丽江市家庭能耗碳排放特征及影响因素

现代社会中人类活动对碳排放的影响日益显著.家庭作为人类社会的基本单元,其消费活动产生的碳排放是全社会碳排放的重要组成部分.通过对丽江市农村和市区家庭生活用能的调查数据进行分析,发现农村家庭生活用能以木柴为主,沼气和电为辅;市区家庭的生活用能以电为主,其次是液化气和蜂窝煤.从碳排放构成来看,农村地区木柴消费为家庭能源碳排放的主要来源,占总碳排的83.6％;市区电力消费为家庭能源碳排放的主要来源,占总碳排的88.4％.农村地区家庭的碳排放远高于市区家庭,主要原因是木柴的碳排放因子(1.87 kg CO2/kg)远高于电能的边际排放因子(0.7134 kg CO2·kW-1·h-1).从各影响因素与家庭主要能源消费碳排放的回归结果来看,在农村地区,家庭规模、家庭收入、教育水平均对家庭木柴消费碳排放有显著的影响,但影响方向和程度有一定的差别;在市区,年龄结构、教育水平、家庭规模、住房面积均会不同程度增加家庭电能消费碳排放.建议政府在完善“家电下乡”政策、增加农村家庭收入、加强农村居民教育等方面加大投入力度,以减少丽江市整体的家庭能耗碳排放.     

Food vs. fuel: the use of land for lignocellulosic ‘next generation’ energy crops that minimize competition with primary food production

This review addresses the main issues concerning anticipated demands for the use of land for food and for bioenergy. It should be possible to meet increasing demands for food using existing and new technologies although this may not be easily or cheaply accomplished. The alleviation of hunger depends on food accessibility as well as food availability. Modern civilizations also require energy. This article presents the vision for bioenergy in terms of four major gains for society: a reduction in C emissions from the substitution of fossil fuels with appropriate energy crops; a significant contribution to energy security by reductions in fossil fuel dependence, for example, to meet government targets; new options that stimulate rural and urban economic development, and reduced dependence of global agriculture on fossil fuels. This vision is likely to be best fulfilled by the use of dedicated perennial bioenergy crops. We outline a number of factors that need to be taken into account in estimating the land area available for bioenergy. In terms of provisioning services, the value of biofuels is estimated at $54.7?$330 bn per year at a crude oil price of $100 per barrel. In terms of regulatory services, the value of carbon emissions saved is estimated at $56?$218 bn at a carbon price of $40 per tonne. Although global government subsidies for biofuels have been estimated at $20 bn (IEA, 2010b), these are dwarfed by subsidies for fossil fuel consumption ($312 bn; IEA, 2010b) and by total agricultural support for food and commodity crops ($383.7 bn in 2009; OECD, 2010).     

我国城市发展与能源碳排放关系的面板数据分析

城市化与城市能耗及其碳排放密切相关,城市发展过程中的人口城市化进程和产业总量与结构调整都是能源碳排放变化的主要驱动因素。以2006-2015年全国158个地级城市的面板数据为基础,从总量变化趋势和空间变化趋势两个角度分析了研究期内的我国城市发展特征及能源碳排放特征;并利用面板计量分析方法研究了城市发展因素对城市总能耗、总能耗碳排放、单位能耗碳排放量的驱动特征。结果表明：城市化每提升0.095%,总能耗上升1%。虽然城市总能耗及能耗碳排放在降低,但是单位能耗碳排放在增加;第二产业和第三产业发展对总能耗及能耗碳排放的驱动作用大;城市第三产业的发展有利于能源结构优化调整等;并基于研究发现给出一些政策建议。     

内蒙古土地利用变化对生态系统防风固沙功能的影响

土壤风蚀是内蒙古的严重环境问题之一。在对内蒙古2000年到2010年的土地利用变化特征进行分析的基础上,分析了内蒙古土地利用变化的主要特征,以RWEQ模型估算了内蒙古2000年和2010年的固沙物质量,采用空间统计分析评估了固沙功能对土地利用变化的响应,结果表明:(1)2000—2010年土地利用变化以城镇高速发展、草地和湿地面积锐减、林地灌丛有所恢复以及荒漠环境改善为主要特征。(2)2000—2010的十年间内蒙古固沙物质总量增长了17.75%,草地总面积虽有所降低,但是部分区域草地覆盖度的上升增强了草地固沙能力,而林地的固沙物质量则由于农田、草地改为林地的短期内地表保护力的下降而有所降低。(3)十年间农田退耕还草、荒漠环境的改善、草地质量提高等土地利用变化方式有益于生态环境质量的提高,使生态防风固沙功能得以增强,造成固沙物质量提高了约0.25亿t。(4)农田开垦、城镇发展、荒漠化发展、湿地萎缩以及草地的退化等土地利用变化会使生态环境质量降低,生态系统防风固沙功能下降,累计造成的固沙物质量的减少总量约为0.19亿t。从十年间综合来看,内蒙古的土地利用变化对区域固沙功能有一定的增强作用,但是尚存在城镇发展过快、草地湿地转化压力过大、草地退化、荒漠化对固沙功能的弱化问题,需要在今后的土地利用规划和管理工作中予以改进以进一步增强区域固沙功能,构建北方地区生态安全屏障。     

城市土地利用变化对生态系统服务的影响——以淮北市为例

城市是一类以人类活动为中心的社会-经济-自然复合生态系统.城市的快速蔓延及强烈的人类活动显著地改变了城市的土地利用结构,进而严重影响了城市生态系统服务及人居环境.通过遥感、GIS技术及生态系统服务价值评估等方法,对淮北市1987年、2000年和2007年3个时期20a间的土地利用结构及生态系统服务价值的演变进行定量评价.研究结果表明:1987-2007年间淮北市生态用地空间结构和面积发生剧烈变化,生态用地占城市面积的比例由91.45％降低至71.86％.1987-2000年,农田面积大幅度下降,而林地和水体都呈不同程度的增加趋势,建设用地面积增长迅速.2000-2007年,农田面积有所增加,林地和水体面积却明显下降,建设用地总面积虽然没有明显变化,但其聚集度显著增加.20年间,城市生态服务功能的价值呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在2000年达31.32亿元.2000-2007年,以废物处理和水源涵养功能退化最为严重.可见,城市土地利用结构的变化与生态服务功能密切相关,此结果可为淮北市景观格局优化及土地合理调控和管理提供一定的科学依据.     

基于步行指数的深圳市福田区公园绿地社会服务功能研究

城市公园绿地是当代城市的重要组成部分,居民能否方便地享用公园绿地所提供的各项服务与功能,是衡量一个城市人地关系和谐状况、现代化发展水平和居民生活质量的重要指标,也是城市公园绿地社会服务功能的体现。选取深圳市福田区为研究对象,计算单点绿地步行指数,衡量均质区域的公园绿地步行可达性;基于土地利用类型法实现人口数据空间化;基于面域绿地步行指数耦合绿地空间分布与人口格局,评估深圳市福田区居民通过步行方式到达城市公园绿地的便利程度,即城市公园绿地的社会服务功能水平。结果表明:深圳市福田区在区域均质假设下,公园绿地步行可达性整体较好,区域差异较大,呈现出东优西劣的趋势,梅林公园周边、莲花山公园南部、荔枝公园周边及皇岗公园周边是四个公园绿地步行可达性最好的区域,福田区西北部和西南部公园绿地步行可达性差;供需平衡视角下,70%街道的居民可以便捷、公平地享用城市公园绿地所提供的服务,华强北街道、莲花街道、园岭街道和华富街道公园绿地设施建设非常完善,且绿地格局与人口格局配置合理,香蜜湖街道与沙头街道开放性公园绿地建设状况有待改进。将步行指数应用于公园绿地建设状况评估,为步行城市建设、公园绿地空间布局优化提供参考依据。     

Visitor monitoring methods for managing public use pressures in the Danube Floodplains National Park, Austria

National parks in close proximity to large urban areas, such as the Danube Floodplains National Park near Vienna, need an intensive monitoring of recreational use due to the high number of visitors and the highly fragmented natural settings. Visitors in the National Park were monitored using an approach that integrated long-term video monitoring, counts by human observers, specific visitor interviews and route analysis by the application of GIS tools. The combination of monitoring and survey data allows a thorough analysis of public use patterns, as illustrated by a case study of dog walkers in the park. Results demonstrate the value of integrated monitoring approaches, and serve as a basis for improved sustainable management of the Danube Floodplains National Park.     

The Progressive Increase of Food Waste in America and Its Environmental Impact

Food waste contributes to excess consumption of freshwater and fossil fuels which, along with methane and CO₂ emissions from decomposing food, impacts global climate change. Here, we calculate the energy content of nationwide food waste from the difference between the US food supply and the food consumed by the population. The latter was estimated using a validated mathematical model of metabolism relating body weight to the amount of food eaten. We found that US per capita food waste has progressively increased by ∼50% since 1974 reaching more than 1400 kcal per person per day or 150 trillion kcal per year. Food waste now accounts for more than one quarter of the total freshwater consumption and ∼300 million barrels of oil per year.     

Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers in Eastern Paraguay

Seasonal variance in the diet of Ache hunter-gatherers is examined. Fluctuation in the number of calories of honey consumed daily contributed most to the differences in total calories consumed daily during different seasons of the year. Meat, the most important resource in the diet, provided the greatest number of calories daily, and varied little across seasons. The vegetable component of the diet is characterized by low variance in absolute numbers of calories, but high variance in species composition. The mean number of calories consumed daily per capita is high (3827 calories) compared to that reported for other hunter-gathers. Differences in energy expenditure and consumption among modern hunter-gatherers is discussed.     

城市家庭能耗直接碳排放影响因素——以厦门岛区为例

在全球城市化迅速推进的过程中,城市碳排放已经成为影响全球变化不可忽视的一部分,同时也成为制约城市可持续发展重要因素之一。家庭能耗碳排放是城市碳排放的一个组成部分,分析它的各种影响因素对于控制它对局域乃至全球气候变化的负面影响具有重要的意义。以厦门岛区为例,通过社会问卷设计和调查,应用数理统计方法对最终收回的340份有效问卷进行城市家庭能耗的影响因子分析,结果表明,2007年厦门岛区平均家庭能耗直接碳排放量为1218.2kg/(户.a),电力消耗直接碳排放是厦门岛区主要的家庭能耗直接碳排放方式,电力消耗直接碳排放量是瓶装液化石油气与代用天然气使用直接碳排放总量的近5倍。通过单因素方差分析与多元逐步回归方程得到,与住区自然环境与家庭耗能倾向相比,家庭社会情况是影响家庭能耗直接碳排放最为重要的因子,其对家庭能耗直接碳排放变化的解释能力为17.9%。通过主成分分析得到,家庭住宅面积对家庭能耗直接碳排放的影响最为显著,家庭住宅面积对公共因子的贡献率达到了0.829。研究旨在为城市节能减排和可持续发展提供第一手资料、为城市住区形态的合理设计和规划提供科学依据。     

城市绿色基础设施生态系统服务供给与需求的空间关系——以西安市为例

城市绿色基础设施(Urban Green Infrastructure,UGI)是城市自然景观和生态环境的主要营造者,为居民提供关键的生态系统服务。探讨UGI生态系统服务供给及其需求之间的空间关系,对城市生态建设和绿地系统规划具有重要科学意义。本文运用生态系统服务测算的方法基于人口、GDP以及土地利用数据构建需求测算模型,对西安市建成区UGI的生态系统服务供给与需求的空间格局进行研究,并分析了城市各功能区内UGI生态系统服务供给与需求的空间关系。结果表明:西安市建成区UGI生态系统服务供给总价值为4.23亿元;生态系统服务供给从研究区边缘向中心区逐渐减少,而生态系统服务需求表现出相反的格局,在空间上明显不一致,并且在城市各功能区内差别显著;西安市建成区UGI生态系统服务供给与城市对生态系统服务需求在空间分布上不相匹配。因此为了实现城市的生态环境与经济社会的可持续发展,迫切需要通过合理的UGI建设使生态系统服务供需趋于协调。     

本溪关门山国家森林公园游客行为特征

研究游客行为特征对于旅游资源的开发、管理以及旅游目的地的可持续发展具有重要的作用。以本溪关门山国家森林公园为研究对象,通过问卷调查的方法对游客的人口统计学特征、地域结构特征、一般行为特征、消费特征及感知特征进行了研究。结果表明:关门山国家森林公园的游客以较高学历的男性中青年为主;客源主要来自本省辽宁,并以沈阳、本溪和大连的游客为主,客源地理集中度指数为35.71;旅游的主要目的是观赏枫叶,出游时间大部分集中在每年"十一"黄金周期间,且半数以上为当日往返的短程游览者;游客偏好与家人一起出游的旅行方式,所选择的交通工具主要为自驾车和旅游专车;游客的消费结构不平衡,主要集中于景区门票和交通费,占总消费的56.7%;游客对景区的喜好度依次为龙门峡景区月台子景区小黄山景区夹砬子景区鸣翠谷景区。总的来说,游客满意度较高,有89.1%的游客愿意重游此地,游客最不满意的地方主要表现在景区卫生方面。基于调查研究结果,对关门山国家森林公园的开发建设和可持续发展提供了相关建议。     

住区形态变迁与居民通勤能源消费的关系

快速城市化和城市扩张引发了住区形态的变迁,但形态变迁与居民通勤能源消费关系还不明确,如何通过城市的可持续公共管理政策来控制城市住区形态变迁过程下通勤能源消费及其温室气体排放有着重要意义.以厦门为例,通过土地利用与交通耦合模型TRANUS的情景分析研究了住区形态的变迁对人口、工作以及土地消费空间分布的影响,进而分析了不同情景下通勤能源消费和温室气体排放的水平.结果表明: 基准情景下交通出行早高峰能源消费总量为54.35 tce,CO₂排放为119.12 t;住区形态变迁情景下,通勤能耗和CO₂排放同比基准情景均增加12%;通过适当的土地利用、交通和经济政策的实施,通勤能源消费与CO₂排放同比基准情景减少7%,说明城市公共政策能够有效地控制住区形态变迁背景下通勤能源消费和温室气体排放的增长.     

纵向岭谷区不同景观类型的服务价值

基于2001年纵向岭谷区的遥感影像,将研究区划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、水体、城镇、冰川7个一级景观类型,根据气候带、植被及地貌划分了26个二级景观类型,并利用中国陆地生态系统服务价值的研究成果,在GIS技术的支持下,对纵向岭谷区各景观类型的服务价值进行了研究.结果表明：纵向岭谷区总服务价值为5 302.35×10⁸ yuan·a^-1,占中国总服务价值的9.47%;在研究区提供的年服务价值中,土壤形成与保护的服务价值所占比例最高,占18.50%,其次是气体调节和生物多样性保护的服务价值;受景观类型分布广度和单位面积服务强度的综合影响,占研究区总面积66.11%的森林景观对区域总服务价值的贡献最大,贡献率达85.34%,其次为草地和农田景观.     

粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务识别、分类及制图

海岸带生态系统服务识别、分类与制图是合理利用海岸带自然资源,协调海岸带开发与保护矛盾的重要基础。现有生态系统服务分类方法在海岸带应用存在一定的局限性。在前人研究的基础上,以我国城市化和工业化水平较高的粤港澳大湾区为研究区,对该区域海岸带生态系统服务进行识别、分类,并在此基础上使用地图大数据与遥感解译的土地利用数据对海岸带生态系统服务进行了制图。共识别出35种海岸带生态系统服务,并对其中的31种服务进行制图。结果表明,建立的这套方法能较为系统地展示粤港澳大湾区生态系统服务的类型及空间分布特征。具体而言,该区域供给服务和文化服务在城市中心区较为集中,而调节服务多分布于城市周边。对识别的生态系统服务进行综合叠加分析,可将研究区分为文化服务主体区、供给服务主体区、调节服务主体区。建立的海岸带生态系统服务识别、分类体系和制图方法可操作性强,能为我国海岸带生态系统的保育、修复和重建提供科学基础。     

Energy use in the global food system

The global food system is a major energy user and a relevant contributor to climate change. To date, the literature on the energy profile of food systems addresses individual countries and/or food products, and therefore a comparable assessment across regions is still missing. This paper uses a global multi‐regional environmentally extended input–output database in combination with newly constructed net energy‐use accounts to provide a production and consumption‐based stock‐take of energy use in the food system across different world regions for the period 2000–2015. Overall, the ratio between energy use in the food system and the economy is slowly decreasing. Likewise, the absolute values point toward a relative decoupling between energy use and food production, as well as to relevant differences in energy types, users, and consumption patterns across world regions. The use of (inefficient) traditional biomass for cooking substantially reduces the expected gap between per capita figures in high‐ and low‐income countries. The variety of energy profiles and the higher exposure to energy security issues compared to the total economy in some regions suggests that interventions in the system should consider the geographical context. Reducing energy use and decarbonizing the supply chains of food products will require a combination of technological measures and behavioral changes in consumption patterns. Interventions should consider the effects beyond the direct effects on energy use, because changing production and consumption patterns in the food system can lead to positive spillovers in the social and environmental dimensions outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.     

城市能源利用碳足迹分析——以厦门市为例

城市能源利用碳足迹分析综合考虑直接与间接碳排放,对于深度分析碳排放的本质过程、制定科学全面的碳减排计划具有重要意义。以厦门市为研究案例,应用碳足迹的混合分析方法,对厦门市2009年能源利用碳足迹进行了分析,除了包括传统研究中的城市能源终端利用产生的直接碳排放,还计算了跨界交通和城市主要消耗物质的内含能引起的间接碳排放。研究结果表明:(1)城市边界内的工业、交通、商业等部门的能源消耗产生的直接碳排放(即层次1和层次2)只占到总碳足迹的64%,而一直被忽略的跨界交通和城市主要消耗物质的内含能引起的间接碳排放(层次3)占到36%;(2)在直接碳排放中,工业部门的碳排放贡献率最大,占到直接碳排放的55%,其中化工行业带来的碳排放占到工业部门的25%;(3)在间接碳排放中,跨界交通引起的碳排放占间接碳排放的27%,其中长途道路运输贡献率最大,占跨界交通碳排放的38%;主要材料内含能碳排放占间接碳排的73%,其中燃料的内含能碳排放占总内含能的份额最大,达51%。;(4)从人均碳足迹角度比较,厦门市人均碳足迹和丹佛市的人均直接碳排(层次1+层次2)分别为5.74 t CO2e/人、18.9 t CO2e/人,包含3个层次的人均碳足迹分别为9.01 tCO2e/人、25.3 t CO2e/人,其中跨界交通引起的碳排放均占总碳足迹的10%左右,主要材料的内含能引起的碳排放分别占到总碳足迹的26%、15%;通过国内外典型城市不同层次碳足迹比较可见厦门还是相对低碳的,但有个显著的特点是主要消耗物质的内含碳排放比例较高,这在一定程度上说明了发展中国家城市消耗更多的基础材料,进一步证明了传统核算中忽略的第3层次碳排放核算与管理的重要性。     

Carcass size shapes the structure and functioning of an African scavenging assemblage

The particle size of the food resource strongly determines the structure and dynamics of food webs. However, the ecological implications of carcass size variation for scavenging networks structure and functioning have been largely overlooked. Here we investigate differences in scavenging patterns due to carcass size in a complex vertebrate scavenger community, Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa, while taking into account seasonality. We monitored the consumption of three types of experimental carcasses: ‘small’ (< 10 kg), ‘medium’ (10–100 kg) and ‘large’ (> 100 kg). We employed general lineal models to explore the influence of carcass size on 1) scavenging network structure (scavenger species richness per carcass) and 2) functioning (carcass detection time, consumption time, consumption rate and percentage of carrion consumed). We also tested whether the structure of the scavenging network of each carcass size was nested, i.e. whether the scavenging assemblage in species‐poor carcasses was a subset of the assemblage consuming species‐rich carcasses. We found strong evidence indicating that carcass size is a major factor governing the associated scavenger assemblage. Scavenger species richness per carcass and carcass consumption time and rate increased with carcass size, while carcass detection time and percentage of carrion biomass consumed were negatively related to carcass size. Strikingly, most of the carrion biomass was consumed by facultative scavengers, represented by large mammalian carnivores, rather than by obligate scavengers (i.e. vultures). Scavenging network nestedness tended to be higher at larger carcasses, and nestedness was sensitive to the removal of the most connected species in the network (spotted hyena) rather than vultures. When comparing scavenging and predation assemblages, crucial size‐dependent differences emerge. Also, we identified a traditionally ignored mechanism by which hunting large prey could be relatively less profitable for predators, namely the costs associated with competition from scavengers and decomposers.     

国家公园生态系统生产总值核算——以海南热带雨林国家公园为例

海南热带雨林国家公园拥有我国最具代表性、连片面积最大的热带雨林,生态产品丰富,在开展国家公园生态产品价值实现机制探索上具有得天独厚的优势。本研究基于《陆地生态系统生产总值(GEP)核算技术指南》框架,构建符合热带雨林国家公园特色的GEP核算体系,对2019年海南热带雨林国家公园GEP进行核算。结果表明: 2019年,海南热带雨林国家公园GEP为2045.13亿元,单位面积GEP为0.46亿元·km^-2。其中,物质产品价值为48.50亿元,占国家公园GEP总量的2.4%;生态系统调节服务价值为1688.91亿元,占82.6%;文化服务价值为307.72亿元,占15.0%。从不同生态系统类型来看,以山地雨林、低地雨林、落叶季雨林、热带云雾林等为代表的热带雨林生态系统的单位面积价值量远高于人工林及其他生态系统,表明热带雨林生态系统在提供生态系统服务功能方面具有显著作用。此外,本研究还基于国家公园GEP核算结果,提出进一步探索生态产品价值实现路径和实现机制的相关建议。     

Energy Use in Sales and Distribution via E-Commerce and Conventional Retail: A Case Study of the Japanese Book Sector

Energy use associated with sales and distribution via business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce versus conventional retail is analyzed for the Japanese book sector. Results indicate that e-commerce uses considerably more energy per book than conventional retail in dense urban areas, because of additional packaging. In suburban and rural areas, the energy consumption of the two systems is nearly equal because the relative efficiency of courier services compared to personal automobile transport balances out the impact of additional packaging. The main reason e-commerce does not save energy, even in rural areas, is because of the multipurpose use of automobiles; e-commerce does consume less energy in the case of single-purpose shopping trips by automobile. Overall consumption at the national level is nearly the same: 5.6 mega-joules (MJ) per book for e-commerce and 5.2 MJ per book for traditional retail. Although this difference is smaller than the uncertainty in the result, the structure of energy use for the two systems is quite distinct, which suggests reprioritization of energy-efficiency strategies. Important factors influencing the energy efficiency of B2C e-commerce include packaging, loading factors of courier trucks, number of trips per delivery, and residential energy consumption.