~（60）Co－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻的研究

用不同剂量的６０Ｃｏ－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ出发株（Ｓｐ）ＩＳ－９００１０,筛选获得两株抗高光抑制突变株（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０和（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１,然后比较出发株和突变株的一般形态和生理生化特性。出发株和突变株的一般形态有较大的差异,与出发株相比,两个突变株藻丝体显著变短,螺旋数目大大减小。出发株是对高光敏感的品系,而突变株表现明显的抗高光抑制,１３０００ｌｘ光强下出发株和两个突变株的代时分别为２９．４、２０．８和２２．２ｈ。（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１的光合作用和呼吸作用与出发株相似,而（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０明显地表现出高光合、低呼吸作用。突变株和出发株都属于中温品系,最适温度为２８℃,具有较广的温度适应范围（２３～３５℃）以及相同的耐盐性,但突变株的生长速率比出发株快、代时短。此外三者的蛋白质含量、氨基酸组成差别不大：（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１的可溶性多糖比出发株减少４０％。而在（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０中其含量提高６０％。     

60Co－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻的研究

用不同剂量的＾６０Ｃｏ－γ射线诱变钝顶螺旋藻Ｓｐｉｒｕｌｉｎａ ｐｌａｔｅｎｓｉｓ出发株（Ｓｐ）ＩＳ－９００１０,筛选获得两株抗高光抑制突变株（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１０和（Ｓｐ）ＡＩｐ－９００１１,然后比较出发株和突变株的一般形态和生理生化特性。出发株和突变株的一般形态有较大的差异,与出发株相比,两个突变株藻丝体显著主烃短,螺旋数目大大减小。出发株是对高光敏感的品系,而突变株表现明显的抗高光抑制,     

大肠杆菌精氨酰－tRNA合成酶的Lys306为酶活力所必需

将大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）上Ｌｙｓ３０６用基因点突变的方法分别变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ的密码子;得到变种基因ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ。变种基因重组在ｐＵＣ１８上,转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＡ和ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＲ所表达的蛋白量至少为ＴＧ１表达ＡｒｇＲＳ蛋白量的１００倍。细胞粗抽提液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的比活ＴＧ１、转化子ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ、ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ分别为１．６５、２１０、１．８和３８单位／毫克。结果表明ＡｒｓＲＳ的Ｌｙｓ３０６为Ａｌａ取代使活力完全丧失;若被Ａｒｇ取代,则活力丧失８０％以上。Ｌｙｓ３０６为ＡｒｇＲＳ活力所必需。     

天花粉蛋白Y14F/R22L定点突变及其活性研究

利用多聚酶链式反应（ＰＣＲ）技术,对天然天花粉蛋白（ｎＴＣＳ）基因在Ｔｙｒ１４和Ａｒｇ２２两个保守残基处同时进行定点突变,即Ｔｙｒ１４变成Ｐｈｅ,Ａｒｇ２２变成Ｌｅｕ,然后克隆到ｐＥＴ－８ｃ高效表达载体上,构建成重组质粒ｐＥＴＹ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２Ｌ．经序列分析,定点突变的结果与预先设计的完全一致,突变后的天花粉蛋白命名为Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ．将ｐＥＴＹ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２Ｌ转化到Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３,ｐＬｙｓＳ）中,进行表达．经ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ柱纯化,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ鉴定,纯度可达９０％．ＲＩＰ活性测定显示,Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ的活性比ｎＴＣＳ降低了７．５倍,活性变化不显著,因此,ＴＣＳ的Ｔｒｙ１４和Ａｒｇ２２对维持其活性部位构象并不是必需的．但由于Ｙ１４Ｆ／Ｒ２２ＬＴＣＳ在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中的表达量与ｎＴＣＳ相比明显下降,因此,Ｔｙｒ１４和Ａｒｇ２２可能与ＴＣＳ翻译后的折叠有关．     

大肠杆菌精氨酰—tRNA合成酶的Lys306为酶活力所必需

将大肠杆菌精氨酰ｔＲＮＡ合成酶（ＡｒｇＲＳ）上Ｌｙｓ３０６用基因点突变的方法分别变为Ａｌａ和Ａｒｇ的密码子,得到变种基因ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＡ和ａｒｇｓ３０６ＫＲ。变种基因重组在ｐＵＣ１８上,转化到大肠杆菌ＴＧ１中,转化子中ＡｒｇＲＳ及其变种ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＡ和ＡｒｇＲＳ３０６ＫＲ所表达的蛋白量生活为ＴＧ１表达ＡｒｇＲＳ蛋白量的１００倍。细胞粗抽提液中ＡｒｇＲＳ的比活ＴＧ１,转化子ｐＵＣ１８－ａｒｇ     

苏云金芽孢杆菌无晶体突变株的逐级升温筛选及其转化性能

逐级从４２ ℃到４４ ℃和４６ ℃升温培养、并用０－０５ ％ ＳＤＳ 处理苏云金芽孢杆菌ＹＢＴ１４６３ ,获得了一系列内生质粒被部分或完全消除的无晶体（Ｃｒｙ －） 突变株,对４ 种Ｃｒｙ － 突变株的转化性能及导入的外源质粒的稳定性进行了研究。用限量培养基和４２ ℃培养筛选到Ｃｒｙ － 突变株后,升温至４４ ℃,从Ｃｒｙ － 突变株得到内生质粒被进一步消除的突变株;然后升温至４６ ℃来培养其中突变株ＢＭＢ１７０ ,并用０－０５ ％ 的ＳＤＳ进行处理,最终筛选到１ 株无质粒突变株ＢＭＢ１７１ 。用ｐＨＴ３１０１ 、ｐＢＭＢ１７３６ 、ｐＢＴＬ１ 和ｐＨＶ１２４９ 等４ 种外源质粒进行的转化及稳定性研究表明,转化频率的大小及导入质粒的稳定性与用作受体菌的Ｃｒｙ － 突变株携有的内生质粒数之间呈现一定的相关性,Ｃｒｙ－ 突变株的转化频率显著高于出发菌株,其中ＢＭＢ１７１ 的转化频率最高达１０７ 转化子／μｇ ＤＮＡ,且所导入的外源质粒的稳定性也高于其它Ｃｒｙ － 突变株及出发菌株ＹＢＴ１４６３ 。     

分泌载体pUS186的构建及地衣杆菌α－淀粉酶基因在枯草杆菌中的表达和分泌

利用枯草杆菌的分泌系统构建分泌型表达载体表达和分泌外源基因产物具有重要的商业价值。我们用鸟枪法克隆了枯草杆菌染色体的启动子和信号肽序列,将克隆的序列连接到能在枯草杆菌中复制的质粒ｐＵＢ１８上,获得分泌型表达载体ｐＵＳ１８６。为了测试构建的载体ｐＵＳ１８６的功能,将地衣杆菌α－淀粉酶基因的缺失了启动子和信号肽序列的片段重组进该质粒,经过Ｂａｌ３１酶切,Ｔ４ＤＮＡ聚合酶补齐等处理,获得ｐＵＳＡ１８６Ⅱ及ｐＵＳＡ１８６Ⅰ系列质粒,将这些重组质粒转化枯草杆菌ＱＢ１１３０（ａｍｙ－）后都能向胞外分泌淀粉酶,酶活测定结果表明,基因表达水平比用原有的启动子高１－２倍,蛋白质分泌率在８４－９６％之间。     

GL—7—ACA酰化酶在大肠杆菌中的分泌表达

利用来自假单胞菌的ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的信号肽和表达元件基因片段构建了ＧＬ－０７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶的分泌型高表达质粒ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ,其中ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ为ＩＰＴＧ诱导型质粒,ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ为组成型质粒。ｐＴｒｃＣＡ１Ｓ和ｐＫＫＣＡ１Ｓ转入受体菌ＴＧ１中都可高表达ＧＬ－７－ＡＣＡ酰化酶基因并将表达产物转运到周质空间,完整细胞酰楷酶比活力分别为２３．９单位每克菌体和１８．３单位每克菌体     

乳腺特异性表达172~（HIS）突变型p53转基因鼠的建立

ｐ５３基因突变几乎存在于所有人类肿瘤中,尤其与严重危害妇女健康的恶性肿瘤──乳腺癌关系密切。研究表明：野生型ｐ５３基因是抑癌基因,而突变型ｐ５３基因则是癌基因──呈显性负调控突变型。本研究首次构建了这种类型的１７２ＨＩＳ突变型ｐ５３基因的转基因鼠,用以研究ｐ５３基因突变与乳腺癌发生的关系。用重组ＰＣＲ法把小鼠ｐ５３基因的第１７２个密码子ＣＧＣ突变成ＣＡＣ（由编码精氨酸突变为编码组氨酸）,得到１７２ＨＩＳ突变型ｐ５３基固。将其插入到大鼠乳清酸性蛋白（ＷＡＰ）启动子与ＳＶ４０ｐｏｌｙ（Ａ）信号序列之间。获得置于载体ｐＢＬ１１９（Ｆｉｇ．１）上的表达结构ＷＡＰ－１７２ＨＩＳｍｔｐ５３－ＳＶ４０。经过ＢｓｓＨＩＩ酶切,纯化该表达结构部分。通过显微注射,将其分别导入ＦＶＢ和Ｃ５７ＢＬ品系小鼠受精卵中,获得３２只Ｆ０代鼠。经ＰＣＲ鉴定,其中９只为转基因阳性鼠（Ｆｉｇ．２）。对其进行的Ｓｏｕｔｈｅｒｎ分析（Ｆｉｇ．３）证实了ＰＣＲ的鉴定,并得出了每只鼠中整合的转基因拷贝数（Ｔａｂｌｅ１）。当这９只鼠哺乳第二天时,取乳腺制备ＲＮＡ,进行Ｎｏｒｔｈｅｒｎ杂交分析,其中５只的乳腺中有转基因表达,其中３只呈较高水平表达（Ｆｉｇ．     

聚球藻7942高效泌氨突变种的获得及其泌氨、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性、光合和生长

将含有Ａｎａｂａｅｎａｓｐ．ＰＣＣ７１２０反义ｇｌｎＡ基因片段的穿梭表达质粒ｐＤＣ－ＡＴＧＳ转化单细胞蓝藻聚球藻Ｓｙｎｅ－ｃｈｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ　ｓｐ．ＰＣＣ７９４２,通过同源重组,外源ＤＮＡ定位整合到染色体上。经过抗菌素筛选,获得一种高效泌氨的Ｓｙｎｅｃhｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ　ｓｐ．７９４２突变种。将此突变种固定化在聚氨脂泡沫中后,定量测定其谷氨酰胺合成酶（ＧＳ）活性。结果表明,固定化后的突变藻培养９ｄ后泌氨活性比自由生活的野生藻高１５６倍,ＧＳ活性降低７３．６％;其生长速度与同条件下野生藻相近,７７Ｋ荧光光谱表明突变种固定化后光系统Ⅱ活性提高４４％。     

水稻脆杆突变体bcm581-1茎杆形态结构观察、理化测定和遗传分析

在根癌农杆菌介导的Ds转座因子转化的水稻株系中,发现了脆杆突变体bcm581-1.经Basta除草剂抗性检测和PCR检测,这个脆杆突变不是由Ds转座因子插入引起;通过光学显微镜观察发现突变体的小维管束数目多于对照,小维管束之间的凹陷比对照深,而皮层纤维细胞层数少于对照;扫描电镜观察发现突变体表皮细胞外侧的硅质没有对照丰富.虽然,单位面积内的细胞数与对照相近.但是,突变体的细胞壁薄,维管束内纤维细胞壁的加厚程度也低于对照.因此,细胞腔明显比对照大.茎杆的力学测定结果表明突变体的载荷低于对照9.6倍;延伸低5.4倍;延伸率低6.9倍;应力低6倍.茎杆的相对含水量和粗纤维含量测定表明突变体的含水量高于对照3.5%,粗纤维含量则低于对照8.12%.bcm581-1与中花11号杂交试验显示,F1植株全部正常,F2群体中,正常杆和脆杆以31分离,以中花11号为回交亲本的F1B1植株,表现正常;而以脆杆为回交亲本的F1B1植株,正常茎杆和脆杆则以11分离,结果表明bcm581-1的茎杆变脆是受隐性单基因控制的突变.     

水稻脆杆突变体bcm581-1茎杆形态结构观察、理化测定和遗传分析

在根癌农杆菌介导的Ds转座因子转化的水稻株系中,发现了脆杆突变体bcm581-1。经Basta除草剂抗性检测和PCR检测,这个脆杆突变不是由Ds转座因子插入引起;通过光学显微镜观察发现突变体的小维管束数目多于对照,小维管束之间的凹陷比对照深,而皮层纤维细胞层数少于对照;扫描电镜观察发现突变体表皮细胞外侧的硅质没有对照丰富。虽然,单位面积内的细胞数与对照相近。但是,突变体的细胞壁薄,维管束内纤维细胞壁的加厚程度也低于对照。因此,细胞腔明显比对照大。茎杆的力学测定结果表明：突变体的载荷低于对照9．6倍;延伸低5．4倍;延伸率低6．9倍;应力低6倍。茎杆的相对含水量和粗纤维含量测定表明：突变体的含水量高于对照3．5％,粗纤维含量则低于对照8．12％。bcm581-1与中花11号杂交试验显示,F1植株全部正常,F2群体中,正常杆和脆杆以3：1分离,以中花11号为回交亲本的F181植株,表现正常;而以脆杆为回交亲本的F181植株,正常茎杆和脆杆则以1：1分离,结果表明：bcm581-1的茎杆变脆是受隐性单基因控制的突变。     

An Escherichia coli Mutant Having Altered D-Xylose Uptake Activity and Cloning of a Gene for D-Xylose Uptake

An Escherichia coli C600 mutant having an altered D-xylose uptake activity was isolated. The growth rate and D-xylose uptake activity of the mutant grown on the minimal medium with D-xylose at 25°C were much lower than those of the parental strain grown under the same conditions, although the activities of D-xylose-binding proteins and the enzymes involved in D-xylose metabolism were almost the same for the two strains. An uptake study on sugars at the low temperature (25°C) indicated that the mutant was deficient in D-xylose uptake activity. A gene responsible for the D-xylose uptake activity at the low temperature was isolated and cloned onto vector plasmid pBR322. The gene specifically improved the D-xylose uptake activity of the mutant at the low temperature when it was introduced into the mutant cells. Based on these results, it was suggested that another D-xylose transport system other than the D-xylose-binding protein mediated system might be functioning in E. coli cells.     

Role of hydrogenases 1 and 2 in the hydrogen dependent nitrate respiration by Escherichia coli

The study of Escherichia coli mutants synthesizing either hydrogenase 1 (HDK203) or hydrogenase 2 (HDK103) showed that the nitrate-dependent uptake of hydrogen by E. coli cells can be accomplished through the action of either of these hydrogenases. The capability of the cells for hydrogen-dependent nitrate respiration was found to be dependent on the growth conditions. E. coli cells grown anaerobically without nitrate in the presence of glucose were potentially capable of nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption. The cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate exhibited a much lower capability for nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption. The inhibitory effect of nitrate on this capability of bacterial cells was either weak (the mutant HDK203) or almost absent (the mutant HDK103) when the cells were grown in the presence of peptone and hydrogen. Hydrogen stimulated the growth of the wild-type strain and the mutant HDK103 (but not the mutant HDK203) cultivated in the medium with nitrate and peptone. These data suggest that hydrogenase 2 is much more active in catalyzing the nitrate-dependent hydrogen consumption than is hydrogenase 1.     

Host range temperature-sensitive mutants of herpes simplex virus type 2.

Two small-plaque mutants of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (strain 333), whose growth at 39 C was blocked in certain cell types (cell-dependent temperature sensitivity), were compared compared with parental virus in a number of biological assays. One mutant (no. 69) was found to produce a large number of morphologically normal, but noninfectious, particles; under nonpermissive conditions, these mutant particles were able to interfere with the replication of wild-type HSV-2. The other mutant (no. 74), which is known to belong to a different complementation group, appeared to direct little virus DNA synthesis, even at the permissive temperature. Progeny production and virus DNA synthesis in cells infected by mutant 74 were delayed in comparison with wild-type virus-infected cells. Both mutants were found to be more sensitive to UV irradiation than the parental virus; this was especially marked in the case of mutant 74. Moreover, this mutant was found to have a high transforming efficiency at much lower doses of irradiation than those needed to abolish the cytopathic effect of wildtype HSV-2.     

Effects of the temperature range and the lack of beta-ketoacyl acyl-carrier protein synthase II on fatty acid synthesis in Escherichia coli K12 after shifts in temperature

Escherichia coli K12 cells grown at higher temperatures and then subjected to lower temperatures produce fatty acids with higher unsaturated/saturated ratios than cells completely adapted to the lower temperatures (Okuyama et al. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 4812-4817). This hyper-response was not an artefact of chloramphenicol treatment and was observed when the shift-down was more than 20 degrees C in the cells grown at either 40 degrees C or 35 degrees C. In contrast, cells grown at either 25 degrees C or 30 degrees C showed no appreciable hyper-response in terms of unsaturated/saturated ratio on temperature shifts to as low as 10 degrees C. By combining shift-down and shift-up experiments, we could show the presence of different types of temperature dependency in the fatty acid-synthesizing systems of cells grown at various temperatures. Contrary to wild-type cells which synthesized mainly cis-vaccenate on down-shift to 10 degrees C, a mutant strain lacking beta-ketoacyl acyl-carrier protein synthase II synthesized more palmitoleate (16:1) and less palmitate at 10 degrees C than at 40 degrees C. The average chain lengths of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids also changed, but differently, between the mutant and wild-type cells on shifts of temperature. Thus, the mutant strain has a temperature-dependent fatty acid-synthesizing system qualitatively different from that seen in a wild-type strain.     

莱氏野村菌紫外线诱变抗敌敌畏菌株的生理特性

[背景]夜蛾科害虫易对化学杀虫剂产生高抗性,但一些化学农药可以对部分虫生真菌的毒力作用效果起增幅作用,目前缺乏对莱氏野村菌(Nomuraea rileyi)的该方面研究.[目的]探究对常用有机磷杀虫剂敌敌畏具有较强耐药性的紫外线诱变莱氏野村菌突变菌株的生理特性,包括菌丝生长、产孢情况和产几丁质酶活性.[方法]在紫外线诱...     

Enhanced conversion of soluble starch to trehalose by a mutant of Saccharomycopsis fibuligera sdu

In our previous studies, it was found that Saccharomycopsis fibuligera sdu cells could accumulate 18.0% (gg(-1)) trehalose from soluble starch in SSY medium. However, the yeast strain contained high activities of acid and neutral trehalases, which were reported to mobilize trehalose accumulated by the cells during fermentation. In order to enhance the yield of trehalose, it is necessary to remove the trehalase activities from the cells. By mutagenesis of ethylmethanesulfonate, one mutant that assimilated trehalose very slowly, but grew on other carbon sources as fast as its parent strain, was isolated. In Biostat B2 2-1 fermentation, trehalose accumulation of the mutant was much higher than that of the wild type when grown in YPS medium containing starch. The activities of acid and neutral trehalases of this mutant were much lower than those of the wild type, respectively. We think the reduction of acid and neutral trehalase activities is considered to be responsible for the increased yield of trehalose accumulated by the mutant.     

Bacillus subtilis glutamine synthetase mutants pleiotropically altered in glucose catabolite repression.

Strain SF22, a glutamine-requiring (Gln-) mutant of Bacillus subtilis SMY, is likely to have a mutation in the structural gene for glutamine synthetase, since this strain synthesized 22 to 55% as much glutamine synthetase antigen as did wild-type cells in a 10-min period but had less than 3% of wild-type glutamine synthetase enzymatic activity. The expression of several genes subject to glucose catabolite repression was altered in the Gln- mutant. The induced levels of alpha-glucosidase, histidase, and aconitase were 3.5- to 4-fold higher in SF22 cells than in wild-type cells grown in glucose-glutamine medium, and citrate synthase levels were 8-fold higher in the Gln- mutant than in wild-type cells. The relief of glucose catabolite repression in the Gln- mutant may result from poor utilization of glucose. Examination of the intracellular metabolite pools of cells grown in glucose-glutamine medium showed that the glucose-6-phosphate pool was 2.5-fold lower, the pyruvate pool was 4-fold lower, and the 2-ketoglutarate pool was 2.5-fold lower in the Gln- cells than they were in wild-type cells. Intracellular levels of glutamine were sixfold higher in the Gln- mutant than in wild-type cells. Measurements of enzymes involved in glutamine transport and utilization showed that the elevated pools of glutamine in the Gln- mutant resulted from a threefold increase in glutamine permease and a fivefold decrease in glutamate synthase. The pleiotropic effect of the gln-22 mutation on the expression of several genes suggests that either the glutamine synthetase protein or its enzymatic product, glutamine, is involved in the regulation of several metabolic pathways in B. subtilis.     

Identification of tms-26 as an allele of the gcaD gene, which encodes N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase in Bacillus subtilis.

The temperature-sensitive Bacillus subtilis tms-26 mutant strain was characterized biochemically and shown to be defective in N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity. At the permissive temperature (34 degrees C), the mutant strain contained about 15% of the wild-type activity of this enzyme, whereas at the nonpermissive temperature (48 degrees C), the mutant enzyme was barely detectable. Furthermore, the N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity of the tms-26 mutant strain was much more heat labile in vitro than that of the wild-type strain. The level of N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate, the substrate of the uridyltransferase activity, was elevated more than 40-fold in the mutant strain at the permissive temperature compared with the level in the wild-type strain. During a temperature shift, the level of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, the product of the uridyltransferase activity, decreased much more in the mutant strain than in the wild-type strain. An Escherichia coli strain harboring the wild-type version of the tms-26 allele on a plasmid contained increased N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase activity compared with that in the haploid strain. It is suggested that the gene for N-acetylglucosamine 1-phosphate uridyltransferase in B. subtilis be designated gcaD.