为１２柏林,培养温度为２８℃,ｐＨ６．０￣６．５,菌体收率达７．０％左右。     

磷酸吡哆醛修饰的蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶的时间分辨荧光分析

在别构抑制剂AMP或底物果糖1,6-二磷酸(FruP_2)存在下,磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)分别专一性地修饰在蛇肌果糖1,6-二磷酸酯酶(FruP_2ase,E.C.3.1.3.11.)的催化部位或别构部位。测得了修饰在催化部位或别构部位的PLP的荧光寿命及其连续分布。通过荧光寿命分布宽度的比较,认为该酶的活性部位柔性大于别构部位的柔性。     

cDNA sequence and kinetic properties of human lung fructose(1, 6)bisphosphatase

A cDNA encoding fructose(1,6)bisphosphatase was isolated from total human lung RNA. The cDNA contained an open reading frame encoding 337 amino acids. The determined nucleotide sequence of the lung cDNA was significantly different from muscle cDNA and slightly differed from human liver cDNA in a single mutation (Gly-336 for Ala-336) and a T for C substitution in position 648. The human lung fructose(1, 6)bisphosphatase [Fru(1,6)Pase] was isolated and its kinetic parameters were compared with liver and muscle isoenzymes. Values of kcat for the lung Fru(1,6)Pase were lower than for the liver and muscle enzyme. Like the liver isoenzyme, lung Fru(1,6)Pase is significantly less inhibited by AMP than the muscle enzyme. The values of I0.5 were 9.5, 9.8, and 0.3 microM for the liver, lung, and muscle enzyme, respectively. The lung enzyme was slightly more sensitive to fructose(2,6)bisphosphate [Fru(2,6)P2] inhibition than the liver enzyme. Ki was 75 microM for the lung and 96 microM for the liver enzyme. The synergistic effect of AMP and Fru(2,6)P2 on the lung and liver Fru(1,6)Pase was also observed. In the presence of AMP the corresponding values of Ki for Fru(2,6)P2 were 16 microM for the lung and 10 microM for the liver enzyme.     

Stimulation of yeast phosphofructokinase activity by Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a powerful activator of yeast phosphofructokinase when assayed at pH levels of ≥7.0. Half maximal stimulation of enzyme activity occurs at 10^?7 M levels of Fru 2,6-P₂ concentration. This stimulating effect by Fru 2,6-P₂ can be synergistic to that exerted by AMP in counteracting the inhibition of phosphofructokinase activity by ATP. The affinity (S_0.5) of the yeast enzyme to fructose 6-phosphate changes from 1.5 mM in the absence of Fru 2,6-P₂ to 40 μM in its presence.     

Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in isolated foetal hepatocytes

Fru 2,6-P2 was present in isolated foetal hepatocytes at a concentration of 1.6 nmol per g cells. When foetal hepatocytes were exposed to glucagon no changes were observed either in the concentration of Fru 2,6-P2 and lactate release or in the activities of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and pyruvate kinase. Incubation of purified 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase did not change the enzyme activity. The inhibition by sn-glycerol 3-phosphate was much lower for the foetal than for adult enzyme. These results suggest that an isoenzyme of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase in foetal hepatocytes different from that of adult hepatocytes may be present.     

Molecular cloning, expression and purification of muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from Zaocys dhumnades: the role of the N-terminal sequence in AMP activation at alkaline pH

An open reading frame (ORF) of snake muscle fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-1,6-P2ase) was obtained by the RT-PCR method with degenerate primers, followed by RACE-PCR. The cDNA of Fru-1,6-P2ase, encoding 340 amino acids, is highly homologous to that of mammalian species, especially human muscle, with a few exceptions. Kinetic parameters of the purified recombinant enzyme, including inhibition behavior by AMP, were identical to that of the tissue form. Replacement of the N-terminal sequence of this enzyme by the corresponding region of rat liver Fru-1,6-P2ase shows that the activity was fully retained in the chimeric enzyme. The inhibition constant (Ki) of AMP at pH 7.5, however, increases sharply from 0.85 microM (wild-type) to 1.2 mM (chimeric enzyme). AMP binding is mainly located in the N-terminal region, and the allosteric inhibition was shown not to be merely determined by the backbone of this region. The fact that the chimeric enzyme could be activated at alkaline pH by AMP indicated that the AMP activation requires the global structure beyond the area.     

Stimulation by insulin of glycolysis in cultured hepatocytes is attenuated by extracellular ATP and puromycin through purine-dependent inhibition of phosphofructokinase 2 activation

Activation of glycolysis by insulin in cultured rat hepatocytes is preceded by an activation of phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK 2) and subsequent rise of the fructose 2,6-bisphosphate [Fru(2,6)P2] level. Extracellular addition of ATP or puromycin prevented the hormonal effect on glycolysis. The mechanism through which the purines abolished glycolytic stimulation was investigated. 1. 50 microM ATP completely prevented the 3-5-fold insulin-dependent increase of glycolysis, irrespective of whether the cells initially possessed a low or a high Fru(2,6)P2 content. 50 microM puromycin prevented the stimulation of glycolysis by insulin only in cells whose initial Fru(2,6)P2 levels were low and had to be increased by insulin prior to the increase in glycolysis. It did not antagonize the action of insulin cells with initial high Fru(2,6)P2 content. 2. ATP exerted effects on its own; it decreased initially high Fru(2,6)P2 levels by 95% within 10 min and decreased the basal glycolytic rate by 60%. Half-maximal effects on the Fru(2,6)P2 level were obtained with about 25 microM ATP or 15 microM adenosine 5'[beta, gamma-methylene]triphosphate. ADP and adenosine-5-[gamma-thio]triphosphate were as effective as ATP, whereas 100 microM adenosine 5'[alpha, beta-methylene]triphosphate elicited no effect. Puromycin neither decreased high Fru(2,6)P2 levels nor inhibited basal glycolysis. 3. Extracellular ATP (100 microM) led to inhibition of the active form of PFK 2. Intracellular levels of Glc6P, citrate, ATP, ADP and AMP were increased by extracellular ATP, the phosphoenolpyruvate content was decreased, Fru6P and glycerol 3-phosphate levels stayed constant. Puromycin did not inhibit PFK 2. 4. Both puromycin and ATP prevented the insulin-dependent rise of the Fru(2,6)P2 level, they abolished the activation of PFK 2 by the hormone. Puromycin did not block the accumulation of Fru(2,6)P2 provoked by glucose addition; ATP also antagonized the glucose-dependent increase. 5. 100 microM ATP elevated the cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity ratio from 0.1 to 0.38 and increased the level of inositol trisphosphate by 16-fold within 5 min, whereas puromycin was without effect on either level. It is concluded that the two purines block the insulin effect on glycolysis by preventing the hormone increasing the Fru(2,6)P2 level. The mode of action, however, seems to be different: ATP antagonizes insulin action in that it leads to increased inhibition of PFK 2 whereas puromycin prevents the activation of PFK 2 by insulin.     

Mutations in the charged residues of the amino terminus of rat liver fructose 6-phosphate,2-kinase:Fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase: effects on regulation.

Amino and carboxyl termini of the bifunctional enzyme Fru 6-P, 2-kinase:Fru 2,6-bisphosphatase regulate the relative activities of the kinase/phosphatase. The N-terminus of the rat liver bifunctional enzyme is highly basic, containing a protein kinase A phosphorylation site that regulates these enzyme activities in a reciprocal manner. To determine the role of charged residues in the N-terminal peptide, mutant enzymes were constructed in which these residues were altered to residues carrying opposite charges, and the effect on the catalytic properties, thermal lability, and susceptibility to trypsin digestion and phosphorylation by protein kinase A was determined. Most of these mutations decreased k(cat)/K(ATP) and/or k(cat)/K(Fru) (6-P) of the kinase and increased k(cat)/K(Fru 2,6-P2) of the phosphatase. These mutant enzymes were more susceptible to trypsin digestion, phosphorylation by protein kinase A, and thermal inactivation. In general, the effect was greater with amino acid residues located more distant from the N-terminus. The resulting changes were not as large as observed with the phosphorylated enzyme. Mutation of Ser22 to Pro produced large changes in the kinetic properties comparable to those of phosphorylation, suggesting that the flexible region of the N-terminus containing five serines (Ser20 to S24) is essential for the enzyme activities. These results indicated that the charged residues as well as Ser20-Ser24 in the N-terminus of the liver Fru 6-P,2-kinase:Fru 2,6-Pase are essential in the allosteric regulation and probably involved in interactions with the catalytic domains that induce a conformation that has high Fru 6-P,2-kinase and low Fru 2,6-Pase activities. Any disruption of this N-terminal interaction results in inhibition of the kinase and activation of the phosphatase.     

The effect of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP on the activity of phosphorylated and unphosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase from rat liver

Rat liver fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was partially phosphorylated in vitro and separated into unphosphorylated and fully phosphorylated enzyme. The effects of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP on these two enzyme forms were examined. Unphosphorylated fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase was more easily inhibited by both effectors. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate affected both K0.5 and Vmax, while the main effect of AMP was to lower Vmax. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate and AMP together acted synergistically to decrease the activity of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, and since unphosphorylated and phosphorylated enzyme forms are affected differently, this might be a way to amplify the effect of phosphorylation.