黄瓜矿棉无土育苗效应的研究

本文报道了利用矿棉进行黄瓜无土育苗的效应及生长发育的研究结果。于1986年秋季进行了试验研究,两种育苗法的黄瓜幼苗干重对数值与时间的回归方程分别为: 矿棉培土培黄瓜幼苗LnW=6.0376 0.1068t LnW=5.8500 0.0960t 经F值检验达极显著。两种育苗法在生长量上的差距显著,试验结束时,矿棉培幼苗于重高于土培幼苗近两倍;经幼苗各器官分析,矿棉培幼苗根系效应最大,高出土培幼苗的3-4倍;其次是叶,高出2倍;再次是茎轴1.5倍左右。经矿棉育苗的幼苗质量好,移栽成活率高,有利于植物根系舒伸生长,证明矿棉是一种良好的植物育苗基质。本文详细地讨论了利用矿棉进行无土育苗的优越性和发展前景。     

不同作物两苗同穴互作育苗的生理生态效应

为了探明不同作物两苗同穴互作育苗提高目的作物幼苗素质的机理,本试验在塑料温棚20-30℃、自然光照条件下,采用532mm×280mm具有200方形孔的塑料育苗盘,用土壤作基质,分别以小麦、玉米、谷子、高粱和目的作物棉花、油菜、番茄、花生、牡丹、烟草同穴播种,研究了互作育苗对育苗土壤微生物、酶活性及根系分泌物的影响,以及对目的作物幼苗根系活力、叶片可溶性糖含量和ATP含量的影响,结果表明:随互作苗的加入,育苗土壤中细菌数量显著增加52.80％-102.76％、放线菌数量显著增加34.11％-76.48％、真菌数量显著降低44.33％-56.14％;所测土壤酶活性显著提高,其中脱氢酶活性显著提高30.57％-66.37％、中性磷酸酶活性显著提高38.17％-54.37％、转化酶活性显著提高23.74％-35.04％、脲酶酶活性显著提高60.25％-85.47％;所测根系分泌物积累量显著减少,其中2,4-二叔丁基苯酚显著减少32.80％-51.65％、2,6-二叔丁基苯酚显著减少36.60％-56.59％、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯显著减少10.42％-49.99％、9-16碳烯酸甲酯显著减少25.62％-55.59％;目的作物则表现为根系活力、叶片可溶性糖含量和ATP含量显著提高,增加了目的作物幼苗根重、苗重和侧根数,离床存活期延长,栽后缓苗期缩短,表现互作促进.在所有互作处理中,以棉花+小麦、棉花+谷子、油菜+谷子、番茄+小麦、番茄+谷子、花生+小麦、花生+谷子、牡丹+谷子、烟草+谷子处理中目的作物幼苗素质表现较好.不同作物两苗同穴互作育苗改善了育苗土壤微生物数量和结构,这可能是提高土壤酶活性和降低土壤有害根系分泌物积累的主要原因,进而提高了目的作物幼苗素质.     

黄秋葵无土基质漂浮育苗技术初探(简报)

对黄秋葵进行无土基质漂浮育苗试验,结果表明,黄秋葵采用漂浮育苗易于管理,且培养苗质量好,移栽方便,成活率高,并能有效控制黄秋葵幼苗期病虫害。     

辣椒工厂化育苗技术规程

采用工厂化育苗方法培育辣椒幼苗,可以为日光温室、塑料大棚、小拱棚及露地辣椒生产提供大量适龄壮苗,并且可以降低育苗成本,保证育苗质量,本人总结多年的辣椒工厂化育苗经验,对辣椒的工厂化育苗技术规程进行了归纳总结,以期为辣椒工厂化育苗提供技术指导。     

樱桃番茄幼苗对硝酸盐胁迫的生长和生理响应

以樱桃番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.var.cerasiforme Alef.)品种‘大红樱桃番茄’为材料,采用水培试验研究了外源施加0、50、100、150和200mmol·L-1硝酸盐(NO3-)对樱桃番茄幼苗生长和生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:硝酸盐处理6d后,番茄幼苗株高、鲜重、干重和相对含水量随着处理浓度的增加呈下降的趋势,而根冠比呈先增加后下降的趋势;番茄幼苗根系硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、活性氧(ROS)、H2O2和蛋白羰基(PC)的含量均随着处理浓度的增加而增加;番茄幼苗根系SOD、POD、CAT和APX活性和基因表达均随着处理浓度的增加而降低,而其根系脯氨酸、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量随着处理浓度的增加而增加。研究发现,樱桃番茄幼苗生长在硝酸盐浓度为50mmol·L-1时受到影响不大,但硝酸盐浓度达到100mmol·L-1时已对番茄生长产生显著胁迫,导致膜脂氧化损伤,降低抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT和APX)活性,但番茄也能够通过调节渗透调节剂的合成代谢来抵御硝酸盐胁迫,从而表现出一定的硝酸盐耐受性。     

基质中添加微生物制剂对黄瓜幼苗生长和枯萎病抗性的影响

为了解不同基质与菌剂或微生物有机肥互作对黄瓜幼苗生长和抗枯萎病的影响,以易感枯萎病黄瓜品种‘津研四号’为试材,采用成品育苗基质、草炭-醋糟(体积比1∶1)及草炭-蛭石(体积比1∶1)3种基质育苗,并在基质中分别添加微生物有机肥(Ba)、混合菌剂E和单一菌剂B006处理,成苗后定植到成品基质中,并接种枯萎病病菌进行处理。结果表明:3种育苗基质中添加适量的Ba、B006和E均能不同程度促进黄瓜幼苗生长和提高叶绿素含量,且以成品基质中添加微生物制剂效果最好,其中:添加30g Ba处理幼苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积、根体积是成品基质空白对照的1.07、1.09、1.50、1.30倍,幼苗地上鲜重、地上和地下干重分别是对照的1.28、1.41和1.34倍;E10处理的幼苗Chl a、Chl b和叶绿素总量的含量分别是成品对照的1.81、1.93和1.83倍。添加Ba、B006和E均提高了根围与根际中细菌和放线菌数量,降低枯萎病病菌数量,其中:添加B006能使根围和根际中细菌和放线菌的数量达到对照的2.10倍、1.96倍和2.32倍、1.92倍,而添加B006后植株根围、根际中枯萎病病菌的数量仅为对照中的19.05%和41.00%;添加B006和Ba能使枯萎病发病率比对照降低37.0%和25.0%。研究表明,在成品基质育苗中,添加30～40g微生物有机肥Ba,可提高黄瓜幼苗质量;定植后添加适量Ba或B006,可提高黄瓜植株枯萎病抗性。     

外源Ca(NO_3)_2对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生理特征的影响

以番茄品种'农城906'和"毛粉802'幼苗为材料,利用Hoagland基础培养液,研究在150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下外源10、20、30和40 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对番茄植株盐胁迫的缓解作用.结果显示,(1) NaCl胁迫显著降低了2个品种幼苗地上和地下部分干重、叶片叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加了幼苗的可溶性糖含量、细胞膜透性和MDA含量,同时使其CAT、POD、SOD活性显著降低;(2)添加20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2能够有效提高盐胁迫条件下幼苗的地上和地下部干重,缓解叶绿素的降解和根系活力的下降,增加幼苗体内可溶性糖含量,降低叶片质膜透性和MDA含量,增强幼苗体内POD、CAT等细胞保护酶活性,但随着Ca(NO3)2浓度的继续增加,这种缓解作用逐渐减小.研究表明,一定浓度的外源Ca(NO3)2能有效缓解NaCl对番茄幼苗的生长和生理伤害,在一定程度上增强番茄幼苗对盐胁迫的耐受力,并以20 mmol/L Ca(NO3)2对NaCl胁迫的缓解效果最佳.     

Spd浸种对盐胁迫下番茄（Solanum lycopersicum)幼苗的保护效应

通过水培试验,研究了100 mmol/L NaCl盐浓度下,0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种处理对两个番茄品种白果强丰(耐盐基因型)和江蔬14号(盐敏感基因型)植株干重、根冠比(R/T)、幼苗叶片和根系抗氧化酶活性及活性氧含量的影响.具体试验处理如下:(a) 对照(蒸馏水浸种+ 0 mmol/L NaCl),(b) NaCl (蒸馏水浸种+ 100 mmol/L NaCl),(c) Spd(0.25 mmol/L Spd浸种 +100 mmol/L NaCl).结果表明,在盐胁迫下,两个番茄品种幼苗叶片和根系内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性升高,H2O2含量和O·-2产生速率增高,幼苗生长受到抑制,幼苗地上部、地下部干重均明显低于对照,R/T增大,且江蔬14号的变化幅度大于白果强丰.Spd浸种处理降低了盐胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片和根系内O·-2产生速率和H2O2含量,进一步提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,促进幼苗干重增加,缓解了盐胁迫对植株的伤害.与耐盐基因型番茄品种白果强丰相比,Spd浸种处理对盐敏感基因型番茄品种江蔬14号的作用效果更为明显.总之,Spd浸种处理通过提高盐胁迫下植株体内抗氧化酶活性,降低ROS水平来缓解盐胁迫对番茄幼苗的伤害,提高幼苗耐盐能力.     

蔬菜温室育苗技术

目前,蔬菜育苗是蔬菜生产中常用的一个技术手段,蔬菜育苗便于管理,利于培育壮苗。更重要的,它对有效利用土地资源,增加茬次,提早延晚成熟,增加产量、品种,增加鲜菜供应时间,提高菜农经济效益和社会效益都有非常重要的意义。     

芦苇末基质对樱桃番茄和瓠瓜生理特性的影响（简报）

芦苇末有机基质中添加其它固体基质和肥料合成复合有机基质栽培的樱桃番茄和瓠瓜比岩棉上的生长健壮,根系活力提高50％－100％,叶片气孔阻抗减小,光合速率提高30％左右。     

根际通气状况对盐胁迫下棉花幼苗生长的影响

以溶液培养的棉花(Gossypium hirsutum)幼苗为材料,测定了不同盐胁迫程度和不同通气状况下棉花幼苗株高、根系体积、根系和茎叶生物量以及灰分含量的变化,以探索根际通气状况对盐胁迫下棉花生长的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制棉花植株生长,表现为植株变矮、叶面积减小和干物质积累下降;根际环境通气不良也会导致棉花幼苗生长受抑制、干物质积累下降和矿质元素吸收减少等。进一步比较盐胁迫和根际通气状况及两者组合作用对棉苗生长的影响,发现盐胁迫对株高和总生物量的影响较大,而根际通气状况对根系体积、根系生物量、根冠比和矿质元素吸收的影响较大。总体表现为:盐胁迫对茎叶生长的不利影响较大,而根际通气状况对根系生长的不利影响较大。同时,在根际环境通气良好的条件下,不同程度盐胁迫导致的棉花幼苗株高、根系体积、叶面积、根系生物量和总生物量的变化程度远小于根际环境通气不良条件下的变化程度。实验结果表明,根际环境通气良好可以减弱盐胁迫对棉花生长发育的抑制作用,而根际环境通气不良则会加重盐胁迫的不利影响。     

Seedling vigour and the early growth of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa)

Previous studies suggest that the positive response of transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) to nursery fertiliser application was due to increased seedling vigour or possibly to increased nutrient content. This paper presents results of two glasshouse experiments designed to test the hypothesis that seedling vigour was responsible for the response of transplanted seedlings to nursery treatments. The aim of the present study was to explore the concept of seedling vigour of transplanted rice and to determine what plant attributes conferred vigour on the seedlings. Seedling vigour treatments were established by subjecting seedlings to short-term submergence (0, 1 and 2 days/week) in one experiment and to leaf clipping or root pruning and water stress in another to determine their effect on plant growth after transplanting. Submerging seedlings increased plant height but depressed shoot and root dry matter and root:shoot ratio of the seedling at 28 days after sowing. After transplanting these seedlings, prior submergence depressed shoot dry matter at 40 days. Nursery nutrient application increased plant height, increased root and shoot dry matter, but generally decreased root:shoot ratio. Pruning up to 60% of the roots at transplanting decreased shoot and root dry matter, P concentration in leaves at panicle initiation (PI) and straw dry matter and grain yield at maturity. By contrast, pruning 30% of leaves depressed shoot and root dry matter by 30% at PI, and root dry matter and straw and grain yield by 20% at maturity. The combined effects of leaf clipping and root pruning on shoot, root and straw dry matter were largely additive. It is concluded that the response of rice yield to nursery treatments is largely due to increased seedling vigour and can be effected by a range of nutritional as well as non-nutritional treatments of seedlings that increase seedling dry matter, nutrient content, and nutrient concentration. Impairment of leaf growth and to a lesser extent root growth in the nursery depressed seedling vigour after transplanting. However, rather than increasing stress tolerance, seedling vigour was more beneficial when post transplant growth was not limited by nutrient or water stresses.     

Suppression of insect pest populations and damage to plants by vermicomposts

The effects of commercial vermicomposts, produced from food waste, on infestations and damage by aphids, mealy bugs and cabbage white caterpillars were studied in the greenhouse. Vermicomposts were used at substitution rates into a soil-less plant growth medium, MetroMix 360 (MM360), at rates of 100% MM360 and 0% vermicompost, 80% MM360 and 20% vermicompost, and 60% MM360 and 40% vermicompost to grow peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cabbages (Brassica oleracea L.), in pots. Groups of 10 pots containing young plants were distributed randomly in nylon mesh cages (40 cm x 40 cm x 40 cm). Groups of 10 pepper seedlings in a single cage were infested with either 100 aphids (Myzus persicae Sulz.) or 50 mealy bugs (Pseudococcus spp.) per cage. Similar groups of tomato seedlings were infested with 50 mealy bugs per cage. Groups of four cabbage seedlings in pots in cages were infested with 16 cabbage white caterpillars (Pieris brassicae L.). Populations of aphids and mealy bugs were counted after 20 days and the shoot dry weights of peppers, tomatoes and cabbages were measured at harvest. Numbers of cabbage white caterpillars and loss in shoot weights were measured after 15 days. The substitution rates of 20% and 40% vermicomposts suppressed populations of both aphids and mealy bugs on peppers, and mealy bugs on tomatoes, significantly. Substitutions with vermicomposts into MM360 decreased losses of dry weights of peppers, in response to both aphid and mealy bug infestations, decreased losses in shoot dry weights of tomatoes after mealy bug infestations significantly. There were significantly decreased losses in leaf areas of cabbage seedlings in response to the cabbage white caterpillar infestations.     

Responses of Pinus clausa, Pinus serotina and Pinus taeda seedlings to anaerobic solution culture. II. Changes in tissue nutrient concentration and net acquisition

Fifteen or 30 days of anaerobic growth conditions significantly reduced shoot and root nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, iron and manganese concentrations in seedlings of pond pine ( Pinus serotina Michx.), sand pine [ P. clausa (Engelm.) Sarg.] and drought-hardy and wet-site loblolly pine ( P. taeda L.) grown in a culture system using non-circulating, continuously flowing solution. Calcium and shoot magnesium levels were least affected by anaerobic growth conditions – largely reflecting the passive nature of their uptake. Shoot and root nutrient content (mg nutrient pot^-1) followed similar trends, with wet-site loblolly and pond pine seedlings least affected by anaerobic solution culture. Shoot biomass of wet-site loblolly and pond pine seedlings was not affected by anaerobiosis, suggesting an increase in shoot nutrient utilization efficiency. Root biomass was significantly reduced by 15 or 30 days of anaerobiosis, with sand pine exhibiting the largest reduction in root dry weight (57%).
These results suggest that anaerobiosis interferes with net nutrient acquisition, even under the high nutrient conditions provided by solution culture. Sand pine suffered the largest reductions in shoot and root biomass and nutrient concentrations, showing earlier symptoms of waterlogging injury and nutrient stress than drought-hardy loblolly pine seedlings. Whether net nutrient acquisition decreased because of the reduction in root surface area available for absorption and/or reduced uptake efficiency cannot be ascertained from these data.     

不同规格岩棉培育厚皮甜瓜苗的若干生理指标比较

采用几种不同规格的岩棉(密度:80kg/m³,60 kg/m³,40 kg/m³;体积:10cm×10cm×7cm,7.5cm×8cm×7cm,7.5cm×8cm×5cm,5cm×6cm×5cm)为育苗基质,以珍珠岩与泥炭土(1:1)的混合基质为对照,进行厚皮甜瓜育苗比较试验。在苗速生期测其若干生理指标(根系活力、叶片硝酸还原酶活性、叶片叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量等)。结果表明,密度为80 kg/m³、体积为7.5cm×8cm×7cm的岩棉是育苗的良好基质。     

Effect of sub-optimal root zone temperatures at varied nutrient supply and shoot meristem temperature on growth and nutrient concentrations in maize seedlings (Zea mays L.)

Maize seedlings were grown for 10 to 20 days in either nutrient solution or in soils with or without fertilizer supply. Air temperature was kept uniform for all treatments, while root zone temperature (RZT) was varied between 12 and 24°C. In some treatments the basal part of the shoot (with apical shoot meristem and zone of leaf elongation) was lifted up to separate the indirect effects of root zone temperature on shoot growth from the direct effects of temperature on the shoot meristem.Shoot and root growth were decreased by low RZT to a similar extent irrespective of the growth medium (i.e. nutrient solution, fertilized or unfertilized soil). In all culture media Ca concentration was similar or even higher in plants grown at 12 as compared to 24°. At lower RZT concentrations of N, P and K in the shoot dry matter decreased in unfertilized soil, whereas in nutrient solution and fertilized soil only the K concentration decreased.When direct temperature effects on the shoot meristem were reduced by lifting the basal part of the shoot above the temperature-controlled root zone, shoot growth at low RZT was significantly increased in nutrient solution and fertilized soil, but not in unfertilized soil. In fertilized soil and nutrient solution at low RZT the uptake of K increased to a similar extent as plant growth, and thus shoot K concentration was not reduced by increasing shoot growth rates. In contrast, uptake of N and P was not increased, resulting in significantly decreased shoot concentrations.It is concluded that shoot growth at suboptimal RZT was limited both by a direct temperature effect on shoot activity and by a reduced nutrient supply through the roots. Nutrient concentrations in the shoot tissue at low RZT were not only influenced by availability in the substrate and dilution by growth, but also by the internal demand for growth.     

不同灌水量对2个蓝浆果品种幼苗生长和耗水规律的影响及相关性分析

以兔眼蓝浆果(Vaccinium ashei Reade)品种'Brightwell'和南方高丛蓝浆果(V.corymbosum hybrids)品种'Misty'为研究对象,研究不同灌水量〔50%WC、75%WC、100%WC(CK)和125%WC〕(WC为单株日耗水量)对幼苗生长、单株耗水量的日变化和月变化、单株净增干质量、总耗水量和水分利用效率的影响,并采用回归分析法对单株月耗水量与月均温和月均空气相对湿度的相关性进行分析.结果显示:随灌水量提高,2个品种幼苗的地径、单株枝长和单株总叶面积的增量总体上均不断增大,但单株枝长增量略有波动;单株根、茎、叶和总干质量总体上均逐渐增大,根冠比则逐渐减小;单株净增干质量和总耗水量均随灌水量提高而增大,而水分利用效率则在50%WC条件下最低、在75%WC条件下最高.在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Misty'幼苗的地径和单株枝长的增量,单株茎、叶和总干质量及水分利用效率基本上均高于品种'Brightwell',而其单株总叶面积增量、单株根干质量、根冠比和总耗水量却基本上低于后者.在7月份至9月份,2个品种幼苗单株耗水量的日变化基本上呈单峰曲线,但其单株耗水量峰值出现的时间段则因品种和灌水量不同而异;在全天不同时间段和不同月份,2个品种幼苗的单株耗水量均随灌水量提高而增大;在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Misty'幼苗的单株耗水量总体上低于品种'Brightwell'.回归分析结果表明:2个品种幼苗的单株月耗水量与月均温呈显著或极显著正相关,与月均空气相对湿度呈显著或极显著负相关.综合分析结果表明:蓝浆果幼苗的耗水量不但与品种特性有关,而且还受到土壤水分含量、气温和空气湿度的影响;在相同灌水量条件下,品种'Brightwell'幼苗的耗水量高于品种'Misty',但其水分利用效率却低于后者.在中国南方地区,品种'Brightwell'和'Misty'的适宜灌水量分别为100%WC和75%WC.     

Effects of root restriction on growth correlations, water relations and senescence of alder seedlings

Root restriction may be of importance for productivity in both forestry and agriculture. To study the physiological effects of root restriction in European alder ( Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), seedlings were grown in aerated liquid culture under one of four root volumes to induce the following levels of root restriction: 1.5, 6,16 and 500 ml. Root restriction for 96 days reduced shoot elongation, plant dry weight, leaf area and chlorophyll levels and increased leaf area/root dry weight ratio and correlative bud inhibition in seedlings. The initial reduction in root/shoot ratios of severely restricted seedlings was followed by a reduction in leaf water potential, the development of internal water deficits in the upper shoots, a reduction in stomatal opening and transpiration rates and, eventually, stomatal closure. Severe prolonged root restriction (1.5 ml root volume) resulted in a decline in seedling vigour and ultimately, senescence as determined by increased electrical impedance ratios, followed by visible leaf senescence and later, by whole plant senescence. Of the severely restricted seedlings, 40% were dead after 96 days of restriction. The results suggest that imbalanced root/shoot ratios caused the development of internal water stress and the consequent reduction in stomatal aperture, culminating in leaf and whole plant senescence.     

Interactions between diurnal temperature fluctuations and salinity on expansion growth and water status of young tomato plants

Expansion growth is limited if the difference between day and night temperature (DIF) is negative. Growth is also limited high salinity. Expansion growth of tomato seedlings was studied under day/night temperatures of 16/24°C and 24/16°C, and nutrient solution salinities of 3 and 15 mS cm^-1 to ascertain whether interactions exist between the two stress forms. Water status was also studied in order to assess possible mechanisms of growth retardation. A significant interaction between DIF and salinity was found for all recorded growth variables. Hypocotyl length, plant height, leaf area and fresh and dry weight were lower at negative DIF than at positive, the reduction being greater at low salinity than at high. Increased salinity also reduced growth, more so at positive DIF than at negative. Growth reduction at negative DIF was accompanied increased shoot water and osmotic potentials. Pressure potential was unaffected DIF. Growth reduction at high salinity was accompanied reduced water and osmotic potentials. Pre-dawn pressure potential was increased at high salinity, whereas no effect of salinity on pressure potential at midday was found. The differences in effects on water status between the two stress forms may suggest differing mechanisms of growth retardation.