小麦与燕麦不对称体细胞杂交的研究

以小麦品种济南177的悬浮细胞系(长期继代培养已丧失分化能力)来源的原生质体混合同品种胚性愈伤组织(分化能力较强, 约70%)制备的原生质体为受体, 以经300 mW/cm²紫外线照射0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5 min的普通燕麦愈伤组织(分化频率很低, 约10%)原生质体作供体, 用PEG法诱导融合. 可高频率地获得体细胞杂种细胞系, 并分化获得绿色正常的再生植株, 经荧光原位杂交、 同工酶及5S rDNA间隔序列分析, 确认了它们为体细胞杂种. 单独使用小麦胚性悬浮系或愈伤组织为受体获得的杂种克隆均未能得到绿色植株.     

体细胞杂交技术在蔬菜育种中的研究与应用

从创造蔬菜新种质,丰富蔬菜种质资源;转移和创造CMS性状;蔬菜抗病、抗虫、抗逆育种;改变蔬菜生理类型等四方面详细介绍了体细胞杂交技术在蔬菜育种上的应用。并对体细胞杂交的主要优缺点及其注意事项进行了分析讨论。     

青菜与芥菜花粉－体细胞原生质体融合的研究

以聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）为诱导剂,试验用４种方法进行青菜幼嫩花粉原生质体与芥菜下胚轴原生质体的融合,结果以修改的Ｔｅｒａｄａ等的方法最好。融合后原生质体的培养形成了愈伤组织,但未分化出芽,个别愈伤组织分化了根。用ＲＡＰＤ技术对任选的５个细胞系进行鉴定,发现１个细胞系含双亲的ＤＮＡ片段,可确认是青菜幼嫩花粉原生质体与芥菜下胚轴原生质体融合后产生的杂种细胞系。     

青菜与芥菜花粉－体细胞原生质体融合的研究

以聚乙二醇（ＰＥＧ）为诱导剂,试验用４种方法进行青菜（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）幼嫩花粉原生质体与芥菜（Ｂ．Ｊｕｎｃｅａ）下胚轴原生质体的融合,结果以修改的Ｔｅｒａｄａ等的方法最好。融合后原生质体的培养形成了愈伤组织,但未分化出芽,个别愈伤组织分化了根。用ＲＡＰＤ技术对任选的５个细胞系进行鉴定,发现１个细胞系含双亲的ＤＮＡ片段,可确认是青菜幼嫩花粉原生质体与芥菜下胚轴原生质体融合后产生的杂种细胞系。     

小麦与谷子不对称体细胞杂交

以不同剂量的紫外线（UV）照射谷子（Setaria italica cv.Shanxi）原生质体为供体与普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）济南177和99P的原生质体用PEG法诱导融合。利用同工酶,RAPD和染色体分析再生的克隆及白化苗,从小麦济南177与谷子融合再生的86个克隆中,24个被鉴定为杂种克隆;而小麦99P与谷子融合再生的67个克隆中,27个被鉴定为杂种克隆,虽然用作融合材料的双亲培养细胞均丧失再生能力,但是部分来源于低剂量UV处理的杂种克隆再生了绿点、根和白化苗。证明小麦体细胞杂交中的双亲再生能力互补现象也存在于远缘族间融合组合中,讨论了小麦远缘族间融合 有再生绿色植株的原因。     

植物体细胞杂交与胞质基因组的研究

高等植物性状主要由核基因控制,其遗传遵循孟德尔规律。现已证明：植物叶绿体和线粒体中也存在遗传物质ＤＮＡ（胞质基因）,含有整套的转录和翻译系统,能够合成蛋白质,高等植物的胞质基因组多数在有性杂交过程中表现为母性遗传。本文阐明了植物体细胞杂交与胞质基因组研究的关系及研究进展。     

沙打旺与苜蓿属间体细胞杂交

以豆科牧草沙打旺为一亲本,碘乙酰胺处理的紫花苜蓿发根农杆菌A_4菌株转化系为另一亲本,通过PEG-高pH,高钙法诱导原生质体融合。在不加外源激素的DPD 培养基上有效地筛选了杂种细胞。经培养首次得到沙打旺( )紫花苜蓿的属间体细胞杂种。尽管双亲原生质体均已丧失分化植株的能力,但杂种细胞系R_1仍得到苗的分化。杂种R_1细胞的染色体数检查、冠瘿碱检测、同工酶和RAPD 分析结果,都证实了其杂种特性。     

抗白粉病小麦-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与杀配子材料杂交后代的细胞遗传学研究

利用已选育的抗白粉病烟农15-中间偃麦草二体异附加系与农林26-离果山羊草3C染色体附加系杂交．对其F1、F2、F3的细胞遗传学进行研究．结果表明：F1花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型紊乱,在39．48％的细胞中发现染色体断片、单价体,后期Ⅰ、后期Ⅱ出现落后染色体、染色体桥．四分体期微核出现频率达48．65％,说明杀配子染色体可有效诱导染色体发生断裂等结构变异;F2代在细胞学方面仍不稳定,表现为染色体数目发生变异,花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体构型紊乱。多价体、落后染色体、染色体桥及微核的普遍出现．说明染色体问可能发生断裂、重接、交换或易位等现象,F2代白粉病抗性也出现分离;F3代虽然染色体数日和白粉病抗性仍在分离,但花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体构型较F2稳定,相对紊乱系数下降．从F3代鉴定出了染色体数目为42、构型稳定且对白粉病表现免疫的单株。     

三体与三倍体的辨析

三体与本倍体是很易混淆的2个概念,从概念、形成原因、对个体性状的影响、可育性、应用等方面加以辨析。     

中国孢粉学的研究进展与展望

中国古生物学会孢粉学分会今年迎来了学会成立30周年纪念.本文就中国孢粉学的发展历程作了简要的回顾,重点列举中国孢粉学在地层孢粉学、第四纪孢粉学、孢粉形态学和应用孢粉学等方面所取得的成就和研究进展,并对中国孢粉学的今后发展提出展望,呼吁中国孢粉工作者不断开拓,利用当前孢粉学良好的发展机遇,开创新的辉煌.     

酶的基因剂量效应及其对鱼类远缘杂交的影响

亲缘关系较远的杂种二倍体,酶的表达出现父本基因受抑制,双亲基因表达迟缓和母本基因提前表达三种类型的紊乱。由于双亲等位基因不亲和,各等位基因只调控产生1／2的基因产物,从而致使胚胎出现“双单倍体综合症”而在孵化期全部死亡。远缘杂交三倍体由于母本基因剂量加倍,一方面抑制了父本基因的表达,消除了不协调基因活动的干扰,另一方面母本基因产物趋于正常,代谢得以正常进行,杂种后代能成活并正常生长。     

细脚拟青霉不同菌株间的菌丝联结现象观察及其毒力测定

用 Giemsa 染色观察了细脚拟青霉(Paecilomyces tenuipes)803和1401菌株间的菌丝联结现象,观察了菌丝、孢子的细胞核数目。孢子均是单核,菌丝细胞有1—2个核,多数为单核,菌丝尖端有1—6个核。毒力测定结果表明:能形成异核体的亲和单孢子菌株组合803-17和1401-9、803-3和1401-8的混合培养物毒力与未经培养的相同菌株组合的菌丝体混合物毒力显著不同。在讨论申提出这种差异的原因是:在 Sm 液体培养中,混合接种803-17和1401-9、803-3和1410-8,经11天的混合培养后,混合培养物中形成了与核体亲本菌丝(803-17、1401-9、803-3、1401-8)毒力显著不同的异核菌丝体(803-17×1401-9)、(803-3×1401-8)。     

几种植物生活胚囊的分离与鉴定

向日葵、金鱼草和烟草的成熟胚囊以及前两种植物受精后具原胚和胚乳的胚囊均已从新鲜胚珠中分离出来。干涉差显微观察与 H33258荧光显微技术表明它们确系保持了细胞结构和含有丰富内含物的完整胚囊。荧光素二醋酸酯的显微鉴定进一步证明它们是有生活力的。     

PHENOTYPIC AND GENETIC EFFECTS OF HYBRIDIZATION IN DARWIN'S FINCHES

Morphological consequences of hybridization were studied in a group of three interbreeding species of Darwin's finches on the small Galápagos island of Daphne Major in the inclusive years 1976 to 1992. Geospiza fortis bred with G. scandens and G. fuliginosa. Although interbreeding was always rare (< 5%), sufficient samples of measurements of hybrids and backcrosses were accumulated for analysis. Five beak and body dimensions and mass were measured, and from these two synthetic (principal-component) traits were constructed. All traits were heritable in two of the interbreeding species (G. fuliginosa were too rare to be analyzed) and in the combined samples of F, hybrids and backcrosses to G. fortis. In agreement with expectations from a model of polygenic inheritance, hybrid and backcross classes were generally phenotypically intermediate between the breeding groups that had produced them. Hybridization increased additive genetic and environmental variances, increased heritabilities to a moderate extent, and generally strengthened phenotypic and genetic correlations. New additive genetic variance introduced by hybridization is estimated to be two to three orders of magnitude greater than that introduced by mutation. Enhanced variation facilitates directional evolutionary change, subject to constraints arising from genetic correlations between characters. The Darwin's finch data suggest that these constraints become stronger when species with similar proportions hybridize, but some become weaker when the interbreeding species have different allometries. This latter effect of hybridization, together with an enhancement of genetic variation, facilitates evolutionary change in a new direction.     

THE ROLE OF RESIN IN ANGIOSPERM POLLINATION: ECOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS

Members of at least two unrelated genera of plants, Dalechampia (Euphorbiaceae) and Clusia (Guttiferae), attract pollinators by secreting resins from floral structures. Bees that pollinate these flowers collect and use the resin in nest construction; these include Euglossa, Eulaema, Eufriesea, Trígona and, Hypanthidium in the neotropics, and Heriades in Africa. Floral resins are slow in hardening as compared with many other plant resins; this facilitates collection and storage by bees, hence probably enhancing the attractiveness of the flowers. Floral resins are probably of great utility and dependability and may be an especially important resource to certain bees, which in turn are major pollinators of many species of tropical plants. Bees appear to forage floral resin using a “strategy” of energy efficiency; large bees collect resin only from copious sources, smaller bees collect resin from sources with small amounts as well as from sources with large amounts of resin. Resin secretion in flowers may have originated as defense against herbivores and secondarily assumed the role of pollinator reward.     

CHROMATOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF HYBRIDIZATION AND EVOLUTION IN PHLOX MACULATA

Representatives of P. maculata ssp. maculata and P. glaberrima ssp. interior and 36 putative hybrids were collected from a population in central Indiana. Chromatographic analysis revealed the presence of nine diagnostic components in P. maculata ssp. maculata and eight such components in P. glaberrima ssp. interior. Putative F₁ hybrids contained all or most of the parental marker components; markers of the non-recurrent parent were absent in the two classes of putative backcross progeny. The characters of P. maculata ssp. pyramidalis are a composite of those present in P. maculata ssp. maculata and P. glaberrima ssp. interior, and the former is virtually identical to certain hybrids from the population in question. The contention that P. maculata ssp. pyramidalis is a stabilized derivative of natural hybridization between these taxa is substantiated by the presence of all of the diagnostic constituents of the putative parents on its chromatograms. It is the author's opinion that the definitive data which chromatography affords will be invaluable in elucidating the complex pathways of evolution in Phlox.     

EFFECTS OF HYBRIDIZATION AND INBREEDING ON FITNESS IN PHLOX

The effects of interpopulation hybridization, and self-fertilization and immigration on fitness in Phlox drummondii were analyzed in 5 natural field sites. Germination rates, survivorship to flowering, fecundity, and net reproductive rates (R_o) were determined for planted populations of natives, hybrids, aliens, and the products of one and two generations of self-fertilization. At all sites, seed germination was 36% for natives, 35% for hybrids and 28% for aliens. Survivorship for natives was 50%, compared to 49% for hybrids and 41% for aliens. The mean fecundity was 34, 35, and 39 seeds per plant for natives, hybrids, and aliens, respectively. The R_o of natives averaged 5.2 vs. 6.4 for hybrids and 4.2 aliens. At all the sites, germination averaged 25% for self-1 plants and 19% for self-2 plants compared to 24% for open-pollinated controls. Survivorship progressed from 50% in the controls to 46% in self-1 and 44% in self-2 plants. Seed production per plant averaged 35% in the control vs. 32% in the self-1 and 25% in the self-2 plants. The mean R_o of the control was 3.8 vs. 3.3 in the self-1 and 2.14 in the self-2 plants. Our results demonstrate that the genetic variable may have a substantial effect on plant fitness in the field.     

肾上腺髓质素在正常大鼠脑中的分布-免疫组化及原位杂交分析

目的验证大鼠脑内是否存在ADM及其mRNA。方法取10只健康雄性SD大鼠,体重200-250g,应用免疫组织化学法和原位杂交组织化学法检测正常大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA的表达情况。结果在大鼠脑内ADM及其mRNA阳性细胞主要表达在大脑皮质、海马结构、齿状回、丘脑、室旁组织、脉络丛、室管膜细胞、基底节、血管内皮细胞,其中脉络丛、室旁组织、丘脑为高表达区,其次为大脑皮质、海马。在大鼠大脑内ADMmRNA的表达与ADM阳性细胞的表达相一致。结论ADM及其mRNA在大脑内广泛表达,提示ADM在中枢神经系统内具有重要的作用。     

大鼠颌下腺促性腺激素释放激素及其mRNA的免疫组织化学与原位杂交研究

用免疫组织化学及原位杂交法,研究了促性腺激素释放激素及其ｍＲＮＡ在大鼠颌下腺的分布。结果显示,大鼠颌下腺的浆液性腺泡的上皮细胞,各级导管的上皮细胞及副交感神经节细胞均呈促性腺激素释放激素免疫反应阳性,阳性反应物质分布在胞质,胞核呈阴性反应。颌下腺的浆液性腺泡上皮细胞,各级导管上皮细胞同样被检测到很强的促性腺激素释放激素ｍＲＮＡ杂交信号。以上结果提示,大鼠颌下腺能自身合成促性腺激素释放激素,促性腺激素释放激素对消化功能可能有重要调节作用。